1
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Dai M, Gao Y, Hu X, Fu G, Hu Z, Sai L. Preschoolers' deception related to prefrontal cortex activation: An fNIRS study. Neuroimage 2024; 298:120795. [PMID: 39153522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Deception is an essential part of children's moral development. Previous developmental studies have shown that children start to deceive at the age of 3 years, and as age increased to 5 years, almost all children were able to deceive for their own benefit. Although behavioral studies have indicated that the emergence and development of deception are related to cognitive abilities, their neural correlates remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study examined the neural correlates underlying deception in preschool-aged children (N = 89, 44 % boys, age 3.13 to 5.96 years, Han Chinese) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. A modified hide-and-seek paradigm was applied to elicit deceptive and truth-telling behaviors. The results showed that activation of bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was positively associated with the tendency to deceive an opponent in a competitive game in the 3-year-olds. In addition, 3-year-olds who showed a high tendency to deceive showed the same brain activation in the frontopolar area as 5-year-olds did when engaged in deception, whereas no such effect was found in 3-year-olds who never engaged in deception. These findings underscore the link between preschoolers' deception and prefrontal cortex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Dai
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xintai Hu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liyang Sai
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science, Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Li W, Huang B, Song Y, Hou L, Shi W. Altered neural mechanisms of deception in individuals with autistic traits. Brain Cogn 2023; 170:106005. [PMID: 37320929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A successful deception involves making a decision, acting on it, and evaluating results. Here, we investigated deception in a non-clinical sample (n = 36) with varying autism traits using a coin-toss paradigm of active deception. The subjects were asked to react to the instructions by clicking one of the two boxes that could mislead their opponents, followed by feedback on their success or failure. During this reaction, their EEG activity was recorded, and the results suggested that people with high autistic traits exhibited longer reaction times and lower amplitude of P3 in the decision-making stage compared to individuals with low autistic traits. The feedback evaluation stage in the high autistic trait group elicited lower amplitude of FRN and P3. Overall, these results indicated that people with high autistic traits experienced difficulties in deceiving, which could be related to atypical neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Li
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Bowen Huang
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Youming Song
- Department of Psychology, College of Education Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Lulu Hou
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Wendian Shi
- School of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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3
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Dupont L, Santangelo V, Azevedo RT, Panasiti MS, Aglioti SM. Reputation risk during dishonest social decision-making modulates anterior insular and cingulate cortex activity and connectivity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:475. [PMID: 37120439 PMCID: PMC10148859 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the neural underpinnings of (dis)honest decision making under quasi-ecological conditions, we used an fMRI adapted version of a card game in which deceptive or truthful decisions are made to an opponent, with or without the risk of getting caught by them. Dishonest decisions were associated to increased activity in a cortico-subcortical circuit including the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), anterior insula (AI), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, and right caudate. Crucially, deceptive immoral decisions under reputation risk enhanced activity of - and functional connectivity between - the bilateral ACC and left AI, suggesting the need for heightened emotional processing and cognitive control when making immoral decisions under reputation risk. Tellingly, more manipulative individuals required less involvement of the ACC during risky self-gain lies but more involvement during other-gain truths, pointing to the need of cognitive control only when going against one's own moral code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennie Dupont
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valerio Santangelo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ruben T Azevedo
- Keynes College, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Maria Serena Panasiti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome and CLN2S@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Luber B, Beynel L, Spellman T, Gura H, Ploesser M, Termini K, Lisanby SH. Effects of Online Single Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices in Deceptive Processing: A Preliminary Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:883337. [PMID: 35795258 PMCID: PMC9250982 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.883337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to test the functional role of parietal and prefrontal cortical regions activated during a playing card Guilty Knowledge Task (GKT). Single-pulse TMS was applied to 15 healthy volunteers at each of three target sites: left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and midline parietal cortex. TMS pulses were applied at each of five latencies (from 0 to 480 ms) after the onset of a card stimulus. TMS applied to the parietal cortex exerted a latency-specific increase in inverse efficiency score and in reaction time when subjects were instructed to lie relative to when asked to respond with the truth, and this effect was specific to when TMS was applied at 240 ms after stimulus onset. No effects of TMS were detected at left or right DLPFC sites. This manipulation with TMS of performance in a deception task appears to support a critical role for the parietal cortex in intentional false responding, particularly in stimulus selection processes needed to execute a deceptive response in the context of a GKT. However, this interpretation is only preliminary, as further experiments are needed to compare performance within and outside of a deceptive context to clarify the effects of deceptive intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce Luber
| | - Lysianne Beynel
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Spellman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Hannah Gura
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Markus Ploesser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Termini
- Clinical and Forensic Psychology, Fifth Avenue Forensics, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sarah H. Lisanby
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Zhang Z, McGettigan C, Belyk M. Speech timing cues reveal deceptive speech in social deduction board games. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263852. [PMID: 35148352 PMCID: PMC8836341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The faculty of language allows humans to state falsehoods in their choice of words. However, while what is said might easily uphold a lie, how it is said may reveal deception. Hence, some features of the voice that are difficult for liars to control may keep speech mostly, if not always, honest. Previous research has identified that speech timing and voice pitch cues can predict the truthfulness of speech, but this evidence has come primarily from laboratory experiments, which sacrifice ecological validity for experimental control. We obtained ecologically valid recordings of deceptive speech while observing natural utterances from players of a popular social deduction board game, in which players are assigned roles that either induce honest or dishonest interactions. When speakers chose to lie, they were prone to longer and more frequent pauses in their speech. This finding is in line with theoretical predictions that lying is more cognitively demanding. However, lying was not reliably associated with vocal pitch. This contradicts predictions that increased physiological arousal from lying might increase muscular tension in the larynx, but is consistent with human specialisations that grant Homo sapiens sapiens an unusual degree of control over the voice relative to other primates. The present study demonstrates the utility of social deduction board games as a means of making naturalistic observations of human behaviour from semi-structured social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Zhang
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Belyk
- Department of Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
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6
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Zheltyakova M, Korotkov A, Cherednichenko D, Kireev M. Functional Interactions Between Neural Substrates of Socio-cognitive Mechanisms Involved in Simple Deception and Manipulative Truth. Brain Connect 2021; 12:639-649. [PMID: 34470467 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Deceptive intentions may be realized by imparting false (simple deception) or true (manipulative truth) information. Both forms of deception require inferring others' thoughts and are underpinned by the theory of mind (TOM) neural system. Manipulative truth is thought to more strongly recruit these processes. However, the organization of functional interactions underlying simple deception and manipulative truth remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We performed psychophysiological interaction analysis for a key node in the TOM system, the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), using functional MRI data obtained from 23 volunteers (14 men and 9 women, age range 18-45 years) during the sender-receiver game. During the game, participants sent true, simple deceptive, or manipulative truthful messages to another player according to their own choice. A Bayesian approach to statistics was employed to perform statistical inference and define voxels with significant changes in functional interactions. Results: We observed functional interactions between nodes of the TOM system (bilateral TPJ, left precuneus, left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and right superior temporal sulcus) characterizing both forms of deception. We identified an increment in functional interactions of the rTPJ with the left TPJ (lTPJ) and right precuneus associated with manipulative truth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a higher rate of manipulative truthful actions was associated with weaker functional interactions between the rTPJ and lTPJ, left precuneus, and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Discussion: Compared with simple deception, manipulative truth is associated with a higher demand for socio-cognitive processes that contributes to the cognitive load of this form of deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Zheltyakova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Cherednichenko
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Kireev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Pinti P, Devoto A, Greenhalgh I, Tachtsidis I, Burgess PW, de C Hamilton AF. The role of anterior prefrontal cortex (area 10) in face-to-face deception measured with fNIRS. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:129-142. [PMID: 32577765 PMCID: PMC7812627 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC, Brodmann area 10) activations are often, but not always, found in neuroimaging studies investigating deception, and the precise role of this area remains unclear. To explore the role of the PFC in face-to-face deception, we invited pairs of participants to play a card game involving lying and lie detection while we used functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record brain activity in the PFC. Participants could win points for successfully lying about the value of their cards or for detecting lies. We contrasted patterns of brain activation when the participants either told the truth or lied, when they were either forced into this or did so voluntarily and when they either succeeded or failed to detect a lie. Activation in the anterior PFC was found in both lie production and detection, unrelated to reward. Analysis of cross-brain activation patterns between participants identified areas of the PFC where the lead player’s brain activity synchronized their partner’s later brain activity. These results suggest that during situations that involve close interpersonal interaction, the anterior PFC supports processing widely involved in deception, possibly relating to the demands of monitoring one’s own and other people’s behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pinti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Andrea Devoto
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Isobel Greenhalgh
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
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8
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Delgado-Herrera M, Reyes-Aguilar A, Giordano M. What Deception Tasks Used in the Lab Really Do: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Ecological Validity of fMRI Deception Tasks. Neuroscience 2021; 468:88-109. [PMID: 34111448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interpretation of the neural findings of deception without considering the ecological validity of the experimental tasks could lead to biased conclusions. In this study we classified the experimental tasks according to their inclusion of three essential components required for ecological validity: intention to lie, social interaction and motivation. First, we carried out a systematic review to categorize fMRI deception tasks and to weigh the degree of ecological validity of each one. Second, we performed a meta-analysis to identify if each type of task involves a different neural substrate and to distinguish the neurocognitive contribution of each component of ecological validity essential to deception. We detected six categories of deception tasks. Intention to lie was the component least frequently included, followed by social interaction. Monetary reward was the most frequent motivator. The results of the meta-analysis, including 59 contrasts, revealed that intention to lie is associated with activation in the left lateral occipital cortex (superior division) whereas the left angular gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are engaged during lying under instructions. Additionally, the right IFG appears to participate in the social aspect of lying including simulated and real interactions. We found no effect of monetary reward in our analysis. Finally, tasks with high ecological validity recruited fewer brain areas (right insular cortex and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)) compared to less ecological tasks, perhaps because they are more natural and realistic, and engage a wide network of brain mechanisms, as opposed to specific tasks that demand more centralized processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Delgado-Herrera
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Azalea Reyes-Aguilar
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Magda Giordano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
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9
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Geiger M, Bärwaldt R, Wilhelm O. The Good, the Bad, and the Clever: Faking Ability as a Socio-Emotional Ability? J Intell 2021; 9:13. [PMID: 33806368 PMCID: PMC8006246 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-emotional abilities have been proposed as an extension to models of intelligence, but earlier measurement approaches have either not fulfilled criteria of ability measurement or have covered only predominantly receptive abilities. We argue that faking ability-the ability to adjust responses on questionnaires to present oneself in a desired manner-is a socio-emotional ability that can broaden our understanding of these abilities and intelligence in general. To test this theory, we developed new instruments to measure the ability to fake bad (malingering) and administered them jointly with established tests of faking good ability in a general sample of n = 134. Participants also completed multiple tests of emotion perception along with tests of emotion expression posing, pain expression regulation, and working memory capacity. We found that individual differences in faking ability tests are best explained by a general factor that had a large correlation with receptive socio-emotional abilities and had a zero to medium-sized correlation with different productive socio-emotional abilities. All correlations were still small after controlling these effects for shared variance with general mental ability as indicated by tests of working memory capacity. We conclude that faking ability is indeed correlated meaningfully with other socio-emotional abilities and discuss the implications for intelligence research and applied ability assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Geiger
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Romy Bärwaldt
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Oliver Wilhelm
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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10
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Lin XA, Wang C, Zhou J, Sai L, Fu G. Neural correlates of spontaneous deception in a non-competitive interpersonal scenario: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Brain Cogn 2021; 150:105704. [PMID: 33640738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine neural correlates of spontaneous deception in a non-competitive interpersonal situation, and the difference in neural correlates between spontaneous deception and instructed deception using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We used a modified poker game in which participants freely decided whether sending a piece of truthful/deceptive information to other participants. In the instructed session, participants sent truthful/deceptive information per the instructions. In this non-competitive interpersonal situation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), deception produced higher neural activities than truth-telling. In addition, spontaneous deception exhibited higher neural activities than instructed deception in the frontopolar area, DLPFC, and frontal eye fields. Spontaneous truth-telling produced higher neural activities than instructed truth-telling in frontal eye fields and frontopolar area. This study provides evidence about neural correlates of spontaneous deception during non-competitive interpersonal scenarios and the difference between spontaneous deception and instructed deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Allison Lin
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Chongxiang Wang
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Sai
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genyue Fu
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
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11
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Liang Y, Fu G, Yu R, Bi Y, Ding XP. The Role of Reward System in Dishonest Behavior: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Brain Topogr 2020; 34:64-77. [PMID: 33135142 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-020-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the cortical reward system plays an important role in deceptive behavior. However, how the reward system activates during the whole course of dishonest behavior and how it affects dishonest decisions remain unclear. The current study investigated these questions. One hundred and two participants were included in the final analysis. They completed two tasks: monetary incentive delay (MID) task and an honesty task. The MID task served as the localizer task and the honesty task was used to measure participants' deceptive behaviors. Participants' spontaneous responses in the honesty task were categorized into three conditions: Correct-Truth condition (tell the truth after guessing correctly), Incorrect-Truth condition (tell the truth after guessing incorrectly), and Incorrect-Lie condition (tell lies after guessing incorrectly). To reduce contamination from neighboring functional regions as well as to increase sensitivity to small effects (Powell et al., Devel Sci 21:e12595, 2018), we adopted the individual functional channel of interest (fCOI) approach to analyze the data. Specially, we identified the channels of interest in the MID task in individual participants and then applied them to the honesty task. The result suggested that the reward system showed different activation patterns during different phases: In the pre-decision phase, the reward system was activated with the winning of the reward. During the decision and feedback phase, the reward system was activated when people made the decisions to be dishonest and when they evaluated the outcome of their decisions. Furthermore, the result showed that neural activity of the reward system toward the outcome of their decision was related to subsequent dishonest behaviors. Thus, the present study confirmed the important role of the reward system in deception. These results can also shed light on how one could use neuroimaging techniques to perform lie-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibiao Liang
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Runxin Yu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,Nuralogix (Hangzhou) Artificial Intelligence Company Limited, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Bi
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Pan Ding
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Shuster A, Levy DJ. Contribution of self- and other-regarding motives to (dis)honesty. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15844. [PMID: 32985527 PMCID: PMC7522268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Why would people tell the truth when there is an obvious gain in lying and no risk of being caught? Previous work suggests the involvement of two motives, self-interest and regard for others. However, it remains unknown if these motives are related or distinctly contribute to (dis)honesty, and what are the neural instantiations of these motives. Using a modified Message Game task, in which a Sender sends a dishonest (yet profitable) or honest (less profitable) message to a Receiver, we found that these two motives contributed to dishonesty independently. Furthermore, the two motives involve distinct brain networks: the LPFC tracked potential value to self, whereas the rTPJ tracked potential losses to other, and individual differences in motives modulated these neural responses. Finally, activity in the vmPFC represented a balance of the two motives unique to each participant. Taken together, our results suggest that (dis)honest decisions incorporate at least two separate cognitive and neural processes-valuation of potential profits to self and valuation of potential harm to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Shuster
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Dino J Levy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Zheltyakova M, Kireev M, Korotkov A, Medvedev S. Neural mechanisms of deception in a social context: an fMRI replication study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10713. [PMID: 32612101 PMCID: PMC7329834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception is a form of manipulation aimed at misleading another person by conveying false or truthful messages. Manipulative truthful statements could be considered as sophisticated deception and elicit an increased cognitive load. However, only one fMRI study reported its neural correlates. To provide independent evidence for sophisticated deception, we carried out an fMRI study replicating the experimental paradigm and Bayesian statistical approach utilized in that study. During the experiment, participants played a game against an opponent by sending deliberate deceptive or honest messages. Compared to truth-telling, deceptive intentions, regardless of how they were fulfilled, were associated with increased BOLD signals in the bilateral temporoparietal junction (TPJ), left precuneus, and right superior temporal sulcus (STS). The right TPJ participates in the attribution of mental states, acting in a social context, and moral behaviour. Moreover, the other revealed brain areas have been considered nodes in the theory of mind brain neural system. Therefore, the obtained results reflect an increased demand for socio‑cognitive processes associated with deceptive intentions. We replicated the original study showing the involvement of the right TPJ and expanded upon it by revealing the involvement of the left TPJ, left precuneus and right STS in actions with deceptive intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Zheltyakova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Kireev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svyatoslav Medvedev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Yan J, Li X, Shi Y, Sun S, Wang H. The effect of intention analysis-based fraud detection systems in repeated supply Chain quality inspection: A context of learning and contract. INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2019.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Can fMRI discriminate between deception and false memory? A meta-analytic comparison between deception and false memory studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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17
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Children’s second-order lying: Young children can tell the truth to deceive. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 176:128-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Yin L, Weber B. I lie, why don't you: Neural mechanisms of individual differences in self-serving lying. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1101-1113. [PMID: 30353970 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
People tend to lie in varying degrees. To advance our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of this heterogeneity, we investigated individual differences in self-serving lying. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in 37 participants and introduced a color-reporting game where lying about the color would in general lead to higher monetary payoffs but would also be punished if get caught. At the behavioral level, individuals lied to different extents. Besides, individuals who are more dishonest showed shorter lying response time, whereas no significant correlation was found between truth-telling response time and the degree of dishonesty. At the neural level, the left caudate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) were key regions reflecting individual differences in making dishonest decisions. The dishonesty associated activity in these regions decreased with increased dishonesty. Subsequent generalized psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that individual differences in self-serving lying were associated with the functional connectivity among the caudate, vmPFC, IFG, and dlPFC. More importantly, regardless of the decision types, the neural patterns of the left caudate and vmPFC during the decision-making phase could be used to predict individual degrees of dishonesty. The present study demonstrated that lying decisions differ substantially from person to person in the functional connectivity and neural activation patterns which can be used to predict individual degrees of dishonesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yin
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Are the cues that speakers produce when lying the same cues that listeners attend to when attempting to detect deceit? We used a two-person interactive game to explore the production and perception of speech and nonverbal cues to lying. In each game turn, participants viewed pairs of images, with the location of some treasure indicated to the speaker but not to the listener. The speaker described the location of the treasure, with the objective of misleading the listener about its true location; the listener attempted to locate the treasure, based on their judgement of the speaker’s veracity. In line with previous comprehension research, listeners’ responses suggest that they attend primarily to behaviours associated with increased mental difficulty, perhaps because lying, under a cognitive hypothesis, is thought to cause an increased cognitive load. Moreover, a mouse-tracking analysis suggests that these judgements are made quickly, while the speakers’ utterances are still unfolding. However, there is a surprising mismatch between listeners and speakers: When producing false statements, speakers are less likely to produce the cues that listeners associate with lying. This production pattern is in keeping with an attempted control hypothesis, whereby liars may take into account listeners’ expectations and correspondingly manipulate their behaviour to avoid detection.
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20
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Sai L, Wu H, Hu X, Fu G. Telling a truth to deceive: Examining executive control and reward-related processes underlying interpersonal deception. Brain Cogn 2018; 125:149-156. [PMID: 29990705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Does deception necessarily involve false statements that are incompatible with the truth? In some cases, people choose truthful statements in order to mislead others. This type of deception has been investigated less. The current study employed event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate the neurocognitive processes when both truthful and false statements were used to deceive others. We focused our ERP analysis on two stages: a decision making stage during which participants decided whether to tell a false or a truthful statement, and an outcome evaluation stage during which participants evaluated whether their deception had succeeded or not. Results showed that in the decision making stage, intentions to deceive elicited larger N200s and smaller P300s than an honest control condition. During the outcome evaluation stage, success/failure feedback in the deception condition elicited larger Reward positivity (RewP) and feedback-P300 than feedback after honest responses. Importantly, whether participants chose to tell false or true statements, did not further modulate executive control or reward-related processes. Taken together, these results suggest that during interpersonal deception, having deceptive intentions engages executive control and reward-related processes regardless of the veracity of statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Sai
- Institute of Psychological Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Genyue Fu
- Institute of Psychological Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Curci A, Lanciano T, Battista F, Guaragno S, Ribatti RM. Accuracy, Confidence, and Experiential Criteria for Lie Detection Through a Videotaped Interview. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:748. [PMID: 30740066 PMCID: PMC6357939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's ability to discriminate lies from truth is far from accurate, and is poorly related to an individual's confidence in his/her detection. Both law enforcement and non-professional interviewers base their evaluations of truthfulness on experiential criteria, including emotional and expressive features, cognitive complexity, and paraverbal aspects of interviewees' reports. The current experimental study adopted two perspectives of investigation: the first is aimed at assessing the ability of naïve judges to detect lies/truth by watching a videotaped interview; the second takes into account the interviewee's detectability as a liar or as telling the truth by a sample of judges. Additionally, this study is intended to evaluate the criteria adopted to support lie/truth detection and relate them with accuracy and confidence of detection. Results showed that judges' detection ability was moderately accurate and associated with a moderate individual sense of confidence, with a slightly better accuracy for truth detection than for lie detection. Detection accuracy appeared to be negatively associated with detection confidence when the interviewee was a liar, and positively associated when the interviewee was a truth-teller. Furthermore, judges were found to support lie detection through criteria concerning emotional features, and to sustain truth detection by taking into account the cognitive complexity and the paucity of expressive manifestations related with the interviewee's report. The present findings have implications for the judicial decision on witnesses' credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Curci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lanciano
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Fabiana Battista
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Guaragno
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Maria Ribatti
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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22
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Kireev M, Korotkov A, Medvedeva N, Masharipov R, Medvedev S. Deceptive but Not Honest Manipulative Actions Are Associated with Increased Interaction between Middle and Inferior Frontal gyri. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:482. [PMID: 28912675 PMCID: PMC5583606 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is believed to be responsible for execution of deceptive behavior and its involvement is associated with greater cognitive efforts. It is also generally assumed that deception is associated with the inhibition of default honest actions. However, the precise neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. The present study was aimed to use functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal the underlying functional integration within the prefrontal cortex during the task which requires that subjects to deliberately mislead an opponent through the sequential execution of deceptive and honest claims. To address this issue, we performed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, which allows for statistical assessment of changes in functional relationships between active brain areas in changing psychological contexts. As a result the whole brain PPI-analysis established that both manipulative honest and deceptive claiming were associated with an increase in connectivity between the left middle frontal gyrus and right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ). Taking into account the role played by rTPJ in processes associated with the theory of mind the revealed data can reflect possible influence of socio-cognitive context on the process of selecting manipulative claiming regardless their honest or deceptive nature. Direct comparison between deceptive and honest claims revealed pattern enhancement of coupling between the left middle frontal gyrus and the left inferior frontal gyrus. This finding provided evidence that the execution of deception relies to a greater extent on higher-order hierarchically-organized brain mechanisms of executive control required to select between two competing deceptive or honest task sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kireev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. Petersburg State UniversitySt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Medvedeva
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan Masharipov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svyatoslav Medvedev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Modulation of financial deprivation on deception and its neural correlates. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3271-3277. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Haj ME, Saloppé X, Nandrino JL. Destination memory and deception: when I lie to Barack Obama about the moon. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 82:600-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Nahari T, Breska A, Elber L, Klein Selle N, Ben-Shakhar G. The External Validity of the Concealed Information Test: The Effect of Choosing to Commit a Mock Crime. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Nahari
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Lotem Elber
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Nathalie Klein Selle
- Department of Psychology; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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26
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Sun D, Lee TMC, Wang Z, Chan CCH. Unfolding the Spatial and Temporal Neural Processing of Making Dishonest Choices. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153660. [PMID: 27096474 PMCID: PMC4838301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the neural processing that underpins dishonest behavior in an economic exchange game task, this study employed both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) methodologies to examine the neural conditions of 25 participants while they were making either dishonest or honest choices. It was discovered that dishonest choices, contrary to honest choices, elicited stronger fMRI activations in bilateral striatum and anterior insula. It also induced fluctuations in ERP amplitudes within two time windows, which are 270–30 milliseconds before and 110–290 milliseconds after the response, respectively. Importantly, when making either dishonest or honest choices, human and computer counterparts were associated with distinct fMRI activations in the left insula and different ERP amplitudes at medial and right central sites from 80 milliseconds before to 250 milliseconds after the response. These results support the hypothesis that there would be distinct neural processing during making dishonest decisions, especially when the subject considers the interests of the counterpart. Furthermore, the fMRI and ERP findings, together with ERP source reconstruction, clearly delineate the temporal sequence of the neural processes of a dishonest decision: the striatum is activated before response, then the left insula is involved around the time of response, and finally the thalamus is activated after response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tatia M. C. Lee
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (TMCL); (CCHC)
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chetwyn C. H. Chan
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail: (TMCL); (CCHC)
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27
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Executive control- and reward-related neural processes associated with the opportunity to engage in voluntary dishonest moral decision making. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 15:475-91. [PMID: 25645507 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research has begun to examine the neurocognitive processes underlying voluntary moral decision making, which involves engaging in honest or dishonest behavior in a setting in which the individual is free to make his or her own moral decisions. Employing event-related potentials, we measured executive control-related and reward-related neural processes during an incentivized coin-guessing task in which participants had the opportunity to voluntarily engage in dishonest behavior, by overreporting their wins to maximize earnings. We report four primary findings: First, the opportunity to deceive recruited executive control processes involving conflict monitoring and conflict resolution, as evidenced by a higher N2 and a smaller P3. Second, processing the outcome of the coin flips engaged reward-related processes, as evidenced by a larger medial feedback negativity (MFN) for incorrect (loss) than for correct (win) guesses, reflecting a reward prediction error signal. Third, elevated executive control-related neural activity reflecting conflict resolution (i.e., an attenuated executive control P3) predicted a greater likelihood of engaging in overall deceptive behavior. Finally, whereas elevated reward-related neural activity (the reward P3) was associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in overall deceptive behavior, an elevated reward prediction error signal (MFN difference score) predicted increased trial-by-trial moral behavioral adjustment (i.e., a greater likelihood to overreport wins following a previous honest loss than following a previous honest win trial). Collectively, these findings suggest that both executive control- and reward-related neural processes are implicated in moral decision making.
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28
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Yin L, Reuter M, Weber B. Let the man choose what to do: Neural correlates of spontaneous lying and truth-telling. Brain Cogn 2016; 102:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Meijer EH, Verschuere B, Gamer M, Merckelbach H, Ben-Shakhar G. Deception detection with behavioral, autonomic, and neural measures: Conceptual and methodological considerations that warrant modesty. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:593-604. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewout H. Meijer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Falkiewicz M, Sarzyńska J, Babula J, Szatkowska I, Grabowska A, Nęcka E. Explicit Instructions Increase Cognitive Costs of Deception in Predictable Social Context. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1863. [PMID: 26696929 PMCID: PMC4678380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing participants to deceive remains one of the biggest and most important challenges of laboratory-based deception research. The simplest and most prevalent method involves explicitly instructing participants to lie or tell the truth before presenting each task item. The usual finding of such experiments is increased cognitive load associated with deceptive responses, explained by necessity to inhibit default and automatic honest responses. However, explicit instructions are usually coupled with the absence of social context in the experimental task. Context plays a key role in social cognition by activating prior knowledge, which facilitates behaviors consistent with the latter. We hypothesized that in the presence of social context, both honest and deceptive responses can be produced on the basis of prior knowledge, without reliance on truth and without additional cognitive load during deceptive responses. In order to test the hypothesis, we have developed Speed-Dating Task (SDT), which is based on a real-life social event. In SDT, participants respond both honestly and deceptively to questions in order to appear similar to each of the dates. The dates are predictable and represent well-known categories (i.e., atheist or conservative). In one condition participants rely on explicit instructions preceding each question (external cue). In the second condition no explicit instructions are present, so the participants need to adapt based on prior knowledge about the category the dates belong to (internal cue). With internal cues, reaction times (RTs) are similar for both honest and deceptive responses. However, in the presence of external cues (EC), RTs are longer for deceptive than honest responses, suggesting that deceptive responses are associated with increased cognitive load. Compared to internal cues, deception costs were higher when EC were present. However, the effect was limited to the first part of the experiment, only partially confirming our initial hypothesis. The results suggest that the presence of social context in deception tasks might have a significant influence on cognitive processes associated with deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Falkiewicz
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Sarzyńska
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Babula
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Nęcka
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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31
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Littlefield MM, Dietz MJ, Fitzgerald D, Knudsen KJ, Tonks J. Being asked to tell an unpleasant truth about another person activates anterior insula and medial prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:553. [PMID: 26539094 PMCID: PMC4611149 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
"Truth" has been used as a baseline condition in several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of deception. However, like deception, telling the truth is an inherently social construct, which requires consideration of another person's mental state, a phenomenon known as Theory of Mind. Using a novel ecological paradigm, we examined blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses during social and simple truth telling. Participants (n = 27) were randomly divided into two competing teams. Post-competition, each participant was scanned while evaluating performances from in-group and out-group members. Participants were asked to be honest and were told that their evaluations would be made public. We found increased BOLD responses in the medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral anterior insula and precuneus when participants were asked to tell social truths compared to simple truths about another person. At the behavioral level, participants were slower at responding to social compared to simple questions about another person. These findings suggest that telling the truth is a nuanced cognitive operation that is dependent on the degree of mentalizing. Importantly, we show that the cortical regions engaged by truth telling show a distinct pattern when the task requires social reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Littlefield
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Department of English, and The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Martin J. Dietz
- Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Des Fitzgerald
- School of Social Sciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
- Hubbub—The Hub at Wellcome CollectionLondon, UK
| | - Kasper J. Knudsen
- Section for Anthropology and Ethnography, Department of Culture and Society, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - James Tonks
- Department of Psychology, University of LincolnLincoln, UK
- Dame Hannah Rogers TrustExeter, UK
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32
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Volz KG, Vogeley K, Tittgemeyer M, von Cramon DY, Sutter M. The neural basis of deception in strategic interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:27. [PMID: 25729358 PMCID: PMC4325923 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication based on informational asymmetries abounds in politics, business, and almost any other form of social interaction. Informational asymmetries may create incentives for the better-informed party to exploit her advantage by misrepresenting information. Using a game-theoretic setting, we investigate the neural basis of deception in human interaction. Unlike in most previous fMRI research on deception, the participants decide themselves whether to lie or not. We find activation within the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ), the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the (pre)cuneus (CUN), and the anterior frontal gyrus (aFG) when contrasting lying with truth telling. Notably, our design also allows for an investigation of the neural foundations of sophisticated deception through telling the truth-when the sender does not expect the receiver to believe her (true) message. Sophisticated deception triggers activation within the same network as plain lies, i.e., we find activity within the rTPJ, the CUN, and aFG. We take this result to show that brain activation can reveal the sender's veridical intention to deceive others, irrespective of whether in fact the sender utters the factual truth or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten G Volz
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Cologne Germany ; Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine - Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | | | - D Yves von Cramon
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Sutter
- Department of Public Economics, University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria ; Department of Economics, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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Sun D, Chan CC, Hu Y, Wang Z, Lee TM. Neural correlates of outcome processing post dishonest choice: An fMRI and ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2015; 68:148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Karton I, Palu A, Jõks K, Bachmann T. Deception rate in a "lying game": different effects of excitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex not found with inhibitory stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:21-5. [PMID: 25233864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the brain processes involved in lying is the key point in today's deception detection studies. We have previously found that stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects the rate of spontaneous lying in simple behavioural tasks. The main idea of this study was to examine the role of rTMS applied to the DLPFC in the behavioural conditions where subjects were better motivated to lie compared to our earlier studies and where all possible conditions (inhibition of left and right DLPFC with 1-Hz and sham; excitation of left and right DLPFC with 10-Hz and sham) were administered to the same subjects. It was expected that excitation of the left DLPFC with rTMS decreases and excitation of the right DLPFC increases the rate of lying and that inhibitory stimulation reverses the effects. As was expected, excitation of the left DLPFC decreased lying compared to excitation of the right DLPFC, but contrary to the expectation, inhibition had no different effects. These findings suggest that propensity to lie can be manipulated by non-invasive excitatory brain stimulation by TMS targeted at DLPFC and the direction of the effect depends on the cortical target locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Karton
- University of Tartu, Institute of Psychology, Näituse 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia; University of Tartu (Tallinn branch), Institute of Public Law, Kaarli puiestee 3, Tallinn 10119, Estonia.
| | - Annegrete Palu
- University of Tartu, Institute of Psychology, Näituse 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Kerli Jõks
- University of Tartu, Institute of Psychology, Näituse 2, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Talis Bachmann
- University of Tartu (Tallinn branch), Institute of Public Law, Kaarli puiestee 3, Tallinn 10119, Estonia
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35
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Investigating socio-cognitive processes in deception: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Panasiti MS, Pavone EF, Mancini A, Merla A, Grisoni L, Aglioti SM. The motor cost of telling lies: electrocortical signatures and personality foundations of spontaneous deception. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:573-89. [PMID: 24979665 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.934394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although universal, lying is generally considered immoral behavior. Most neuroscience studies on lying sanction or instruct deceptive behaviors and thus might fail to acknowledge the significance of lie-related moral conflicts. By combining electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings with a novel paradigm in which participants decided freely whether to deceive another person, we have generated indices of the cognitive (reaction times and stimulus-locked event-related components) and moral (readiness potential and its correlations with deception-related personality traits) cost of spontaneous deception. Our data fail to support the consensus that deception is cognitively more demanding than truth telling, suggesting that spontaneous deception, as opposed to lying out of requirement, might not mandate additional cognitive workload. Interestingly, lying was associated with decreased motor readiness, an event-related potential (ERP) component that is linked to motor preparation of self-determined actions and modulated when we face moral dilemmas. Notably, this reduction was less extensive in manipulative participants and greater in those who cared highly about their impression management. Our study expands on previous findings on deception by associating a cortical marker of reduced preparation to act with individual differences in moral cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Panasiti
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Rome , Italy
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Abe N, Fujii T, Ito A, Ueno A, Koseki Y, Hashimoto R, Hayashi A, Mugikura S, Takahashi S, Mori E. The neural basis of dishonest decisions that serve to harm or help the target. Brain Cogn 2014; 90:41-9. [PMID: 24983819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to elucidate the neurocognitive mechanisms of harmful and helpful dishonest decisions. During scanning, the subjects read scenarios concerning events that could occur in real-life situations and were asked to decide whether to tell a lie as though they were experiencing those events. Half of the scenarios consisted of harmful stories in which the dishonest decisions could be regarded as bad lies, and the other half consisted of helpful stories in which the dishonest decisions could be regarded as good lies. In contrast to the control decision-making task, we found that the decision-making tasks that involved honesty or dishonesty recruited a network of brain regions that included the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In the harmful stories, the right temporoparietal junction and the right medial frontal cortex were activated when the subjects made dishonest decisions compared with honest decisions. No region discriminated between the honest and dishonest decisions made in the helpful stories. These preliminary findings suggest that the neural basis of dishonest decisions is modulated by whether the lying serves to harm or help the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Abe
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Toshikatsu Fujii
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayahito Ito
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aya Ueno
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Koseki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Hashimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunji Mugikura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoki Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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38
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Using fMRI to decode true thoughts independent of intention to conceal. Neuroimage 2014; 99:80-92. [PMID: 24844742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA) applied to BOLD-fMRI has proven successful at decoding complicated fMRI signal patterns associated with a variety of cognitive processes. One cognitive process, not yet investigated, is the mental representation of "Yes/No" thoughts that precede the actual overt response to a binary "Yes/No" question. In this study, we focus on examining: (1) whether spatial patterns of the hemodynamic response carry sufficient information to allow reliable decoding of "Yes/No" thoughts; and (2) whether decoding of "Yes/No" thoughts is independent of the intention to respond honestly or dishonestly. To achieve this goal, we conducted two separate experiments. Experiment 1, collected on a 3T scanner, examined the whole brain to identify regions that carry sufficient information to permit significantly above-chance prediction of "Yes/No" thoughts at the group level. In Experiment 2, collected on a 7T scanner, we focused on the regions identified in Experiment 1 to examine the capability of achieving high decoding accuracy at the single subject level. A set of regions--namely right superior temporal gyrus, left supra-marginal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus--exhibited high decoding power. Decoding accuracy for these regions increased with trial averaging. When 18 trials were averaged, the median accuracies were 82.5%, 77.5%, and 79.5%, respectively. When trials were separated according to deceptive intentions (set via experimental cues), and classifiers were trained on honest trials, but tested on trials where subjects were asked to deceive, the median accuracies of these regions still reached 66%, 75%, and 78.5%. These results provide evidence that concealed "Yes/No" thoughts are encoded in the BOLD signal, retaining some level of independence from the subject's intentions to answer honestly or dishonestly. These findings also suggest the theoretical possibility for more efficient brain-computer interfaces where subjects only need to think their answers to communicate.
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Abstract
Traditional lie detection tools, such as the polygraph, voice stress analysis, or special interrogation techniques, rely on behavioral or psychophysiological manifestations of deception. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, the question emerged whether it would be possible to directly identify deceit in the part of the body where it is generated: the brain. After a few promising studies, these techniques became soon commercially available and there have been attempts to use such results in the court in recent years. The current article reviews the development of neuroimaging techniques in the field of deception detection and critically discusses the potential but also the shortcomings of such methods. Unfortunately, the majority of research in this field was rather unsystematic and neglected the accumulated knowledge regarding methodological pitfalls that were extensively discussed in the scientific community in conjunction with the polygraph. Therefore, neuroimaging studies on deception largely differ with respect to the experimental paradigm (the interrogation technique), the methods for analyzing the data, and the procedures to obtain individual diagnoses. Moreover, most studies used artificial laboratory settings that differ considerably from real-life applications. As a consequence, neuroimaging techniques are not applicable for detecting deception in individual field cases at the moment. However, recent advantages such as multivariate pattern analysis might yield novel neuroimaging applications in the near future that are capable of improving established techniques for detecting deception or concealed knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany
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Kireev M, Korotkov A, Medvedeva N, Medvedev S. Possible role of an error detection mechanism in brain processing of deception: PET-fMRI study. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:291-9. [PMID: 24100194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate brain maintenance of deliberate deception the positron emission tomography and the event related functional MRI studies were performed. We used an experimental paradigm that presupposed free choices between equally beneficial deceptive or honest actions. Experimental task simulated the "Cheat" card game which aims to defeat an opponent by sequential deceptive and honest claims. Results of both the PET and the fMRI studies revealed that execution of both deliberately deceptive and honest claims is associated with fronto-parietal brain network comprised of inferior and middle frontal gyri, precentral gyrus (BA 6), caudate nucleus, and inferior parietal lobule. Direct comparison between those claims, balanced in terms of decision making and action outcome (gain and losses), revealed activation of areas specifically associated with deception execution: precentral gyrus (BA 6), caudate nuclei, thalamus and inferior parietal lobule (BA 39/40). The obtained experimental data were discussed in relation to a possible role of an error detection system in processing deliberate deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kireev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academika Pavlova Street 9, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
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Rusconi E, Mitchener-Nissen T. Prospects of functional magnetic resonance imaging as lie detector. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:594. [PMID: 24065912 PMCID: PMC3781577 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the demise of the polygraph, supporters of assisted scientific lie detection tools have enthusiastically appropriated neuroimaging technologies "as the savior of scientifically verifiable lie detection in the courtroom" (Gerard, 2008: 5). These proponents believe the future impact of neuroscience "will be inevitable, dramatic, and will fundamentally alter the way the law does business" (Erickson, 2010: 29); however, such enthusiasm may prove premature. For in nearly every article published by independent researchers in peer reviewed journals, the respective authors acknowledge that fMRI research, processes, and technology are insufficiently developed and understood for gatekeepers to even consider introducing these neuroimaging measures into criminal courts as they stand today for the purpose of determining the veracity of statements made. Regardless of how favorable their analyses of fMRI or its future potential, they all acknowledge the presence of issues yet to be resolved. Even assuming a future where these issues are resolved and an appropriate fMRI lie-detection process is developed, its integration into criminal trials is not assured for the very success of such a future system may necessitate its exclusion from courtrooms on the basis of existing legal and ethical prohibitions. In this piece, aimed for a multidisciplinary readership, we seek to highlight and bring together the multitude of hurdles which would need to be successfully overcome before fMRI can (if ever) be a viable applied lie detection system. We argue that the current status of fMRI studies on lie detection meets neither basic legal nor scientific standards. We identify four general classes of hurdles (scientific, legal and ethical, operational, and social) and provide an overview on the stages and operations involved in fMRI studies, as well as the difficulties of translating these laboratory protocols into a practical criminal justice environment. It is our overall conclusion that fMRI is unlikely to constitute a viable lie detector for criminal courts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rusconi
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, University of ParmaParma, Italy
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42
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Baumgartner T, Gianotti LR, Knoch D. Who is honest and why: baseline activation in anterior insula predicts inter-individual differences in deceptive behavior. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:192-7. [PMID: 23735708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Humans engage in deceptive behavior that negatively affects others. The propensity to deceive is, however, characterized by vast inter-individual heterogeneity that is poorly understood. Attempts to investigate the origins of this heterogeneity have so far mainly relied on subjective measures and have shown little predictive power. Here, we used resting electroencephalography to measure objective and stable individual differences in neural baseline activation in combination with an ecologically valid deception paradigm. Results showed that task-independent baseline activation in the anterior insula, a brain area implicated in mapping internal bodily states and in representing emotional arousal and conscious feelings, predicts individuals' propensity for deceptive behavior. The higher the neural baseline activation in this area is, the lower individuals' propensity to deceive. Moreover, results provide evidence that high baseline activation in the anterior insula is associated with negative affect and dispositional tendencies to avoid aversive emotional situations. These results provide converging neural and psychological evidence that individuals might avoid a deceptive act due to a highly active negative emotional system which would make a deceptive act too stressful and bothersome.
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43
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Sip KE, Carmel D, Marchant JL, Li J, Petrovic P, Roepstorff A, McGregor WB, Frith CD. When Pinocchio's nose does not grow: belief regarding lie-detectability modulates production of deception. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:16. [PMID: 23382715 PMCID: PMC3563087 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Does the brain activity underlying the production of deception differ depending on whether or not one believes their deception can be detected? To address this question, we had participants commit a mock theft in a laboratory setting, and then interrogated them while they underwent functional MRI (fMRI) scanning. Crucially, during some parts of the interrogation participants believed a lie-detector was activated, whereas in other parts they were told it was switched-off. We were thus able to examine the neural activity associated with the contrast between producing true vs. false claims, as well as the independent contrast between believing that deception could and could not be detected. We found increased activation in the right amygdala and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), as well as the left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), during the production of false (compared to true) claims. Importantly, there was a significant interaction between the effects of deception and belief in the left temporal pole and right hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus, where activity increased during the production of deception when participants believed their false claims could be detected, but not when they believed the lie-detector was switched-off. As these regions are associated with binding socially complex perceptual input and memory retrieval, we conclude that producing deceptive behavior in a context in which one believes this deception can be detected is associated with a cognitively taxing effort to reconcile contradictions between one's actions and recollections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila E Sip
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Aesthetics and Communication - Linguistics, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark ; Department of Psychology, Rutgers University - Newark NJ, USA
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44
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Marchewka A, Jednorog K, Falkiewicz M, Szeszkowski W, Grabowska A, Szatkowska I. Sex, lies and fMRI--gender differences in neural basis of deception. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43076. [PMID: 22952631 PMCID: PMC3430664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception has always been a part of human communication as it helps to promote self-presentation. Although both men and women are equally prone to try to manage their appearance, their strategies, motivation and eagerness may be different. Here, we asked if lying could be influenced by gender on both the behavioral and neural levels. To test whether the hypothesized gender differences in brain activity related to deceptive responses were caused by differential socialization in men and women, we administered the Gender Identity Inventory probing the participants’ subjective social sex role. In an fMRI session, participants were instructed either to lie or to tell the truth while answering a questionnaire focusing on general and personal information. Only for personal information, we found differences in neural responses during instructed deception in men and women. The women vs. men direct contrast revealed no significant differences in areas of activation, but men showed higher BOLD signal compared to women in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Moreover, this effect remained unchanged when self-reported psychological gender was controlled for. Thus, our study showed that gender differences in the neural processes engaged during falsifying personal information might be independent from socialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Marchewka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jednorog
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcel Falkiewicz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Grabowska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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45
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Carter RM, Bowling DL, Reeck C, Huettel SA. A distinct role of the temporal-parietal junction in predicting socially guided decisions. Science 2012; 337:109-11. [PMID: 22767930 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To make adaptive decisions in a social context, humans must identify relevant agents in the environment, infer their underlying strategies and motivations, and predict their upcoming actions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with combinatorial multivariate pattern analysis, to predict human participants' subsequent decisions in an incentive-compatible poker game. We found that signals from the temporal-parietal junction provided unique information about the nature of the upcoming decision, and that information was specific to decisions against agents who were both social and relevant for future behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McKell Carter
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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46
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Sip KE, Skewes JC, Marchant JL, McGregor WB, Roepstorff A, Frith CD. What if I Get Busted? Deception, Choice, and Decision-Making in Social Interaction. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:58. [PMID: 22529772 PMCID: PMC3328780 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception is an essentially social act, yet little is known about how social consequences affect the decision to deceive. In this study, participants played a computerized game of deception without constraints on whether or when to attempt to deceive their opponent. Participants were questioned by an opponent outside the scanner about their knowledge of the content of a display. Importantly, questions were posed so that, in some conditions, it was possible to be deceptive, while in other conditions it was not. To simulate a realistic interaction, participants could be confronted about their claims by the opponent. This design, therefore, creates a context in which a deceptive participant runs the risk of being punished if their deception is detected. Our results show that participants were slower to give honest than to give deceptive responses when they knew more about the display and could use this knowledge for their own benefit. The condition in which confrontation was not possible was associated with increased activity in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. The processing of a question which allows a deceptive response was associated with activation in right caudate and inferior frontal gyrus. Our findings suggest the decision to deceive is affected by the potential risk of social confrontation rather than the claim itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila E Sip
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University Newark, New Jersey, USA
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47
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Panasiti MS, Pavone EF, Merla A, Aglioti SM. Situational and dispositional determinants of intentional deceiving. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19465. [PMID: 21559381 PMCID: PMC3084863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Does opportunity make the thief or are people dispositionally prone to deceive? The interaction between personality and the circumstances surrounding deception is crucial to understand what promotes dishonesty in our society. Due to its inherent spontaneity and sociality, deceptive behaviour may be hardly reproducible in experimental settings. We developed a novel paradigm in the form of an interactive game where participants can choose whether to lie to another person in situations of loss vs. gain, and of no-reputation-risk vs. reputation-risk linked to the disclosure of their deceptive behaviour to others. Thus, our ecological paradigm allowed subjects to spontaneously decide when to lie and face the challenge of deceiving others. In the case of loss, participants lied to reverse the outcome in their favour. Deception was lower in the reputation-risk condition where personality traits concerning social interactions also played an important role. The results suggest that deception is definitely promoted by unfavourable events, and that maintaining one's own reputation encourages honesty, particularly in socially inclined individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Panasiti
- Psychology Department, Sapienza – University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Enea Francesco Pavone
- Psychology Department, Sapienza – University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. d'Annunzio Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Psychology Department, Sapienza – University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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48
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Abstract
How do people tell a lie? One useful approach to addressing this question is to elucidate the neural substrates for deception. Recent conceptual and technical advances in functional neuroimaging have enabled exploration of the psychology of deception more precisely in terms of the specific neuroanatomical mechanisms involved. A growing body of evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex plays a key role in deception, and some researchers have recently emphasized the importance of other brain regions, such as those responsible for emotion and reward. However, it is still unclear how these regions play a role in making effective decisions to tell a lie. To provide a framework for considering this issue, the present article reviews current accomplishments in the study of the neural basis of deception. First, evolutionary and developmental perspectives are provided to better understand how and when people can make use of deception. The ensuing section introduces several findings on pathological lying and its neural correlate. Next, recent findings in the cognitive neuroscience of deception based on functional neuroimaging and loss-of-function studies are summarized, and possible neural mechanisms underlying deception are proposed. Finally, the priority areas of future neuroscience research-human honesty and dishonesty-are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Abe
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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49
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Ito A, Abe N, Fujii T, Ueno A, Koseki Y, Hashimoto R, Mugikura S, Takahashi S, Mori E. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception when remembering neutral and emotional events. Neurosci Res 2011; 69:121-8. [PMID: 21074583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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