1
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Rogers B. Evaluating frontoparietal network topography for diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14135. [PMID: 38898075 PMCID: PMC11187222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous prospective biomarkers are being studied for their ability to diagnose various stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). High-density electroencephalogram (EEG) methods show promise as an accurate, economical, non-invasive approach to measuring the electrical potentials of brains associated with AD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may serve as clinically useful biomarkers of AD. Through analysis of secondary data, the present study examined the performance and distribution of N4/P6 ERPs across the frontoparietal network (FPN) using EEG topographic mapping. ERP measures and memory as a function of reaction time (RT) were compared between a group of (n = 63) mild untreated AD patients and a control group of (n = 73) healthy age-matched adults. Based on the literature presented, it was expected that healthy controls would outperform patients in peak amplitude and mean component latency across three parameters of memory when measured at optimal N4 (frontal) and P6 (parietal) locations. It was also predicted that the control group would exhibit neural cohesion through FPN integration during cross-modal tasks, thus demonstrating healthy cognitive functioning consistent with older healthy adults. By targeting select frontal and parietal EEG reference channels based on N4/P6 component time windows and positivity, our findings demonstrated statistically significant group variations between controls and patients in N4/P6 peak amplitudes and latencies during cross-modal testing. Our results also support that the N4 ERP might be stronger than its P6 counterpart as a possible candidate biomarker. We conclude through topographic mapping that FPN integration occurs in healthy controls but is absent in AD patients during cross-modal memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayard Rogers
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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2
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Bai X, Feng J, Liu Y, Gao Y, Deng J, Mo L. The Influence of Emotional Experience on Semantic Processing of Concrete Concepts. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:749-759. [PMID: 36936365 PMCID: PMC10022439 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s386743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parallel distributed processing theory (PDP theory) holds that all brain regions involved in conceptual representation perform a series of activities at the same time. However, the role of emotional experience information in concrete conceptual representation is still unknown. This study further explores whether the emotional experience will also affect the semantic processing of concrete concept representations. Methods This study used the emotion priming paradigm and semantic judgment task to explore whether emotion priming impacts the processing of animal concepts with different emotional experiences through two experiments. In Experiments 1a and 1b, pleasant or disgusted faces were used as emotional priming stimuli to explore whether the explicit processing of emotions would affect the semantic processing of animal concepts. Experiments 2a and 2b used positive or negative scenery pictures as emotional priming stimuli to explore whether the implicit processing of emotions would affect the semantic processing of animal concepts. Results The Experiment 1 results showed that the perception of faces promotes the processing of animal words, showing the "word-emotion congruence effect". Experiment 2a did not show the expected results, while Experiment 2b showed that the general negative perception of scenery pictures could significantly promote the processing of disgusted animal words. The results further proved the "word-emotion congruence effect" shown in the results of Experiment 1 from the perspective of implicit emotion processing. Combining the results of two experiments, it can be proven that emotional experience affects the semantic processing process of concrete concepts. Discussion Both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2b of this study show the "word-emotion congruence effect". PDP theory believes that conceptual representation is represented by the activity patterns of billions of neurons distributed in many areas of the brain, and related semantic processing and sensory processing will occur simultaneously. The results of this experiment well support PDP theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Feng
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchi Liu
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Deng
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Mo
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Mo, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, No. 55, West of Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 85216892, Email
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3
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Wang C, Xu T, Yu W, Li T, Han H, Zhang M, Tao M. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment based on electroencephalography: From the perspective of event related potentials and deep learning. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 182:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Semantic Processing in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review of the N400 Differences. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110770. [PMID: 33114051 PMCID: PMC7690742 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Semantic deficits are common in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These deficits notably impact the ability to understand words. In healthy aging, semantic knowledge increases but semantic processing (i.e., the ability to use this knowledge) may be impaired. This systematic review aimed to investigate semantic processing in healthy aging and AD through behavioral responses and the N400 brain event-related potential. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses suggested an overall decrease in accuracy and increase in response times in healthy elderly as compared to young adults, as well as in individuals with AD as compared to age-matched controls. The influence of semantic association, as measured by N400 effect amplitudes, appears smaller in healthy aging and even more so in AD patients. Thus, semantic processing differences may occur in both healthy and pathological aging. The establishment of norms of healthy aging for these outcomes that vary between normal and pathological aging could eventually help early detection of AD.
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5
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Paitel ER, Samii MR, Nielson KA. A systematic review of cognitive event-related potentials in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112904. [PMID: 32941881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examined whether event-related potentials (ERPs) during higher cognitive processing can detect subtle, early signs of neurodegenerative disease. Original, empirical studies retrieved from PsycINFO and PubMed were reviewed if they analyzed patterns in cognitive ERPs (≥150 ms post-stimulus) differentiating mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), or cognitively intact elders who carry AD risk through the Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele (ε4+) from healthy older adult controls (HC). The 100 studies meeting inclusion criteria (MCI = 47; AD = 47; ε4+ = 6) analyzed N200, P300, N400, and occasionally, later components. While there was variability across studies, patterns of reduced amplitude and delayed latency were apparent in pathological aging, consistent with AD-related brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. These effects were particularly evident in advanced disease progression (i.e., AD > MCI) and in later ERP components measured during complex tasks. Although ERP studies in intact ε4+ elders are thus far scarce, a similar pattern of delayed latency was notable, along with a contrasting pattern of increased amplitude, consistent with compensatory neural activation. This limited work suggests ERPs might be able to index early neural changes indicative of future cognitive decline in otherwise healthy elders. As ERPs are also accessible and affordable relative to other neuroimaging methods, their addition to cognitive assessment might substantively enhance early identification and characterization of neural dysfunction, allowing opportunity for earlier differential diagnosis and targeting of intervention. To evaluate this possibility there is urgent need for well-powered studies assessing late cognitive ERPs during complex tasks, particularly in healthy elders at risk for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristy A Nielson
- Marquette University, Department of Psychology, United States; Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research, United States.
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6
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Davis CP, Joergensen GH, Boddy P, Dowling C, Yee E. Making It Harder to "See" Meaning: The More You See Something, the More Its Conceptual Representation Is Susceptible to Visual Interference. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:505-517. [PMID: 32339068 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620910748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Does the perceptual system for looking at the world overlap with the conceptual system for thinking about it? We conducted two experiments (N = 403) to investigate this question. Experiment 1 showed that when people make simple semantic judgments on words, interference from a concurrent visual task scales in proportion to how much visual experience they have with the things the words refer to. Experiment 2 showed that when people make the same judgments on the very same words, interference from a concurrent manual task scales in proportion to how much manual (but critically, not visual) experience people have with those same things. These results suggest that the meanings of frequently visually experienced things are represented (in part) in the visual system used for actually seeing them, that this visually represented information is a functional part of conceptual knowledge, and that the extent of these visual representations is influenced by visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Davis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut.,Brain Imaging Research Center, University of Connecticut
| | - Gitte H Joergensen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut.,Brain Imaging Research Center, University of Connecticut
| | - Peter Boddy
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Department of Basque Language and Communication, University of the Basque Country
| | - Caitlin Dowling
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | - Eiling Yee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut
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7
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Morrison C, Rabipour S, Taler V, Sheppard C, Knoefel F. Visual Event-Related Potentials in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:67-89. [PMID: 30345915 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666181022101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are correlated with increasing age and become more pronounced for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conventional methods to diagnose cognitive decline (i.e., neuropsychological testing and clinical judgment) can lead to false positives. Tools such as electroencephalography (EEG) offer more refined, objective measures that index electrophysiological changes associated with healthy aging, MCI, and AD. OBJECTIVE We sought to review the EEG literature to determine whether visual event-related potentials (ERPs) can distinguish between healthy aging, MCI, and AD. METHOD We searched Medline and PyscInfo for articles published between January 2005 and April 2018. Articles were considered for review if they included participants aged 60+ who were healthy older adults or people with MCI and AD, and examined at least one visually elicited ERP component. RESULTS Our search revealed 880 records, of which 34 satisfied the inclusion criteria. All studies compared cognitive function between at least two of the three groups (healthy older adults, MCI, and AD). The most consistent findings related to the P100 and the P3b; while the P100 showed no differences between groups, the P3b showed declines in amplitude in MCI and AD. CONCLUSION Visually elicited ERPs can offer insight into the cognitive processes that decline in MCI and AD. The P3b may be useful in identifying older adults who may develop MCI and AD, and more research should examine the sensitivity and specificity of this component when diagnosing MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Morrison
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada, & Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sheida Rabipour
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada, & Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vanessa Taler
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada, & Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christine Sheppard
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada & School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Frank Knoefel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, Bruyère Research Institute, & Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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8
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Deason RG, Strong JV, Tat MJ, Simmons-Stern NR, Budson AE. Explicit and implicit memory for music in healthy older adults and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:158-169. [PMID: 30173601 PMCID: PMC6397787 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1510904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have found that music paired with lyrics at encoding may improve the memory performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). To further explore memory for different types of musical stimuli, the current study examined both implicit and explicit memory for music with and without lyrics compared to spoken lyrics. Method: In this mixed design, patients with probable mild AD (n = 15) and healthy older adults (n = 13) listened to auditory clips (song, instrumental, or spoken lyrics varied across three sessions) and then had their memory tested. Implicit memory was measured by the mere exposure effect. Explicit recognition memory was measured using a confidence-judgment receiver operating characteristic (ROC) paradigm, which allowed examination of the separate contributions made by familiarity and recollection. Results: A significant implicit memory mere exposure effect was found for both groups in the instrumental and song but not the spoken condition. Both groups had the best explicit memory performance in the spoken condition, followed by song, and then instrumental conditions. Healthy older adults demonstrated more recollection than patients with AD in the song and spoken conditions, but both groups performed similarly in the instrumental condition. Patients with AD demonstrated more familiarity in the instrumental and song conditions than in the spoken condition. Conclusions: The results have implications for memory interventions for patients with mild AD. The implicit memory findings suggest that patients with AD may still show a preference for information familiar to them. The explicit memory results support prior findings that patients with AD rely heavily on familiarity, but also suggest that there may be limitations on the benefits that music can provide to recognition memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Deason
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jessica V. Strong
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, MA, Boston, USA
| | - Michelle J. Tat
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Simmons-Stern
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Vakalopoulos C. Alzheimer's Disease: The Alternative Serotonergic Hypothesis of Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:859-866. [PMID: 28984594 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathognomonic feature of Alzheimer's disease is a loss of declarative memory. This has generally been attributed to early involvement of medial temporal lobe structures with neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons in the entorhinal cortex. However, there has been a re-emerging emphasis on the causal role of brainstem monoaminergic nuclei as involvement of the cholinergic basal forebrain loses prominence. The rejection of this latter theory of cognitive decline is related to inconsistencies in time course and modest effects of treatment using cholinergic agents. The amyloid hypothesis of cortical dysfunction is also losing favor as current trials of plaque dissolution are proving again disappointing. Recent pre-clinical studies on APP/PS1 (familial Alzheimer's disease) transgenic mouse models using serotonergic receptor modulating agents, demonstrate clear neuroprotective effects. The involvement of midbrain raphe in the earliest stages of dementia requires a reassessment of relevant pathophysiology beyond behavioral and affective dimensions. Indeed, a theory of serotonergic modulation of explicit memory formation by direct enhancement of synaptic strength could change the view of the role of these nuclei in AD and lead to more effective treatments.
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10
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Deason RG, Tat MJ, Flannery S, Mithal PS, Hussey EP, Crehan ET, Ally BA, Budson AE. Response bias and response monitoring: Evidence from healthy older adults and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Brain Cogn 2017; 119:17-24. [PMID: 28926752 PMCID: PMC5798457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often exhibit an abnormally liberal response bias in recognition memory tests, responding "old" more frequently than "new." Investigations have shown patients can to shift to a more conservative response bias when given instructions. We examined if patients with mild AD could alter their response patterns when the ratio of old items is manipulated without explicit instruction. Healthy older adults and AD patients studied lists of words and then were tested in three old/new ratio conditions (30%, 50%, or 70% old items). A subset of participants provided estimates of how many old and new items they saw in the memory test. We demonstrated that both groups were able to change their response patterns without the aid of explicit instructions. Importantly, AD patients were more likely to estimate seeing greater numbers of old than new items, whereas the reverse was observed for older adults. Elevated estimates of old items in AD patients suggest their liberal response bias may be attributed to their reliance on familiarity. We conclude that the liberal response bias observed in AD patients is attributable to their believing that more of the test items are old and not due to impaired meta-memorial monitoring abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Deason
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States; Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Michelle J Tat
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean Flannery
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Prabhakar S Mithal
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erin P Hussey
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eileen T Crehan
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brandon A Ally
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Andrew E Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Fernández G, Manes F, Politi LE, Orozco D, Schumacher M, Castro L, Agamennoni O, Rotstein NP. Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease Fail When Using Their Working Memory: Evidence from the Eye Tracking Technique. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:827-38. [PMID: 26836011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop progressive language, visuoperceptual, attentional, and oculomotor changes that can have an impact on their reading comprehension. However, few studies have examined reading behavior in AD, and none have examined the contribution of predictive cueing in reading performance. For this purpose we analyzed the eye movement behavior of 35 healthy readers (Controls) and 35 patients with probable AD during reading of regular and high-predictable sentences. The cloze predictability of words N - 1, and N + 1 exerted an influence on the reader's gaze duration. The predictabilities of preceding words in high-predictable sentences served as task-appropriate cues that were used by Control readers. In contrast, these effects were not present in AD patients. In Controls, changes in predictability significantly affected fixation duration along the sentence; noteworthy, these changes did not affect fixation durations in AD patients. Hence, only in healthy readers did predictability of upcoming words influence fixation durations via memory retrieval. Our results suggest that Controls used stored information of familiar texts for enhancing their reading performance and imply that contextual-word predictability, whose processing is proposed to require memory retrieval, only affected reading behavior in healthy subjects. In AD patients, this loss reveals impairments in brain areas such as those corresponding to working memory and memory retrieval. These findings might be relevant for expanding the options for the early detection and monitoring in the early stages of AD. Furthermore, evaluation of eye movements during reading could provide a new tool for measuring drug impact on patients' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Fernández
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Orozco
- Clínica Privada Bahiense, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Schumacher
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Castro
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Agamennoni
- Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB) (UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Park JL, Donaldson DI. Investigating the relationship between implicit and explicit memory: Evidence that masked repetition priming speeds the onset of recollection. Neuroimage 2016; 139:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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13
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Simon J, Bastin C, Salmon E, Willems S. Increasing the salience of fluency cues does not reduce the recognition memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease! J Neuropsychol 2016; 12:216-230. [PMID: 27653236 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is now well established that recollection is impaired from the beginning of the disease, whereas findings are less clear concerning familiarity. One of the most important mechanisms underlying familiarity is the sense of familiarity driven by processing fluency. In this study, we attempted to attenuate recognition memory deficits in AD by maximizing the salience of fluency cues in two conditions of a recognition memory task. In one condition, targets and foils have been created from the same pool of letters (Overlap condition). In a second condition, targets and foils have been derived from two separate pools of letters (No-Overlap condition), promoting the use of letter-driven visual and phonetic fluency. Targets and foils were low-frequency words. The memory tasks were performed by 15 patients with AD and 16 healthy controls. Both groups improved their memory performance in the No-Overlap condition compared to the Overlap condition. Patients with AD were able to use fluency cues during recognition memory as older adults did, but this did not allow to compensate for dysfunction of recognition memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Simon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liege, Belgium.,Memory Clinics, Hospital Center of Liege, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Willems
- Psychological and Speech Therapy Consultation Center, CPLU, University of Liege, Belgium
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14
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Fast, but not slow, familiarity is preserved in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Cortex 2015; 65:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Wang WC, Dew ITZ, Cabeza R. Age-related differences in medial temporal lobe involvement during conceptual fluency. Brain Res 2014; 1612:48-58. [PMID: 25305568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Not all memory processes are equally affected by aging. A widely accepted hypothesis is that older adults rely more on familiarity-based processing, typically linked with the perirhinal cortex (PRC), in the context of impaired recollection, linked with the hippocampus (HC). However, according to the dedifferentiation hypothesis, healthy aging reduces the specialization of MTL memory subregions so that they may mediate different memory processes than in young adults. Using fMRI, we tested this possibility using a conceptual fluency manipulation known to induce familiarity-related PRC activity. The study yielded two main findings. First, although fluency equivalently affected PRC in both young (18-28; N=14) and older (62-80; N=15) adults, it also uniquely affected HC activity in older adults. Second, the fluency manipulation reduced functional connectivity between HC and PRC in young adults, but it increased it in older adults. Taken together, the results suggest that aging may result in reduced specialization of the HC for recollection, such that the HC may be recruited when fluency increases familiarity-based responding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Memory & Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Wang
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States.
| | - Ilana T Z Dew
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, United States
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16
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Lucas HD, Paller KA. Manipulating letter fluency for words alters electrophysiological correlates of recognition memory. Neuroimage 2013; 83:849-61. [PMID: 23871869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that give rise to familiarity memory have received intense research interest. One current topic of debate concerns the extent to which familiarity is driven by the same fluency sources that give rise to certain implicit memory phenomena. Familiarity may be tied to conceptual fluency, given that familiarity and conceptual implicit memory can exhibit similar neurocognitive properties. However, familiarity can also be driven by perceptual factors, and its neural basis under these circumstances has received less attention. Here we recorded brain potentials during recognition testing using a procedure that has previously been shown to encourage a reliance on letter information when assessing familiarity for words. Studied and unstudied words were derived either from two separate letter pools or a single letter pool ("letter-segregated" and "normal" conditions, respectively) in a within-subjects contrast. As predicted, recognition accuracy was higher in the letter-segregated relative to the normal condition. Electrophysiological analyses revealed parietal old-new effects from 500-700 ms in both conditions. In addition, a topographically dissociable occipital old-new effect from 300-700 ms was present in the letter-segregated condition only. In a second experiment, we found that similar occipital brain potentials were associated with confident false recognition of words that shared letters with studied words but were not themselves studied. These findings indicate that familiarity is a multiply determined phenomenon, and that the stimulus dimensions on which familiarity is based can moderate its neural correlates. Conceptual and perceptual contributions to familiarity vary across testing circumstances, and both must be accounted for in theories of recognition memory and its neural basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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17
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Using pictures and words to understand recognition memory deterioration in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2013; 12:687-94. [PMID: 22927024 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Difficulty recognizing previously encountered stimuli is one of the earliest signs of incipient Alzheimer's disease (AD). Work over the last 10 years has focused on how patients with AD and those in the prodromal stage of amnestic mild cognitive impairment make recognition decisions for visual and verbal stimuli. Interestingly, both groups of patients demonstrate markedly better memory for pictures over words, to a degree that is significantly greater in magnitude than their healthy older counterparts. Understanding this phenomenon not only helps to conceptualize how memory breaks down in AD, but also potentially provides the basis for future interventions. This review critically examines recent recognition memory work using pictures and words in the context of the dual-process theory of recognition and current hypotheses of cognitive breakdown in the course of very early AD.
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18
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Genon S, Collette F, Feyers D, Phillips C, Salmon E, Bastin C. Item familiarity and controlled associative retrieval in Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study. Cortex 2012; 49:1566-84. [PMID: 23313012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an impaired form of associative memory, recollection, that includes the controlled retrieval of associations. In contrast, familiarity-based memory for individual items may sometimes be preserved in the early stages of the disease. This is the first study that directly examines whole-brain regional activity during one core aspect of the recollection function: associative controlled episodic retrieval (CER), contrasted to item familiarity in AD patients. Cerebral activity related to associative CER and item familiarity in AD patients and healthy controls (HCs) was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging during a word-pair recognition task to which the process dissociation procedure was applied. Some patients had null CER estimates (AD-), whereas others did show some CER abilities (AD+), although significantly less than HC. In contrast, familiarity estimates were equivalent in the three groups. In AD+, as in controls, associative CER activated the inferior precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). When performing group comparisons, no region was found to be significantly more activated during CER in HC than AD+ and vice versa. However, during associative CER, functional connectivity between this region and the hippocampus, the inferior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was significantly higher in HC than in AD+. In all three groups, item familiarity was related to activation along the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). In conclusion, whereas the preserved automatic detection of an old item (without retrieval of accurate word association) is related to parietal activation centred on the IPS, the inferior precuneus/PCC supports associative CER ability in AD patients, as in HC. However, AD patients have deficient functional connectivity during associative CER, suggesting that the residual recollection function in these patients might be impoverished by the lack of some recollection-related aspects such as autonoetic quality, episodic details and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Genon
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Belgium
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19
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Deason RG, Hussey EP, Ally BA, Budson AE. Changes in response bias with different study-test delays: evidence from young adults, older adults, and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 2012; 26:119-26. [PMID: 22409339 DOI: 10.1037/a0026330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Along with impaired discrimination, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often show an abnormally liberal response bias (greater tendency to respond "old"). Previously we matched discrimination by varying study-test list length and found that participants' usual bias is maintained, such that patients with AD were more liberal than healthy controls. However, this pattern could be a result of the way in which discrimination was matched. In this experiment, we examined whether matching discrimination with the use of a delay would lead to a liberal response bias in healthy younger and older adults as it might lead to the use of more similar memorial processing to the patients with AD. METHOD Younger adults, older adults, and patients with AD were run in 2 study-test sessions, with study and recognition test separated by either a 1-min or 1-day delay. RESULTS With the 1-min delay, both younger adults and healthy older adults showed a conservative response bias, while patients with AD showed a liberal response bias. When discrimination was matched between patients with AD and controls by the use of a delay, response bias was also matched, with all participants showing a more liberal response bias. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that how discrimination is matched between patients with AD and controls matters greatly. Potentially, this liberal bias is a result of healthy younger and older adults relying primarily on familiarity at the longer delay, thus using more similar memorial processes to patients with AD who are dependent on familiarity at any delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Deason
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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20
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Embree LM, Budson AE, Ally BA. Memorial familiarity remains intact for pictures but not for words in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2333-40. [PMID: 22705441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how memory breaks down in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) process has significant implications, both clinically and with respect to intervention development. Previous work has highlighted a robust picture superiority effect in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). However, it remains unclear as to how pictures improve memory compared to words in this patient population. In the current study, we utilized receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to obtain estimates of familiarity and recollection for pictures and words in patients with aMCI and healthy older controls. Analysis of accuracy shows that even when performance is matched between pictures and words in the healthy control group, patients with aMCI continue to show a significant picture superiority effect. The results of the ROC analysis showed that patients demonstrated significantly impaired recollection and familiarity for words compared controls. In contrast, patients with aMCI demonstrated impaired recollection, but intact familiarity for pictures, compared to controls. Based on previous work from our lab, we speculate that patients can utilize the rich conceptual information provided by pictures to enhance familiarity, and perceptual information may allow for post-retrieval monitoring or verification of the enhanced sense of familiarity. Alternatively, the combination of enhanced conceptual and perceptual fluency of the test item might drive a stronger or more robust sense of familiarity that can be accurately attributed to a studied item.
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21
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Voss JL, Lucas HD, Paller KA. More than a feeling: Pervasive influences of memory without awareness of retrieval. Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 24171735 PMCID: PMC4385384 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2012.674935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The subjective experiences of recollection and familiarity have featured prominently in the search for neurocognitive mechanisms of memory. However, these two explicit expressions of memory, which involve conscious awareness of memory retrieval, are distinct from an entire category of implicit expressions of memory that do not entail such awareness. This review summarizes recent evidence showing that neurocognitive processing related to implicit memory can powerfully influence the behavioral and neural measures typically associated with explicit memory. Although there are striking distinctions between the neurocognitive processing responsible for implicit versus explicit memory, tests designed to measure only explicit memory nonetheless often capture implicit memory processing as well. In particular, the evidence described here suggests that investigations of familiarity memory are prone to the accidental capture of implicit memory processing. These findings have considerable implications for neurocognitive accounts of memory, as they suggest that many neural and behavioral measures often accepted as signals of explicit memory instead reflect the distinct operation of implicit memory mechanisms that are only sometimes related to explicit memory expressions. Proper identification of the explicit and implicit mechanisms for memory is vital to understanding the normal operation of memory, in addition to the disrupted memory capabilities associated with many neurological disorders and mental illnesses. We suggest that future progress requires utilizing neural, behavioral, and subjective evidence to dissociate implicit and explicit memory processing so as to better understand their distinct mechanisms as well as their potential relationships. When searching for the neurocognitive mechanisms of memory, it is important to keep in mind that memory involves more than a feeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Voss
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather D. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ken A. Paller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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22
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Abstract
The present experiments were conducted to determine whether processing fluency affects source memory decisions. In the first three experiments, participants decided whether test items appeared in the same sensory modality (Experiments 1A, 1B) or perceptual form (font type, Experiment 2) at study and test. The results were consistent across the three studies and showed that perceptual priming leads to an increase in reports that stimuli were presented in the same sensory or perceptual form during the study and test phase. Experiment 3 showed that conceptual fluency affects source attributions in much the same way as perceptual fluency, and Experiment 4 showed that fluency is associated with a subjective experience of familiarity even when it might serve as a basis for source inference. These results are consistent with recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence that familiarity-based processes contribute to source memory decisions under some circumstances, such as when items and contexts are unitized rather than merely bound together at encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Kurilla
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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23
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Dew ITZ, Cabeza R. The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: behavioral and neural evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1224:174-190. [PMID: 21486300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana T Z Dew
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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24
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Are two heuristics better than one? The fluency and distinctiveness heuristics in recognition memory. Mem Cognit 2011; 39:1264-74. [DOI: 10.3758/s13421-011-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Voss JL, Federmeier KD. FN400 potentials are functionally identical to N400 potentials and reflect semantic processing during recognition testing. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:532-46. [PMID: 20701709 PMCID: PMC2982896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "F" in FN400 denotes a more frontal scalp distribution relative to the morphologically similar N400 component-a distinction consistent with the hypothesized distinct roles of FN400 in familiarity memory versus N400 in language. However, no direct comparisons have substantiated these assumed dissimilarities. To this end, we manipulated short-term semantic priming during a recognition test. Semantic priming effects on N400 were indistinguishable from memory effects at the same latency, and semantic priming strongly modulated the "FN400," despite having no influence on familiarity memory. Thus, no evidence suggested either electrophysiological or functional differences between the N400 and FN400, and findings were contrary to the linking of the "FN400" to familiarity. Instead, it appears that semantic/conceptual priming (reflected in the N400) occurs during recognition tests and is frequently (mis)labeled as FN400 and attributed to familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Voss
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kara D. Federmeier
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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26
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Voss JL, Gonsalves BD. Time to go our separate ways: opposite effects of study duration on priming and recognition reveal distinct neural substrates. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:227. [PMID: 21179585 PMCID: PMC3004437 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amnesic patients have difficulties recognizing when stimuli are repeated, even though their responses to stimuli can change as a function of repetition in indirect tests of memory – a pattern known as priming without recognition. Likewise, experimental manipulations can impair recognition in healthy individuals while leaving priming relatively unaffected, and priming and recognition have been associated with distinct neural correlates in these circumstances. Does this evidence necessarily indicate that priming and recognition rely on distinct brain systems? An alternative explanation is that recognition is merely more sensitive to amnestic insults and experimental manipulations than is priming, and that both priming and recognition are produced by a single brain system. If so, then experimental manipulations would tend to drive priming and recognition in the same direction, albeit to a greater extent for one versus the other in some circumstances. We found evidence to the contrary – that manipulating study duration has opposite effects on priming versus recognition. Studying objects for one-quarter second led to worse recognition than studying objects for 2 s, whereas the opposite was true for priming (greater for one-quarter-second study than two-second study). Furthermore, distinct electrophysiological repetition effects were associated with priming versus recognition. We therefore conclude that study duration had opposite effects on priming and recognition, and on the engagement of implicit versus explicit memory systems. These findings call into question single-process accounts of priming and recognition, and substantiate previous behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging dissociations between implicit and explicit memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Voss
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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27
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Zhang F, Geng H. What can false memory tell us about memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease? CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Differences of Emotional Words in Implicit and Explicit Memory Tests: An ERP Study. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2010.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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O'Connor MK, Ally BA. Using stimulus form change to understand memorial familiarity for pictures and words in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2068-74. [PMID: 20362596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly impaired recollection, recent evidence has been mixed as to whether these patients demonstrate impaired memorial familiarity. Recent work suggests that familiarity may remain intact for pictures, but not for words. Further, a recent event-related potential (ERP) study suggests that enhanced conceptual processing of pictures may underlie this intact familiarity. However, to date there has been no direct comparison of perceptual and conceptual-based familiarity for pictures and words in patients with aMCI and AD. To investigate this issue, patients with aMCI, patients with AD, and healthy older adults underwent four study-test conditions of word-word, picture-picture, word-picture, and picture-word. When stimuli undergo form change, it has been suggested that only conceptual processing can help support recognition in the absence of recollection. Our results showed that patients successfully relied on perceptual and conceptual-based familiarity to improve recognition for the within format conditions over the across format conditions. Further, results suggested that patients with aMCI and AD are able to use enhanced conceptual processing of pictures compared to words to allow them to overcome the deleterious effects of form change in a similar manner as controls. These results help us begin to understand which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact in patients with aMCI and AD. This understanding can then in turn help us to assess, conceptualize, and build behavioral interventions to help treat these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen K O'Connor
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Bedford VA Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, United States
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30
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Patients with Alzheimer's disease use metamemory to attenuate the Jacoby–Whitehouse illusion. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2672-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Ally BA, McKeever JD, Waring JD, Budson AE. Preserved frontal memorial processing for pictures in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2044-55. [PMID: 19467355 PMCID: PMC2724267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) has been conceptualized as a transitional stage between healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, understanding which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact in these patients can be useful in determining who will ultimately go on to develop AD, and subsequently designing interventions to help patients live more engaged and independent lives. The dual-process model posits that recognition memory decisions can rely on either familiarity or recollection. Whereas research is fairly consistent in showing impaired recollection in patients with aMCI, the results have been mixed regarding familiarity. A noted difference between these studies investigating familiarity has been stimulus type. The goal of the current investigation was to use high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) to help elucidate the neural correlates of recognition decisions in patients with aMCI for words and pictures. We also hoped to help answer the question of whether patients can rely on familiarity to support successful recognition. Patients and controls participated in separate recognition memory tests of words and pictures while ERPs were recorded during retrieval. Results showed that ERP components typically associated with familiarity and retrieval monitoring were similar between groups for pictures. However, these components were diminished in the patient group for words. Based on recent work, the authors discuss the possibility that implicit conceptual priming could have contributed to the enhanced ERP correlate of familiarity. Further, the authors address the possibility that enhanced retrieval monitoring may be needed to modulate increased familiarity engendered by pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Ally
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Bedford VA Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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32
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Algarabel S, Escudero J, Mazón JF, Pitarque A, Fuentes M, Peset V, Lacruz L. Familiarity-based recognition in the young, healthy elderly, mild cognitive impaired and Alzheimer's patients☆. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:2056-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Wolk DA, Gold CA, Signoff ED, Budson AE. Discrimination and reliance on conceptual fluency cues are inversely related in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1865-72. [PMID: 19428418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior work suggests that patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) often base their recognition memory decisions on familiarity. It has been argued that conceptual fluency may play an important role in the feeling of familiarity. In the present study we measured the effect of conceptual fluency manipulations on recognition judgments of patients with mild AD and older adult controls. "Easy" and "hard" test conditions were created by manipulating encoding depth and list length to yield high and low discrimination, respectively. When the two participant groups performed identical procedures, AD patients displayed lower discrimination and greater reliance on fluency cues than controls. However, when the discrimination of older adult controls was decreased to the level of AD patients by use of a shallow encoding task, we found that controls reliance on fluency did not statistically differ from AD patients. Furthermore, we found that increasing discrimination using shorter study lists resulted in AD patients decreasing their reliance on fluency cues to a similar extent as controls. These findings support the notion that patients with AD are able to attribute conceptual fluency to prior experience. In addition, these findings suggest that discrimination and reliance on fluency cues may be inversely related in both AD patients and older adult controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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34
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Paller KA, Voss JL, Westerberg CE. Investigating the Awareness of Remembering. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2009; 4:185-99. [PMID: 26158944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a marked lack of consensus concerning the best way to learn how conscious experiences arise. In this article, we advocate for scientific approaches that attempt to bring together four types of phenomena and their corresponding theoretical accounts: behavioral acts, cognitive events, neural events, and subjective experience. We propose that the key challenge is to comprehensively specify the relationships among these four facets of the problem of understanding consciousness without excluding any facet. Although other perspectives on consciousness can also be informative, combining these four perspectives could lead to significant progress in explaining a conscious experience such as remembering. We summarize some relevant findings from cognitive neuroscience investigations of the conscious experience of memory retrieval and of memory behaviors that transpire in the absence of the awareness of remembering. These examples illustrate suitable scientific strategies for making progress in understanding consciousness by developing and testing theories that connect the behavioral expression of recall and recognition, the requisite cognitive transactions, the neural events that make remembering possible, and the awareness of remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Paller
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - Joel L. Voss
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - Carmen E. Westerberg
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
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35
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An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics. Brain Cogn 2008; 69:504-13. [PMID: 19101064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to investigate exactly how memory breaks down in the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Examining what aspects of memorial processing remain relatively intact early in the disease process will allow us to develop behavioral interventions and possible drug therapies focused on these intact processes. Several recent studies have worked to understand the processes of recollection and familiarity in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and very mild AD. Although there is general agreement that these patient groups are relatively unable to use recollection to support veridical recognition decisions, there has been some question as to how well these patients can use familiarity. The current study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a depth of processing manipulation to understand the effect of MCI and AD on the estimates of recollection and familiarity. Results showed that patients with MCI and AD were impaired in both recollection and familiarity, regardless of the depth of encoding. These results are discussed in relation to disease pathology and in the context of recent conflicting evidence as to whether familiarity remains intact in patients with MCI. The authors highlight differences in stimuli type and task difficulty as possibly modulating the ability of these patients to successfully use familiarity in support of memorial decisions.
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Voss JL, Paller KA. Brain substrates of implicit and explicit memory: the importance of concurrently acquired neural signals of both memory types. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:3021-9. [PMID: 18691605 PMCID: PMC2621065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of human memory requires cognitive and neural descriptions of memory processes along with a conception of how memory processing drives behavioral responses and subjective experiences. One serious challenge to this endeavor is that an individual memory process is typically operative within a mix of other contemporaneous memory processes. This challenge is particularly disquieting in the context of implicit memory, which, unlike explicit memory, transpires without the subject necessarily being aware of memory retrieval. Neural correlates of implicit memory and neural correlates of explicit memory are often investigated in different experiments using very different memory tests and procedures. This strategy poses difficulties for elucidating the interactions between the two types of memory process that may result in explicit remembering, and for determining the extent to which certain neural processing events uniquely contribute to only one type of memory. We review recent studies that have succeeded in separately assessing neural correlates of both implicit memory and explicit memory within the same paradigm using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with an emphasis on studies from our laboratory. The strategies we describe provide a methodological framework for achieving valid assessments of memory processing, and the findings support an emerging conceptualization of the distinct neurocognitive events responsible for implicit and explicit memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Voss
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Ally BA, Waring JD, Beth EH, McKeever JD, Milberg WP, Budson AE. Aging memory for pictures: using high-density event-related potentials to understand the effect of aging on the picture superiority effect. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:679-89. [PMID: 17981307 PMCID: PMC2271145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-density event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to understand the effect of aging on the neural correlates of the picture superiority effect. Pictures and words were systematically varied at study and test while ERPs were recorded at retrieval. Here, the results of the word-word and picture-picture study-test conditions are presented. Behavioral results showed that older adults demonstrated the picture superiority effect to a greater extent than younger adults. The ERP data helped to explain these findings. The early frontal effect, parietal effect, and late frontal effect were all indistinguishable between older and younger adults for pictures. In contrast, for words, the early frontal and parietal effects were significantly diminished for the older adults compared to the younger adults. These two old/new effects have been linked to familiarity and recollection, respectively, and the authors speculate that these processes are impaired for word-based memory in the course of healthy aging. The findings of this study suggest that pictures allow older adults to compensate for their impaired memorial processes, and may allow these memorial components to function more effectively in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Ally
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, United States.
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Voss JL, Reber PJ, Mesulam MM, Parrish TB, Paller KA. Familiarity and conceptual priming engage distinct cortical networks. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:1712-9. [PMID: 18056085 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Familiarity refers to an explicit recognition experience without any necessary retrieval of specific detail related to the episode during which initial learning transpired. Prior experience can also implicitly influence subsequent processing through a memory phenomenon termed conceptual priming, which occurs without explicit awareness of recognition. Resolving current theoretical controversy on relationships between familiarity and conceptual priming requires a clarification of their neural substrates. Accordingly, we obtained functional magnetic resonance images in a novel paradigm for separately assessing neural correlates of familiarity and conceptual priming using famous and nonfamous faces. Conceptual priming, as shown by more accurate behavioral responses to strongly conceptually primed than to weakly conceptually primed faces, was associated with activity reductions in left prefrontal cortex, whereas familiarity was associated with activity enhancements in right parietal cortex for more-familiar compared with less-familiar faces. This neuroimaging evidence implicates separate neurocognitive processes operative in explicit stimulus recognition versus implicit conceptual priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Voss
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, 2029 Sheridan Road, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-2710, USA.
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Gold CA, Marchant NL, Koutstaal W, Schacter DL, Budson AE. Conceptual fluency at test shifts recognition response bias in Alzheimer's disease: implications for increased false recognition. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:2791-801. [PMID: 17573074 PMCID: PMC5941941 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence or absence of conceptual information in pictorial stimuli may explain the mixed findings of previous studies of false recognition in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test this hypothesis, 48 patients with AD were compared to 48 healthy older adults on a recognition task first described by Koutstaal et al. [Koutstaal, W., Reddy, C., Jackson, E. M., Prince, S., Cendan, D. L., & Schacter D. L. (2003). False recognition of abstract versus common objects in older and younger adults: Testing the semantic categorization account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 499-510]. Participants studied and were tested on their memory for categorized ambiguous pictures of common objects. The presence of conceptual information at study and/or test was manipulated by providing or withholding disambiguating semantic labels. Analyses focused on testing two competing theories. The semantic encoding hypothesis, which posits that the inter-item perceptual details are not encoded by AD patients when conceptual information is present in the stimuli, was not supported by the findings. In contrast, the conceptual fluency hypothesis was supported. Enhanced conceptual fluency at test dramatically shifted AD patients to a more liberal response bias, raising their false recognition. These results suggest that patients with AD rely on the fluency of test items in making recognition memory decisions. We speculate that AD patients' over reliance upon fluency may be attributable to (1) dysfunction of the hippocampus, disrupting recollection, and/or (2) dysfunction of prefrontal cortex, disrupting post-retrieval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Gold
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
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Voss JL, Paller KA. Neural correlates of conceptual implicit memory and their contamination of putative neural correlates of explicit memory. Learn Mem 2007; 14:259-67. [PMID: 17412965 PMCID: PMC2216531 DOI: 10.1101/lm.529807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During episodic recognition tests, meaningful stimuli such as words can engender both conscious retrieval (explicit memory) and facilitated access to meaning that is distinct from the awareness of remembering (conceptual implicit memory). Neuroimaging investigations of one type of memory are frequently subject to the confounding influence of the other type of memory, thus posing a serious impediment to theoretical advances in this area. We used minimalist visual shapes (squiggles) to attempt to overcome this problem. Subjective ratings of squiggle meaningfulness varied idiosyncratically, and behavioral indications of conceptual implicit memory were evident only for stimuli given higher ratings. These effects did not result from perceptual-based fluency or from explicit remembering. Distinct event-related brain potentials were associated with conceptual implicit memory and with explicit memory by virtue of contrasts based on meaningfulness ratings and memory judgments, respectively. Frontal potentials from 300 to 500 msec after the onset of repeated squiggles varied systematically with perceived meaningfulness. Explicit memory was held constant in this contrast, so these potentials were taken as neural correlates of conceptual implicit memory. Such potentials can contaminate putative neural correlates of explicit memory, in that they are frequently attributed to the expression of explicit memory known as familiarity. These findings provide the first neural dissociation of these two memory phenomena during recognition testing and underscore the necessity of taking both types of memory into account in order to obtain valid neural correlates of specific memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Voss
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Ally BA, Budson AE. The worth of pictures: using high density event-related potentials to understand the memorial power of pictures and the dynamics of recognition memory. Neuroimage 2007; 35:378-95. [PMID: 17207639 PMCID: PMC1852523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the neural correlates of the memorial power of pictures, pictures and words were systematically varied at study and test within subjects, and high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded at retrieval. Using both conventional and novel methods, the results were presented as ERP waveforms, 50 ms scalp topographies, and video clips, and analyzed using t-statistic topographic maps and nonparametric p-value maps. The authors found that a parietally-based ERP component was enhanced when pictures were presented at study or test, compared to when words were presented. An early frontally-based component was enhanced when words were presented at study compared to pictures. From these data the authors speculate that the memorial power of pictures is related to the ability of pictures to enhance recollection. Familiarity, by contrast, was enhanced when words were presented at study compared to pictures. From these results and the dynamic view of memory afforded by viewing the data as video clips, the authors propose an ERP model of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Ally
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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Wolk DA, Schacter DL, Lygizos M, Sen NM, Holcomb PJ, Daffner KR, Budson AE. ERP correlates of recognition memory: Effects of retention interval and false alarms. Brain Res 2006; 1096:148-62. [PMID: 16769040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2005] [Revised: 04/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of the dual process model of recognition memory, prior work with event-related potentials (ERPs) has suggested that an early component, the FN400, is a correlate of familiarity while a later component, the Late Positive Complex (LPC), is a correlate of recollection. However, other work has questioned the validity of these correlations, suggesting that the FN400 effect is too short-lived to reflect an explicit memory phenomenon and that the LPC may be influenced by decision-related factors. Using a Remember/Know paradigm we addressed these issues by (1) examining the effect of study-test delay on correctly recognized items associated with familiarity ('Know' responses) and recollection ('Remember' responses) and by (2) examining FN400 and LPC modulation associated with false alarms. Supporting the relationship of the FN400 with familiarity, attenuation of this component was present for 'Know' responses relative to correct rejections after both the short (39 min) and long (24 h) delay conditions. Attenuation of the FN400 also occurred for false alarms (responses largely driven by familiarity) relative to correct rejections. Although an increased LPC amplitude was found associated with 'Remember' responses at both delays, a decreased LPC amplitude was observed with false alarms relative to correct rejections. This latter result is discussed with regard to the possibility of an overlapping posterior negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Kaufmann Medical Building, PA 15213, USA.
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