1
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Read ML, Berry SC, Graham KS, Voets NL, Zhang J, Aggleton JP, Lawrence AD, Hodgetts CJ. Scene-selectivity in CA1/subicular complex: Multivoxel pattern analysis at 7T. Neuropsychologia 2024; 194:108783. [PMID: 38161052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Prior univariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans suggest that the anteromedial subicular complex of the hippocampus is a hub for scene-based cognition. However, it is possible that univariate approaches were not sufficiently sensitive to detect scene-related activity in other subfields that have been implicated in spatial processing (e.g., CA1). Further, as connectivity-based functional gradients in the hippocampus do not respect classical subfield boundary definitions, category selectivity may be distributed across anatomical subfields. Region-of-interest approaches, therefore, may limit our ability to observe category selectivity across discrete subfield boundaries. To address these issues, we applied searchlight multivariate pattern analysis to 7T fMRI data of healthy adults who undertook a simultaneous visual odd-one-out discrimination task for scene and non-scene (including face) visual stimuli, hypothesising that scene classification would be possible in multiple hippocampal regions within, but not constrained to, anteromedial subicular complex and CA1. Indeed, we found that the scene-selective searchlight map overlapped not only with anteromedial subicular complex (distal subiculum, pre/para subiculum), but also inferior CA1, alongside posteromedial (including retrosplenial) and parahippocampal cortices. Probabilistic overlap maps revealed gradients of scene category selectivity, with the strongest overlap located in the medial hippocampus, converging with searchlight findings. This was contrasted with gradients of face category selectivity, which had stronger overlap in more lateral hippocampus, supporting ideas of parallel processing streams for these two categories. Our work helps to map the scene, in contrast to, face processing networks within, and connected to, the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lucie Read
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Samuel C Berry
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Kim S Graham
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Dugald Stewart Building, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Natalie L Voets
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Building, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU2, UK
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8DD, UK
| | - John P Aggleton
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Lawrence
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Dugald Stewart Building, University of Edinburgh, 3 Charles Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AD, UK
| | - Carl J Hodgetts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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2
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Abstract
Perception and memory are traditionally thought of as separate cognitive functions, supported by distinct brain regions. The canonical perspective is that perceptual processing of visual information is supported by the ventral visual stream, whereas long-term declarative memory is supported by the medial temporal lobe. However, this modular framework cannot account for the increasingly large body of evidence that reveals a role for early visual areas in long-term recognition memory and a role for medial temporal lobe structures in high-level perceptual processing. In this article, we review relevant research conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. We conclude that the evidence is largely inconsistent with theoretical proposals that draw sharp functional boundaries between perceptual and memory systems in the brain. Instead, the weight of the empirical findings is best captured by a representational-hierarchical model that emphasizes differences in content, rather than in cognitive processes within the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA;
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Li AY, Yuan JY, Pun C, Barense MD. The effect of memory load on object reconstruction: Insights from an online mouse-tracking task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:1612-1630. [PMID: 36600154 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Why can't we remember everything that we experience? Previous work in the domain of object memory has suggested that our ability to resolve interference between relevant and irrelevant object features may limit how much we can remember at any given moment. Here, we developed an online mouse-tracking task to study how memory load influences object reconstruction, testing participants synchronously over virtual conference calls. We first tested up to 18 participants concurrently, replicating memory findings from a condition where participants were tested individually. Next, we examined how memory load influenced mouse trajectories as participants reconstructed target objects. We found interference between the contents of working memory and what was perceived during object reconstruction, an effect that interacted with visual similarity and memory load. Furthermore, we found interference from previously studied but currently irrelevant objects, providing evidence of object-to-location binding errors. At the greatest memory load, participants were nearly three times more likely to move their mouse cursor over previously studied nontarget objects, an effect observed primarily during object reconstruction rather than in the period before the final response. As evidence of the dynamic interplay between working memory and perception, these results show that object reconstruction behavior may be altered by (i) interference between what is represented in mind and what is currently being viewed, and (ii) interference from previously studied but currently irrelevant information. Finally, we discuss how mouse tracking can provide a rich characterization of participant behavior at millisecond temporal resolution, enormously increasing power in cognitive psychology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aedan Y Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - James Y Yuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Carson Pun
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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4
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Chang CH, Zehra S, Nestor A, Lee ACH. Using image reconstruction to investigate face perception in amnesia. Neuropsychologia 2023; 185:108573. [PMID: 37119985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL), which is traditionally considered to subserve memory exclusively, has been reported to contribute to impaired face perception. However, it remains unknown how exactly such brain lesions may impact face representations and in particular facial shape and surface information, both of which are crucial for face perception. The present study employed a behavioral-based image reconstruction approach to reveal the pictorial representations of face perception in two amnesic patients: DA, who has an extensive bilateral MTL lesion that extends beyond the MTL in the right hemisphere, and BL, who has damage to the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Both patients and their respective matched controls completed similarity judgments for pairs of faces, from which facial shape and surface features were subsequently derived and synthesized to create images of reconstructed facial appearance. Participants also completed a face oddity judgment task (FOJT) that has previously been shown to be sensitive to MTL cortical damage. While BL exhibited an impaired pattern of performance on the FOJT, DA demonstrated intact performance accuracy. Notably, the recovered pictorial content of faces was comparable between both patients and controls, although there was evidence for atypical face representations in BL particularly with regards to color. Our work provides novel insight into the face representations underlying face perception in two well-studied amnesic patients in the literature and demonstrates the applicability of the image reconstruction approach to individuals with brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsun Chang
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sukhan Zehra
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Nestor
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Gellersen HM, Trelle AN, Farrar BG, Coughlan G, Korkki SM, Henson RN, Simons JS. Medial temporal lobe structure, mnemonic and perceptual discrimination in healthy older adults and those at risk for mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 122:88-106. [PMID: 36516558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive tests sensitive to the integrity of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), such as mnemonic discrimination of perceptually similar stimuli, may be useful early markers of risk for cognitive decline in older populations. Perceptual discrimination of stimuli with overlapping features also relies on MTL but remains relatively unexplored in this context. We assessed mnemonic discrimination in two test formats (Forced Choice, Yes/No) and perceptual discrimination of objects and scenes in 111 community-dwelling older adults at different risk status for cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological screening. We also investigated associations between performance and MTL sub-region volume and thickness. The at-risk group exhibited reduced entorhinal thickness and impaired perceptual and mnemonic discrimination. Perceptual discrimination impairment partially explained group differences in mnemonic discrimination and correlated with entorhinal thickness. Executive dysfunction accounted for Yes/No deficits in at-risk adults, demonstrating the importance of test format for the interpretation of memory decline. These results suggest that perceptual discrimination tasks may be useful tools for detecting incipient cognitive impairment related to reduced MTL integrity in nonclinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gellersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gillian Coughlan
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saana M Korkki
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Mitchnick KA, Ahmad Z, Mitchnick SD, Ryan JD, Rosenbaum RS, Freud E. Damage to the human dentate gyrus impairs the perceptual discrimination of complex, novel objects. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108238. [PMID: 35513066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC), and the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion in particular, is purported to be a pattern separator, orthogonally representing similar information so that distinct memories may be formed. The HPC may also be involved in complex perceptual discrimination. It is unclear if this role is limited to spatial/scene stimuli or extends to the discrimination of objects. Also unclear is whether the DG itself contributes to pattern separation beyond memory. BL, an individual with bilateral DG lesions, was previously shown to have poor discrimination of similar, everyday objects in memory. Here, we demonstrate that BL's deficit extends to complex perceptual discrimination of novel objects. Specifically, BL was presented with closely matched possible and impossible objects, which give rise to fundamentally different 3D perceptual representations despite being visually similar. BL performed significantly worse than controls when asked to select an odd object (e.g., impossible) amongst three identical counterpart objects (e.g., possible) presented at different rotations. His deficit was also evident in an atypical eye fixation pattern during this task. In contrast, BL's performance was indistinguishable from that of controls on other tasks involving the same objects, indicating that he could visually differentiate the object pairs, that he perceived the objects holistically in 3D, and that he has only a mild weakness in categorizing object possibility. Furthermore, his performance on standardized neuropsychological measures indicated intact mental rotation, visual-spatial attention, and working memory (visual and auditory). Collectively, these results provide evidence that the DG is necessary for complex perceptual discrimination of novel objects, indicating that the DG might function as a generic pattern separator of a wide range of stimuli within high-level perception, and that its role is not limited to memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Mitchnick
- York University, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Z Ahmad
- York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - J D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - R S Rosenbaum
- York University, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - E Freud
- York University, Toronto, Canada.
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7
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Barense MD, Lee ACH. Perception and memory in the medial temporal lobe: Deep learning offers a new lens on an old debate. Neuron 2021; 109:2643-2645. [PMID: 34473951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Bonnen et al. (2021) use artificial neural networks to resolve a long-standing controversy surrounding the neurocognitive dichotomy between memory and perception. They show that the perirhinal cortex supports performance on tasks that cannot be solved by the ventral visual stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Successful navigation requires memorising and recognising the locations of objects across different perspectives. Although these abilities rely on hippocampal functioning, which is susceptible to degeneration in older adults, little is known about the effects of ageing on encoding and response strategies that are used to recognise spatial configurations. To investigate this, we asked young and older participants to encode the locations of objects in a virtual room shown as a picture on a computer screen. Participants were then shown a second picture of the same room taken from the same (0°) or a different perspective (45° or 135°) and had to judge whether the objects occupied the same or different locations. Overall, older adults had greater difficulty with the task than younger adults although the introduction of a perspective shift between encoding and testing impaired performance in both age groups. Diffusion modelling revealed that older adults adopted a more conservative response strategy, while the analysis of gaze patterns showed an age-related shift in visual-encoding strategies with older adults attending to more information when memorising the positions of objects in space. Overall, results suggest that ageing is associated with declines in spatial processing abilities, with older individuals shifting towards a more conservative decision style and relying more on encoding target object positions using room-based cues compared to younger adults, who focus more on encoding the spatial relationships among object clusters.
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9
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Knowledge Across Reference Frames: Cognitive Maps and Image Spaces. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:606-619. [PMID: 32586649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In human and non-human animals, conceptual knowledge is partially organized according to low-dimensional geometries that rely on brain structures and computations involved in spatial representations. Recently, two separate lines of research have investigated cognitive maps, that are associated with the hippocampal formation and are similar to world-centered representations of the environment, and image spaces, that are associated with the parietal cortex and are similar to self-centered spatial relationships. We review evidence supporting cognitive maps and image spaces, and we propose a hippocampal-parietal network that can account for the organization and retrieval of knowledge across multiple reference frames. We also suggest that cognitive maps and image spaces may be two manifestations of a more general propensity of the mind to create low-dimensional internal models.
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10
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Ruiz NA, Meager MR, Agarwal S, Aly M. The Medial Temporal Lobe Is Critical for Spatial Relational Perception. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1780-1795. [PMID: 32427068 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is traditionally considered to be a system that is specialized for long-term memory. Recent work has challenged this notion by demonstrating that this region can contribute to many domains of cognition beyond long-term memory, including perception and attention. One potential reason why the MTL (and hippocampus specifically) contributes broadly to cognition is that it contains relational representations-representations of multidimensional features of experience and their unique relationship to one another-that are useful in many different cognitive domains. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the hippocampus/MTL plays a critical role in attention and perception via relational representations. We compared human participants with MTL damage to healthy age- and education-matched individuals on attention tasks that varied in relational processing demands. On each trial, participants viewed two images (rooms with paintings). On "similar room" trials, they judged whether the rooms had the same spatial layout from a different perspective. On "similar art" trials, they judged whether the paintings could have been painted by the same artist. On "identical" trials, participants simply had to detect identical paintings or rooms. MTL lesion patients were significantly and selectively impaired on the similar room task. This work provides further evidence that the hippocampus/MTL plays a ubiquitous role in cognition by virtue of its relational and spatial representations and highlights its important contributions to rapid perceptual processes that benefit from attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariam Aly
- Columbia University.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute of Columbia University
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11
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Ryan JD, Shen K, Liu Z. The intersection between the oculomotor and hippocampal memory systems: empirical developments and clinical implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1464:115-141. [PMID: 31617589 PMCID: PMC7154681 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decades of cognitive neuroscience research has shown that where we look is intimately connected to what we remember. In this article, we review findings from human and nonhuman animals, using behavioral, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and computational modeling methods, to show that the oculomotor and hippocampal memory systems interact in a reciprocal manner, on a moment-to-moment basis, mediated by a vast structural and functional network. Visual exploration serves to efficiently gather information from the environment for the purpose of creating new memories, updating existing memories, and reconstructing the rich, vivid details from memory. Conversely, memory increases the efficiency of visual exploration. We call for models of oculomotor control to consider the influence of the hippocampal memory system on the cognitive control of eye movements, and for models of hippocampal and broader medial temporal lobe function to consider the influence of the oculomotor system on the development and expression of memory. We describe eye movement-based applications for the detection of neurodegeneration and delivery of therapeutic interventions for mental health disorders for which the hippocampus is implicated and memory dysfunctions are at the forefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Ryan
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrestTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research InstituteBaycrestTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zhong‐Xu Liu
- Department of Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Michigan‐DearbornDearbornMichigan
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12
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Ekstrom AD, Yonelinas AP. Precision, binding, and the hippocampus: Precisely what are we talking about? Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107341. [PMID: 31945386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endel Tulving's proposal that episodic memory is distinct from other memory systems like semantic memory remains an extremely influential idea in cognitive neuroscience research. As originally suggested by Tulving, episodic memory involves three key components that differentiate it from all other memory systems: spatiotemporal binding, mental time travel, and autonoetic consciousness. Here, we focus on the idea of spatiotemporal binding in episodic memory and, in particular, how consideration of the precision of spatiotemporal context helps expand our understanding of episodic memory. Precision also helps shed light on another key issue in cognitive neuroscience, the role of the hippocampus outside of episodic memory in perception, attention, and working memory. By considering precision alongside item-context bindings, we attempt to shed new light on both the nature of how we represent context and what roles the hippocampus plays in episodic memory and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Andrew P Yonelinas
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRC) serves as the gateway to the hippocampus for episodic memory formation and plays a part in retrieval through its backward connectivity to various neocortical areas. First, I present the evidence suggesting that PRC neurons encode both experientially acquired object features and their associative relations. Recent studies have revealed circuit mechanisms in the PRC for the retrieval of cue-associated information, and have demonstrated that, in monkeys, PRC neuron-encoded information can be behaviourally read out. These studies, among others, support the theory that the PRC converts visual representations of an object into those of its associated features and initiates backward-propagating, interareal signalling for retrieval of nested associations of object features that, combined, extensionally represent the object meaning. I propose that the PRC works as the ventromedial hub of a 'two-hub model' at an apex of the hierarchy of a distributed memory network and integrates signals encoded in other downstream cortical areas that support diverse aspects of knowledge about an object.
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14
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Stevenson RA, Philipp-Muller A, Hazlett N, Wang ZY, Luk J, Lee J, Black KR, Yeung LK, Shafai F, Segers M, Feber S, Barense MD. Conjunctive Visual Processing Appears Abnormal in Autism. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2668. [PMID: 30713514 PMCID: PMC6346680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Face processing in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is thought to be atypical, but it is unclear whether differences in visual conjunctive processing are specific to faces. To address this, we adapted a previously established eye-tracking paradigm which modulates the need for conjunctive processing by varying the degree of feature ambiguity in faces and objects. Typically-developed (TD) participants showed a canonical pattern of conjunctive processing: High-ambiguity objects were processed more conjunctively than low-ambiguity objects, and faces were processed in an equally conjunctive manner regardless of ambiguity level. In contrast, autistic individuals did not show differences in conjunctive processing based on stimulus category, providing evidence that atypical visual conjunctive processing in ASD is the result of a domain general lack of perceptual specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aviva Philipp-Muller
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Naomi Hazlett
- College of Occupational Therapists of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ze Y Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Luk
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jong Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen R Black
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lok-Kin Yeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fakhri Shafai
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Magali Segers
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Feber
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Robin J, Rai Y, Valli M, Olsen RK. Category specificity in the medial temporal lobe: A systematic review. Hippocampus 2018; 29:313-339. [PMID: 30155943 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts of medial temporal lobe (MTL) function ascribe different functions to subregions of the MTL including perirhinal, entorhinal, parahippocampal cortices, and the hippocampus. Some have suggested that the functional roles of these subregions vary in terms of their category specificity, showing preferential coding for certain stimulus types, but the evidence for this functional organization is mixed. In this systematic review, we evaluate existing evidence for regional specialization in the MTL for three categories of visual stimuli: faces, objects, and scenes. We review and synthesize across univariate and multivariate neuroimaging studies, as well as neuropsychological studies of cases with lesions to the MTL. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that faces activate the perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the anterior hippocampus, while scenes engage the parahippocampal cortex and both the anterior and posterior hippocampus, depending on the contrast condition. There is some evidence for object-related activity in anterior MTL regions when compared to scenes, and in posterior MTL regions when compared to faces, suggesting that aspects of object representations may share similarities with face and scene representations. While neuroimaging evidence suggests some hippocampal specialization for faces and scenes, neuropsychological evidence shows that hippocampal damage leads to impairments in scene memory and perception, but does not entail equivalent impairments for faces in cases where the perirhinal cortex remains intact. Regional specialization based on stimulus categories has implications for understanding the mechanisms of MTL subregions, and highlights the need for the development of theoretical models of MTL function that can accommodate the differential patterns of specificity observed in the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeshith Rai
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mikaeel Valli
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Nau M, Julian JB, Doeller CF. How the Brain's Navigation System Shapes Our Visual Experience. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:810-825. [PMID: 30031670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We explore the environment not only by navigating, but also by viewing our surroundings with our eyes. Here we review growing evidence that the mammalian hippocampal formation, extensively studied in the context of navigation and memory, mediates a representation of visual space that is stably anchored to the external world. This visual representation puts the hippocampal formation in a central position to guide viewing behavior and to modulate visual processing beyond the medial temporal lobe (MTL). We suggest that vision and navigation share several key computational challenges that are solved by overlapping and potentially common neural systems, making vision an optimal domain to explore whether and how the MTL supports cognitive operations beyond navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nau
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joshua B Julian
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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Ekstrom AD, Huffman DJ, Starrett M. Interacting networks of brain regions underlie human spatial navigation: a review and novel synthesis of the literature. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3328-3344. [PMID: 28931613 PMCID: PMC5814720 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00531.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigation is an inherently dynamic and multimodal process, making isolation of the unique cognitive components underlying it challenging. The assumptions of much of the literature on human spatial navigation are that 1) spatial navigation involves modality independent, discrete metric representations (i.e., egocentric vs. allocentric), 2) such representations can be further distilled to elemental cognitive processes, and 3) these cognitive processes can be ascribed to unique brain regions. We argue that modality-independent spatial representations, instead of providing exact metrics about our surrounding environment, more often involve heuristics for estimating spatial topology useful to the current task at hand. We also argue that egocentric (body centered) and allocentric (world centered) representations are better conceptualized as involving a continuum rather than as discrete. We propose a neural model to accommodate these ideas, arguing that such representations also involve a continuum of network interactions centered on retrosplenial and posterior parietal cortex, respectively. Our model thus helps explain both behavioral and neural findings otherwise difficult to account for with classic models of spatial navigation and memory, providing a testable framework for novel experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne D Ekstrom
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Psychology, University of California , Davis, California
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Derek J Huffman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Michael Starrett
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California , Davis, California
- Department of Psychology, University of California , Davis, California
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18
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Mason EJ, Hussey EP, Molitor RJ, Ko PC, Donahue MJ, Ally BA. Family History of Alzheimer's Disease is Associated with Impaired Perceptual Discrimination of Novel Objects. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:735-745. [PMID: 28304286 PMCID: PMC5389043 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early detection may be the key to developing therapies that will combat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been consistently demonstrated that one of the main pathologies of AD, tau, is present in the brain decades before a clinical diagnosis. Tau pathology follows a stereotypical route through the medial temporal lobe beginning in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. If early pathology leads to very subtle changes in behavior, it may be possible to detect these changes in subjects years before a clinical diagnosis can currently be made. We aimed to discover if cognitively normal middle-aged adults (40-60 years old) at increased risk for AD due to family history would have impaired performance on a cognitive task known to challenge the perirhinal cortex. Using an oddity detection task, we found that subjects with a family history of AD had lowered accuracy without demonstrating differences in rate of acquisition. There were no differences between subjects' medial temporal lobe volume or cortical thickness, indicating that the changes in behavior were not due to significant atrophy. These results demonstrate that subtle changes in perceptual processing are detectable years before a typical diagnosis even when there are no differences detectable in structural imaging data. Anatomically-targeted cognitive testing may be useful in identifying subjects in the earliest stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Mason
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erin P Hussey
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Molitor
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Philip C Ko
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manus J Donahue
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brandon A Ally
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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19
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Sadil PS, Cowell RA. A Computational Model of Perceptual and Mnemonic Deficits in Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1075-1088. [PMID: 28195521 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has long been known to impair declarative memory, and recent evidence suggests that it also impairs visual perception. A theory termed the representational-hierarchical account explains such impairments by assuming that MTL stores conjunctive representations of items and events, and that individuals with MTL damage must rely upon representations of simple visual features in posterior visual cortex, which are inadequate to support memory and perception under certain circumstances. One recent study of visual discrimination behavior revealed a surprising antiperceptual learning effect in MTL-damaged individuals: With exposure to a set of visual stimuli, discrimination performance worsened rather than improved [Barense, M. D., Groen, I. I. A., Lee, A. C. H., Yeung, L. K., Brady, S. M., Gregori, M., et al. Intact memory for irrelevant information impairs perception in amnesia. Neuron, 75, 157-167, 2012]. We extend the representational-hierarchical account to explain this paradox by assuming that difficult visual discriminations are performed by comparing the relative "representational tunedness"-or familiarity-of the to-be-discriminated items. Exposure to a set of highly similar stimuli entails repeated presentation of simple visual features, eventually rendering all feature representations maximally and, thus, equally familiar; hence, they are inutile for solving the task. Discrimination performance in patients with MTL lesions is therefore impaired by stimulus exposure. Because the unique conjunctions represented in MTL do not occur repeatedly, healthy individuals are shielded from this perceptual interference. We simulate this mechanism with a neural network previously used to explain recognition memory, thereby providing a model that accounts for both mnemonic and perceptual deficits caused by MTL damage with a unified architecture and mechanism.
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20
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Cooper RA, Plaisted-Grant KC, Baron-Cohen S, Simons JS. Eye movements reveal a dissociation between memory encoding and retrieval in adults with autism. Cognition 2016; 159:127-138. [PMID: 27939838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit subtle deficits in recollection, which have been proposed to arise from encoding impairments, though a direct link has yet to be demonstrated. In the current study, we used eye-tracking to obtain trial-specific measures of encoding (eye movement patterns) during incidental (natural viewing) and intentional (strategic) encoding conditions in adults with ASD and typical controls. Using this approach, we tested the degree to which differences in encoding might contribute to recollection impairments, or whether group differences in memory primarily emerge at retrieval. Following encoding of scenes, participants were asked to distinguish between old and similar lure scenes and provide 'remember'/'familiar' responses. Intentional encoding increased eye movements and subsequent recollection in both groups to a similar degree, but the ASD group were impaired overall at the memory task and used recollection less frequently. In controls, eye movements at encoding predicted subsequent correct responses and subsequent recollection on a trial-by-trial basis, as expected. In contrast, despite a similar pattern of eye movements during encoding in the two groups, eye movements did not predict trial-by-trial subsequent memory in ASD. Furthermore, recollection was associated with lower similarity between encoding- and retrieval-related eye movements in the ASD group compared to the control group. The eye-tracking results therefore provide novel evidence for a dissociation between encoding and recollection-based retrieval in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | | | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Jon S Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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21
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Douglas D, Thavabalasingam S, Chorghay Z, O'Neil EB, Barense MD, Lee ACH. Perception of Impossible Scenes Reveals Differential Hippocampal and Parahippocampal Place Area Contributions to Spatial Coherency. Hippocampus 2016; 27:61-76. [PMID: 27770465 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly little is known about how the brain combines spatial elements to form a coherent percept. Regions that may underlie this process include the hippocampus (HC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), regions central to spatial perception but whose role in spatial coherency has not been explored. Participants were scanned with functional MRI while they judged whether Escher-like scenes were possible or impossible. Univariate analyses revealed differential HC and PPA involvement, with greater HC activity during spatial incoherency detection and more PPA activity during spatial coherency detection. Recognition and eye-tracking data ruled out long- or short-term memory confounds. Multivariate statistics demonstrated spatial coherency-dependent functional connectivity for the HC, but not PPA, with greater HC connectivity to various brain regions including lateral occipital complex during spatial incoherency detection. We suggest the PPA is preferentially involved during the perception of spatially coherent scenes, whereas the HC binds distinct features to create coherent representations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Douglas
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Zahraa Chorghay
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward B O'Neil
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Psychology (Scarborough, St George), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Behrmann M, Lee A, Geskin J, Graham K, Barense M. Temporal lobe contribution to perceptual function: A tale of three patient groups. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Kolarik BS, Shahlaie K, Hassan A, Borders AA, Kaufman KC, Gurkoff G, Yonelinas AP, Ekstrom AD. Impairments in precision, rather than spatial strategy, characterize performance on the virtual Morris Water Maze: A case study. Neuropsychologia 2015; 80:90-101. [PMID: 26593960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the medial temporal lobes produces profound amnesia, greatly impairing the ability of patients to learn about new associations and events. While studies in rodents suggest a strong link between damage to the hippocampus and the ability to navigate using distal landmarks in a spatial environment, the connection between navigation and memory in humans remains less clear. Past studies on human navigation have provided mixed findings about whether patients with damage to the medial temporal lobes can successfully acquire and navigate new spatial environments, possibly due, in part, to issues related to patient demographics and characterization of medial temporal lobe damage. Here, we report findings from a young, high functioning patient who suffered severe medial temporal lobe damage. Although the patient is densely amnestic, her ability to acquire and utilize new, but coarse, spatial "maps" appears largely intact. Specifically, a novel computational analysis focused on the precision of her spatial search revealed a significant deficit in spatial precision rather than spatial search strategy. These findings argue that an intact hippocampus in humans is not necessary for representing multiple external landmarks during spatial navigation of new environments. We suggest instead that the human hippocampus may store and represent complex high-resolution bindings of features in the environment as part of a larger role in perception, memory, and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S Kolarik
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street Suite 3740, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Abdul Hassan
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Alyssa A Borders
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Kyle C Kaufman
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Gene Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y Street Suite 3740, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Andy P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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24
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Impoverished descriptions of familiar routes in three cases of hippocampal/medial temporal lobe amnesia. Cortex 2015; 71:248-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Ramon M, Vizioli L, Liu-Shuang J, Rossion B. Neural microgenesis of personally familiar face recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4835-44. [PMID: 26283361 PMCID: PMC4568242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414929112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a wealth of information provided by neuroimaging research, the neural basis of familiar face recognition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, we isolated the discriminative neural responses to unfamiliar and familiar faces by slowly increasing visual information (i.e., high-spatial frequencies) to progressively reveal faces of unfamiliar or personally familiar individuals. Activation in ventral occipitotemporal face-preferential regions increased with visual information, independently of long-term face familiarity. In contrast, medial temporal lobe structures (perirhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus) and anterior inferior temporal cortex responded abruptly when sufficient information for familiar face recognition was accumulated. These observations suggest that following detailed analysis of individual faces in core posterior areas of the face-processing network, familiar face recognition emerges categorically in medial temporal and anterior regions of the extended cortical face network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Ramon
- Psychological Science Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium; Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QB, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Vizioli
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QB, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Liu-Shuang
- Psychological Science Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Psychological Science Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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26
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Hales JB, Broadbent NJ, Velu PD, Squire LR, Clark RE. Hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and complex visual discriminations in rats and humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:83-91. [PMID: 25593294 PMCID: PMC4341362 DOI: 10.1101/lm.035840.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, are known to be essential for the formation of long-term memory. Recent animal and human studies have investigated whether perirhinal cortex might also be important for visual perception. In our study, using a simultaneous oddity discrimination task, rats with perirhinal lesions were impaired and did not exhibit the normal preference for exploring the odd object. Notably, rats with hippocampal lesions exhibited the same impairment. Thus, the deficit is unlikely to illuminate functions attributed specifically to perirhinal cortex. Both lesion groups were able to acquire visual discriminations involving the same objects used in the oddity task. Patients with hippocampal damage or larger medial temporal lobe lesions were intact in a similar oddity task that allowed participants to explore objects quickly using eye movements. We suggest that humans were able to rely on an intact working memory capacity to perform this task, whereas rats (who moved slowly among the objects) needed to rely on long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena B Hales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicola J Broadbent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Priya D Velu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Larry R Squire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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27
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Hannula DE, Tranel D, Allen JS, Kirchhoff BA, Nickel AE, Cohen NJ. Memory for items and relationships among items embedded in realistic scenes: disproportionate relational memory impairments in amnesia. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:126-38. [PMID: 25068665 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the dependence of item memory and relational memory on medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Patients with amnesia, who either had extensive MTL damage or damage that was relatively restricted to the hippocampus, were tested, as was a matched comparison group. Disproportionate relational memory impairments were predicted for both patient groups, and those with extensive MTL damage were also expected to have impaired item memory. METHOD Participants studied scenes, and were tested with interleaved 2-alternative forced-choice probe trials. Probe trials were either presented immediately after the corresponding study trial (Lag 1), 5 trials later (Lag 5), or 9 trials later (Lag 9) and consisted of the studied scene along with a manipulated version of that scene in which 1 item was replaced with a different exemplar (item memory test) or was moved to a new location (relational memory test). Participants were to identify the exact match of the studied scene. RESULTS As predicted, patients were disproportionately impaired on the test of relational memory. Item memory performance was marginally poorer among patients with extensive MTL damage, but both groups were impaired relative to matched comparison participants. Impaired performance was evident at all lags, including the shortest possible lag (Lag 1). CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the proposed role of the hippocampus in relational memory binding and representation, even at short delays, and suggest that the hippocampus may also contribute to successful item memory when items are embedded in complex scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John S Allen
- Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California
| | | | | | - Neal J Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
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28
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Rosenbaum RS, Gilboa A, Moscovitch M. Case studies continue to illuminate the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1316:105-33. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Canadian Partnership in Stroke Recovery, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Asaf Gilboa
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Canadian Partnership in Stroke Recovery, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute; Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology, Baycrest; Toronto Ontario Canada
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29
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Barense MD, Erez J, Ma H, Cusack R. Resources required for processing ambiguous complex features in vision and audition are modality specific. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:336-353. [PMID: 24022792 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Processing multiple complex features to create cohesive representations of objects is an essential aspect of both the visual and auditory systems. It is currently unclear whether these processes are entirely modality specific or whether there are amodal processes that contribute to complex object processing in both vision and audition. We investigated this using a dual-stream target detection task in which two concurrent streams of novel visual or auditory stimuli were presented. We manipulated the degree to which each stream taxed processing conjunctions of complex features. In two experiments, we found that concurrent visual tasks that both taxed conjunctive processing strongly interfered with each other but that concurrent auditory and visual tasks that both taxed conjunctive processing did not. These results suggest that resources for processing conjunctions of complex features within vision and audition are modality specific.
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30
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Seger CA. The visual corticostriatal loop through the tail of the caudate: circuitry and function. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:104. [PMID: 24367300 PMCID: PMC3853932 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although high level visual cortex projects to a specific region of the striatum, the tail of the caudate, and participates in corticostriatal loops, the function of this visual corticostriatal system is not well understood. This article first reviews what is known about the anatomy of the visual corticostriatal loop across mammals, including rodents, cats, monkeys, and humans. Like other corticostriatal systems, the visual corticostriatal system includes both closed loop components (recurrent projections that return to the originating cortical location) and open loop components (projections that terminate in other neural regions). The article then reviews what previous empirical research has shown about the function of the tail of the caudate. The article finally addresses the possible functions of the closed and open loop connections of the visual loop in the context of theories and computational models of corticostriatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Seger
- Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
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31
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Knutson AR, Hopkins RO, Squire LR. A pencil rescues impaired performance on a visual discrimination task in patients with medial temporal lobe lesions. Learn Mem 2013; 20:607-10. [PMID: 24129096 PMCID: PMC3799417 DOI: 10.1101/lm.032490.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We tested proposals that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support not just memory but certain kinds of visual perception as well. Patients with hippocampal lesions or larger MTL lesions attempted to identify the unique object among twin pairs of objects that had a high degree of feature overlap. Patients were markedly impaired under the more difficult task conditions. However, the deficit was fully rescued when patients used a pencil to draw lines between the twin pairs, thereby eliminating the need to hold material in memory as they worked at each display. The perceptual demands of the task were presumably the same with or without this memory aid. Accordingly, the results suggest that the deficit on this and similar tasks, which involve comparisons across stimuli, are better understood in terms of impaired memory rather than impaired perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Knutson
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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