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Lanni I, Chiacchierini G, Papagno C, Santangelo V, Campolongo P. Treating Alzheimer's disease with brain stimulation: From preclinical models to non-invasive stimulation in humans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 165:105831. [PMID: 39074672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe and progressive neurodegenerative condition that exerts detrimental effects on brain function. As of now, there is no effective treatment for AD patients. This review explores two distinct avenues of research. The first revolves around the use of animal studies and preclinical models to gain insights into AD's underlying mechanisms and potential treatment strategies. Specifically, it delves into the effectiveness of interventions such as Optogenetics and Chemogenetics, shedding light on their implications for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. The second avenue focuses on non-invasive brain stimulation (NiBS) techniques in the context of AD. Evidence suggests that NiBS can successfully modulate cognitive functions associated with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including AD, as demonstrated by promising findings. Here, we critically assessed recent findings in AD research belonging to these lines of research and discuss their potential impact on the clinical horizon of AD treatment. These multifaceted approaches offer hope for advancing our comprehension of AD pathology and developing novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Lanni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiacchierini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Valerio Santangelo
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences & Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Kopelman MD. The fickleness of forgetting: When, why, and how do patient groups differ (or not)? Cortex 2024:S0010-9452(24)00241-7. [PMID: 39379245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
This commentary will review recent findings regarding forgetting rates in patient groups, including observations from some older, less cited studies. It will draw attention to studies (and reviews) indicating faster forgetting of recalled or recollected memories, relative to recognition or familiarity-based memory. Secondly, it will focus upon the variability of findings in forgetting rate studies, including variability of performance between individuals within groups, inconsistency by individuals across test sessions and/or when tested many years apart, and discordance between equivalent or near-equivalent studies. Thirdly, it will consider the distinction between studies finding early forgetting or progressive/quantitative memory loss and those suggesting a later, 'qualitative' change in forgetting rate. The latter pattern, most commonly seen in epilepsy cases, may be relatively infrequent when appropriate account has been taken of variation in controls' performance, and effect sizes can be low. There is also a need for an adequate neurobiological account of this delayed (or 'later') forgetting. Fourthly, the major contributions of Sergio Della Sala, Alan Baddeley, and their colleagues will be reviewed, drawing our attention to important factors in experimental design, such as the presence or absence of repeated practice, recall of gist versus peripheral detail, and parallel forgetting curves from different levels of initial learning. The paper concludes with a summary of the major findings in (i) healthy participants (including studies of normal ageing), (ii) memory-disordered patients arising from focal lesions, (iii) Alzheimer and MCI patients, and (iv) epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kopelman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London, UK.
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Allen RJ, Kemp S, Atkinson AL, Martin S, Pauly-Takacs K, Goodridge CM, Gilliland A, Baddeley AD. Detecting accelerated long-term forgetting remotely in a community sample of people with epilepsy: Evidence from the Crimes and Four Doors tests. Cortex 2024:S0010-9452(24)00219-3. [PMID: 39261234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
People with epilepsy often report experiencing memory problems though these are not always detectable using standard neuropsychological measures. One form of difficulty that may be relatively prevalent in epilepsy is termed accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), typically described as relatively greater loss of memory over days or weeks following initial encoding. The current study used remote assessment to examine memory and forgetting over one week in a broad community sample of people with epilepsy and healthy control participants, using two recently developed tests, one verbal (the Crimes test) and one visual (the Four Doors test). These were administered as part of a short battery of cognitive measures, run remotely with participants over Zoom. Across this community-derived sample, people with epilepsy reported more memory complaints and demonstrated significantly faster forgetting on both the verbal and visual tests. This difference was not attributable to level of initial learning performance and was not detectable through delayed recall on a standard existing test. Our results suggests that ALF may be more common than suspected in people with epilepsy, leading to a potentially important source of memory problems that are currently undetected by standard memory tests.
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Savage SA, Cavuoto MG, Pike KE. Exploring the everyday impacts and memory intervention needs of people with transient epileptic amnesia: A qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2024:1-25. [PMID: 39133526 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2024.2384521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
People with transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) experience deficits in memory, however, little is known about their everyday experience of this, and no memory intervention studies have been conducted within this group. Using a two-part qualitative method, this study explored the lived experience of people with TEA and possible avenues for memory intervention. Fourteen people with TEA participated in either a focus group (n = 7) or an online survey (n = 7) to answer questions regarding their memory difficulties, impact on their lives, and strategies to mitigate these problems. Perceived barriers and facilitators to participating in a group memory intervention program were discussed. Thematic content analysis identified key themes regarding impacts on the individual and their relationships. Although some positive outcomes regarding family support and personal acceptance were described, most participants described negative impacts on relationships and mood. A range of strategies to mitigate memory problems were reported, although some people did not use any. Participants identified practical and socio-emotional advantages to memory intervention, with perceived barriers around individual applicability, preferences, and ability to engage. While individual preferences need to be considered, a group-based memory intervention may help address cognitive and mental health concerns, particularly for those newly diagnosed with TEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marina G Cavuoto
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kerryn E Pike
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Rivera-Lares K, Baddeley A, Della Sala S. Influence of degree of learning on rate of forgetting of tonal sequences. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01597-6. [PMID: 39020063 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Initial performance is frequently equated in studies that compare forgetting rates across groups. However, since the encoding capacity of different groups can be different, some procedures to match initial degree of learning need to be implemented, adding confounding variables such as longer exposures to the material, which would create memories of a different age. Slamecka and McElree Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 384-397, (1983) and our previous work found that the rate of forgetting was independent from initial degree of learning using verbal material. The present study seeks to determine whether this pattern holds true when undertaken with nonverbal material. In two experiments, we manipulate initial degree of learning by varying the number of presentations of the material and studying the effect on the forgetting rates. A set of 30 tonal sequences were presented to young, healthy participants either once or three times. Forgetting was evaluated in a yes/no recognition paradigm immediately and 1 hour or 24 hours after the study phase. A different subset of 10 sequences was tested along with 10 nontargets at each retention interval. The results of these experiments showed that initial acquisition was modulated by the number of repetitions. However, the forgetting rates were independent of initial degree of learning. These results are in keeping with the pattern found by Slamecka and McElree, and in our own previous studies. They suggest that the pattern of parallel forgetting after different levels of initial learning is not limited to verbal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rivera-Lares
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Baddeley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lidzba K, Afridi Z, Romano F, Wingeier K, Bigi S, Studer M. Impaired episodic verbal memory recall after 1 week and elevated forgetting in children after mild traumatic brain injury - results from a short-term longitudinal study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1359566. [PMID: 38887630 PMCID: PMC11182044 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1359566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective There is preliminary evidence that children after traumatic brain injury (TBI) have accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), i.e., an adequate learning and memory performance in standardized memory tests, but an excessive rate of forgetting over delays of days or weeks. The main aim of this study was to investigate episodic memory performance, including delayed retrieval 1 week after learning, in children after mild TBI (mTBI). Methods This prospective study with two time-points (T1: 1 week after injury and T2: 3-6 months after injury), included data of 64 children after mTBI and 57 healthy control children aged between 8 and 16 years. We assessed episodic learning and memory using an auditory word learning test and compared executive functions (interference control, working memory, semantic fluency and flexibility) and divided attention between groups. We explored correlations between memory performance and executive functions. Furthermore, we examined predictive factors for delayed memory retrieval 1 week after learning as well as for forgetting over time. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients showed an impaired delayed recall and recognition performance 3-6 months after injury. Executive functions, but not divided attention, were reduced in children after mTBI. Furthermore, parents rated episodic memory as impaired 3-6 months after injury. Additionally, verbal learning and group, but not executive functions, were predictive for delayed recall performance at both time-points, whereas forgetting was predicted by group. Discussion Delayed recall and forgetting over time were significantly different between groups, both post-acutely and in the chronic phase after pediatric mTBI, even in a very mildly injured patient sample. Delayed memory performance should be included in clinical evaluations of episodic memory and further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lidzba
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zainab Afridi
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Romano
- Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Wingeier
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Bigi
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Central Switzerland, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Studer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ruggeri M, Ricci M, Gerace C, Blundo C. Accelerated long-term forgetting: from subjective memory decline to a defined clinical entity. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38363088 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2024.2317924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Subjective memory decline (SMD) might represent the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and has been reported in epileptic amnesia associated with accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). We investigated ALF in SMD subjects by means of RAVLT recall and recognition and ROCF recall after 1-week retention and compared with a control group. Two-way ANOVAs for RAVLT and ROCF were conducted, and stepwise regression analysis was administered considering EMQ and DASS-21 as factors. SMD subjects performed significantly worse than controls at 1-week delay on RAVLT recall and recognition, but not on ROCF, and not associated with depression or memory complaints. SMD patients showed ALF, which is usually associated with temporomesial dysfunctions, representing a cognitive marker to assess objectively memory problems in SMD, and to undisclose initial neurodegenerative disease involving temporal structures usually compromised in AD. Therefore, SMD might no longer be "subjective," but rather a specific and defined clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Ruggeri
- Unit for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Ricci
- Unit for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Gerace
- Unit for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Blundo
- Unit for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Rodini M, Bonarota S, Serra L, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Could Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting Be a Feature of the Higher Rate of Memory Complaints Associated with Subjective Cognitive Decline? An Exploratory Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:1165-1182. [PMID: 39031357 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Recently, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was proposed as an early risk factor for future Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective In this study, we investigated whether accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), assessed with extended testing intervals than those adopted in clinical practice, might be a cognitive feature of SCD. Using an explorative MRI analysis of the SCD sample, we attempted to investigate the areas most likely involved in the ALF pattern. Methods We recruited 31 individuals with SCD from our memory clinic and subdivided them based on their rate of memory complaints into mild SCDs (n = 18) and severe SCDs (n = 13). A long-term forgetting procedure, involving the recall of verbal and visuo-spatial material at four testing delays (i.e., immediate, 30 min, 24 h, and 7 days post-encoding) was used to compare the two sub-groups of SCDs with a healthy control group (HC; n = 16). Results No significant between-group difference was found on the standard neuropsychological tests, nor in the immediate and 30 min recall of the experimental procedure. By contrast, on the verbal test severe SCDs forgot significantly more than HCs in the prolonged intervals (i.e., 24 h and 7 days), with the greatest decline between 30 min and 24 h. Finally, in the whole SCD sample, we found significant associations between functional connectivity values within some cortical networks involved in memory (default mode network, salience network, and fronto-parietal network) and verbal long-term measures. Conclusions Our preliminary findings suggest that long-term forgetting procedures could be a sensitive neuropsychological tool for detecting memory concerns in SCDs, contributing to early AD detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonarota
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Serra
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Bianco R, Hall ET, Pearce MT, Chait M. Implicit auditory memory in older listeners: From encoding to 6-month retention. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100115. [PMID: 38020808 PMCID: PMC10663129 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Any listening task, from sound recognition to sound-based communication, rests on auditory memory which is known to decline in healthy ageing. However, how this decline maps onto multiple components and stages of auditory memory remains poorly characterised. In an online unsupervised longitudinal study, we tested ageing effects on implicit auditory memory for rapid tone patterns. The test required participants (younger, aged 20-30, and older adults aged 60-70) to quickly respond to rapid regularly repeating patterns emerging from random sequences. Patterns were novel in most trials (REGn), but unbeknownst to the participants, a few distinct patterns reoccurred identically throughout the sessions (REGr). After correcting for processing speed, the response times (RT) to REGn should reflect the information held in echoic and short-term memory before detecting the pattern; long-term memory formation and retention should be reflected by the RT advantage (RTA) to REGr vs REGn which is expected to grow with exposure. Older participants were slower than younger adults in detecting REGn and exhibited a smaller RTA to REGr. Computational simulations using a model of auditory sequence memory indicated that these effects reflect age-related limitations both in early and long-term memory stages. In contrast to ageing-related accelerated forgetting of verbal material, here older adults maintained stable memory traces for REGr patterns up to 6 months after the first exposure. The results demonstrate that ageing is associated with reduced short-term memory and long-term memory formation for tone patterns, but not with forgetting, even over surprisingly long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bianco
- Ear Institute, University College London, WC1X 8EE, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience of Perception and Action Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward T.R. Hall
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus T. Pearce
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Chait
- Ear Institute, University College London, WC1X 8EE, London, United Kingdom
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Sekimoto M, Kato M, Muramatsu R, Onuma T. Cognitive dysfunction in drug-naïve late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 146:109356. [PMID: 37499577 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate cognitive functions including memory in middle-aged and elderly patients with antiseizure drug-naïve late-onset temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS We performed assessments with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) in 26 antiseizure drug-naïve patients with late-onset TLE, in comparison to 30 healthy subjects. We investigated the relationships between these cognitive function scores and clinical characteristics, seizure frequency, and frequency of interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs). RESULTS Patients with epilepsy had a significantly lower score than healthy controls in the verbal intelligence quotient (IQ), the performance IQ, and full-scale IQ in intelligence testing. Patients showed significantly decrease in the verbal memory scores, visual memory scores, general memory scores, and delayed recall scores compared with those in the control subjects. Delayed recall scores were significantly negatively correlated with recent seizure frequency and the total IEDs count per minute, but not with age of onset or duration of illness. SIGNIFICANCE Patients with antiseizure drug-naïve late-onset TLE displayed cognitive deficits including the domains of memory by using standard clinical neuropsychological test. Patients with late-onset epilepsy need to be considered for cognitive dysfunction at the time of diagnosis of TLE because they may have their daily life and work affected not only by epileptic seizures but also by cognitive deficits. Appearance of seizures and EEG abnormalities may affect the memory function in patients with late-onset TLE.
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Steimel SA, Meisenhelter S, Quon RJ, Camp EJ, Tom R, Bujarski KA, Testorf ME, Song Y, Roth RM, Jobst BC. Accelerated long-term forgetting of recall and recognition memory in people with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 141:109152. [PMID: 36893721 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Persons with epilepsy (PWE) report memory deficits as one of the most distressing aspects of their disorder. Recently, a long-term memory deficit known as Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting (ALF) has been described in PWE. ALF is characterized by the initial retention of learned information, followed by an accelerated rate of memory decay. However, the rate of ALF varies widely across literature and it is unclear how it impacts different memory retrieval types. The current study aimed to capture the time course of ALF on both free recall and recognition memory using a movie-based task in PWE. METHODS A sample of 30 PWE and 30 healthy comparison (HC) subjects watched a nature documentary and were tested on their recall and recognition of the film's content immediately after viewing and at delays of 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. Participants also rated the confidence they had in their recognition memory trial responses. RESULTS For recall, PWE exhibit ALF at 72 hours (β = -19.840, SE = 3.743, z(226) = -5.301, p < 0.001). For recognition, PWE had decreased performance compared to controls at the 24-hour (β = -10.165, SE = 4.174, z(224) = -3.166, p = 0.004), 48-hour (β = -8.113, SE = 3.701, z(224) = -2.195, p = 0.044), and 72-hour (β = -10.794, SE = 3.017, z(224) = -3.295, p = 0.003) delays. The PWE group showed positive correlations (tau = 0.165, p < 0.001) between confidence ratings and accuracy, with higher confidence reflecting successful recognition. PWE were 49% less likely to answer either retrieval type correctly at 72 hours (OR 0.51, 95% CI [0.35, 0.74], p < 0.001). Left hemispheric seizure onset decreased the odds of successful retrieval by 88% (OR 0.12, 95% CI [0.01, 0.42], p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of ALF in PWE, with a differential impact on recall and recognition memory. This further supports the call to include ALF assessments in standard memory evaluations in PWE. Additionally, identifying the neural correlates of ALF in the future will be important in developing targeted therapies to alleviate the burden of memory impairment for PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Steimel
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Stephen Meisenhelter
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
| | - Robert J Quon
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Edward J Camp
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Rebecca Tom
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Krzysztof A Bujarski
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
| | - Markus E Testorf
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Dr, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Yinchen Song
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
| | - Robert M Roth
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
| | - Barbara C Jobst
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Rd, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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12
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Billig AJ, Lad M, Sedley W, Griffiths TD. The hearing hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102326. [PMID: 35870677 PMCID: PMC10510040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus has a well-established role in spatial and episodic memory but a broader function has been proposed including aspects of perception and relational processing. Neural bases of sound analysis have been described in the pathway to auditory cortex, but wider networks supporting auditory cognition are still being established. We review what is known about the role of the hippocampus in processing auditory information, and how the hippocampus itself is shaped by sound. In examining imaging, recording, and lesion studies in species from rodents to humans, we uncover a hierarchy of hippocampal responses to sound including during passive exposure, active listening, and the learning of associations between sounds and other stimuli. We describe how the hippocampus' connectivity and computational architecture allow it to track and manipulate auditory information - whether in the form of speech, music, or environmental, emotional, or phantom sounds. Functional and structural correlates of auditory experience are also identified. The extent of auditory-hippocampal interactions is consistent with the view that the hippocampus makes broad contributions to perception and cognition, beyond spatial and episodic memory. More deeply understanding these interactions may unlock applications including entraining hippocampal rhythms to support cognition, and intervening in links between hearing loss and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meher Lad
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - William Sedley
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, USA
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McGibbon T, Jansari A, Demirjian J, Nemes A, Opre A. EXPRESS: Accelerated forgetting in healthy older samples: implications for methodology, future ageing studies and early identification of risk of dementia. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1347-1367. [PMID: 35786222 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) has been reported in healthy older individuals, and is a possible early marker for risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Verbal Associative Learning & Memory Test (VALMT; McGibbon & Jansari, 2013) addresses methodological weaknesses in existing clinical tests and has detected ALF in epilepsy within an hour. We used VALMT to investigate learning and forgetting in healthy older participants. Older (60-69yrs) and Younger (19-31yrs) participants were compared. Using VALMT, unrelated word-pairs were learnt to criterion, then cued-recall tested at delays of 5, 30 and 55 minutes. Unique pairs were tested at each delay. Subjective memory complaints data was gathered, and the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory test (WMS-LM; a standard clinical measure) was administered. VALMT identified a significant difference in delayed recall between Younger and Older groups by 55 minutes (d = 1.32). While 'fast-learning' Older participants scored similarly to Younger participants, 'slow-learning' Older participants were impaired at all delays. Forgetting rates suggested degradation of memory starts during early synaptic consolidation rather than later system-level consolidation. Increased subjective memory complaints were associated with reduced VALMT scores. By contrast, WMS-LM failed to identify significant differences between any groups, and did not correlate with memory complaints. We conclude VALMT may be better able than WMS-LM to identify subtle impairments in healthy older adults within a single clinical visit, and VALMT results better reflect subjective experience. Older slow-learners forget faster and report more subjective memory complaints, which may indicate a group at risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence McGibbon
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Ashok Jansari
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Jessica Demirjian
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Ana Nemes
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom 4898
| | - Adrian Opre
- Psychology Department, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 54741
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14
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Lammers NA, Lugtmeijer S, de Haan EHF, Kessels RPC. Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting: Prolonged Delayed Recognition as Sensitive Measurement for Different Profiles of Long-Term Memory and Metacognitive Confidence in Stroke Patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:327-336. [PMID: 33952379 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits in episodic memory are frequently reported after ischemic stroke. In standard clinical care, episodic memory is assessed after a 20-30 min delay, with abnormal memory decay over this period being characterized as rapid forgetting (RF). Previous studies have shown abnormal forgetting over a prolonged interval (days to weeks) despite normal acquisition, referred to as accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). METHOD We examined whether ALF is present in stroke patients (N = 91) using immediate testing (T1), testing after a short delay (20-30 min, T2), and testing after a prolonged delay (one week, T3). Based on performance compared to matched controls (N = 85), patients were divided into (1) patients without forgetting, (2) patients with RF between T1 and T2, and (3) patients with ALF at T3. Furthermore, confidence ratings were assessed. RESULTS ALF was present in a moderate amount of stroke patients (17%), but ALF was even more prevalent in our stroke sample than RF after a 20-30 min delay (which was found in only 13% of our patients). Patients reported a lower confidence for their responses, independent of their actual performance. CONCLUSIONS Adding a one-week delayed measurement may potentially assist in identifying patients with memory decrements that may otherwise go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Lammers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Lugtmeijer
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward H F de Haan
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Brain and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
- Radboud Universit Medical Center, Department of Medical Psychology and Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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15
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Savage SA, Baker J, Milton F, Butler C, Zeman A. Clinical outcomes in Transient Epileptic Amnesia: a 10-year follow-up cohort study of 47 cases. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1115-1129. [PMID: 35253220 PMCID: PMC9310913 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a form of adult‐onset epilepsy where presenting features are well described, but little is known regarding prognosis. This study aimed to elucidate the long‐term prognosis of TEA regarding seizure control, memory, medical comorbidities, and life expectancy. Methods Up‐to‐date clinical information was collected for 47 people diagnosed with TEA who had joined the The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy (TIME) study 10 years earlier. At entry to the study, information about comorbid conditions was systematically collected. Details regarding subsequent diagnoses, seizure activity, changes to treatment, or reports of cognitive impairment were obtained through the family doctor. The variables of interest were compared with UK population data. Results Mortality in the cohort was 21 of 47 (45%), with an average age at death of 82.5 years. Seizures remained well controlled for the majority but medications required adjustments in dose and type for some (28%). A small number (three cases) remained seizure‐free without medication. History of cardiovascular disorders was frequent (78.7%), typically involving hypertension (55.3%). Autoimmune disorders (25.5%), cancer (23.4%), and depression (21.3%) were also commonly reported. Although persisting memory problems were often noted, dementia was diagnosed in seven cases (14.9%). Life expectancy and comorbidities in TEA did not differ from available population norms. Significance Results suggest that life expectancy is not reduced in TEA. Although TEA does not appear to be a self‐limiting form of epilepsy, seizures are typically well controlled via medication. Because adjustments to medication may be required, even after long periods of stability, ongoing medical monitoring is recommended. Comorbid vascular disorders are frequent but appear similar to general population estimates. Monitoring mood may be important, given that people with chronic conditions are often vulnerable to depression. Because of persisting memory difficulties, the development of effective memory interventions for people with TEA is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.,School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - John Baker
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.,Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fraser Milton
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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16
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Alviarez-Schulze V, Cattaneo G, Pachón-García C, Solana-Sánchez J, Tormos JM, Pascual-Leone A, Bartrés-Faz D. Validation and Normative Data of the Spanish Version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Associated Long-Term Forgetting Measures in Middle-Aged Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:809019. [PMID: 35221995 PMCID: PMC8865334 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.809019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) is an episodic memory helpful measure to detect changes associated with abnormal aging. There is a lack of RAVLT validation and normalization studies in Spain. The aim was to determine its psychometric properties and explore long-term forgetting (LTF) performance through 1-week delayed recall under three different modes of administration. The RAVLT was administered to 602 cognitively healthy volunteers, aged between 41 and 65 years, of whom 251 completed the LTF assessment. Findings reveal a factorial structure of four components, with satisfactory goodness of fit, and adequate convergent and divergent validity. We also demonstrated the differential effect of three methodologies used in LTF assessment, supporting that test expectancy positively influences long-term storage. Finally, normative data were generated according to age, sex, and education. The test, including the LTF measure, is a promising tool to estimate memory in middle-aged adults and develop predictive brain aging models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Alviarez-Schulze
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias del Comportamiento, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas, Venezuela
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Alviarez-Schulze,
| | - Gabriele Cattaneo
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Catherine Pachón-García
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Solana-Sánchez
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep M. Tormos
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Lemesle B, Barbeau EJ, Rigal EM, Denuelle M, Valton L, Pariente J, Curot J. Hidden Objective Memory Deficits Behind Subjective Memory Complaints in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurology 2021; 98:e818-e828. [PMID: 34906979 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with subjective initial memory complaints (not confirmed by an objective standard assessment) and various phenotypes also show objective very long-term memory deficit with accelerated long-term forgetting. We tested TLE patients with two surprise memory tests after three weeks: the standard Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), and Epireal, a new test specifically designed to capture more ecological aspects of autobiographical memory. METHODS 47 TLE patients (12 hippocampal sclerosis, 12 amygdala enlargement, 11 extensive lesions, 12 normal MRI) who complained about their memory, but for whom the standard neuropsychological assessment did not reveal any memory impairment after a standard delay of 20 minutes, underwent two surprise memory tests after three weeks. They were compared to 35 healthy control subjects. RESULTS After three weeks, FCSRT and Epireal recall scores were significantly lower in patients than in controls (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between FCSRT and Epireal scores (p=0.99). Seventy-six percent of TLE patients had objective impairment on at least one of these very long-term memory tests, regardless of the existence and type of lesion or response to antiseizure medication. Easily applicable, Epireal had a higher effect size, detected deficits in 28% more patients, and is a useful addition to the standard workup. CONCLUSION Assessing long-term memory should be broadened to a wide spectrum of TLE patients with a memory complaint, regardless of the epileptic syndrome, whether or not associated with a lesion. This could lead to rethinking TLE nosology associated with memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Lemesle
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- Brain and Cognition Research Center - CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Toulouse University, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Milongo Rigal
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Denuelle
- Brain and Cognition Research Center - CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Toulouse University, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurophysiological Explorations, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Valton
- Brain and Cognition Research Center - CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France.,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Toulouse University, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurophysiological Explorations, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeremie Pariente
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,INSERM, U1214, TONIC, Toulouse Mind and Brain Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Curot
- Brain and Cognition Research Center - CerCo, CNRS, UMR5549, Toulouse, France .,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Toulouse University, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurophysiological Explorations, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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18
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Yang J, Kong C, Jia L, Li T, Quan M, Li Y, Lyu D, Li F, Jin H, Li Y, Wang Q, Jia J. Association of accelerated long-term forgetting and senescence-related blood-borne factors in asymptomatic individuals from families with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:107. [PMID: 34044860 PMCID: PMC8157428 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Accelerated long-term forgetting has been identified in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is attributed to a selective impairment of memory consolidation in which the hippocampus plays a key role. As blood may contain multiple senescence-related factors that involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, we tested whether there is an association between blood-borne factors and accelerated long-term forgetting in asymptomatic individuals from families with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). Methods We analyzed data of 39 asymptomatic participants (n = 18 ADAD mutation carriers, n = 21 non-carriers) from the Chinese Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Network (CFAN) study. Long-term forgetting rates were calculated based on recall or recognition of two materials (word list and complex figure) at three delays comprising immediate, 30 min, and 7 days. Peripheral blood concentrations of candidate pro-aging factors (CC chemokine ligand 11 [CCL11] and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP1]) and rejuvenation factors (growth differentiation factor 11 [GDF11], thrombospondin-4 [THBS4], and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine like 1 [SPARCL1]) were evaluated in all participants. Results Despite normal performance on standard 30-min delayed testing, mutation carriers exhibited accelerated forgetting of verbal and visual material over 7 days in comparison with matched non-carriers. In the whole sample, lower plasma THBS4 was associated with accelerated long-term forgetting in list recall (β = −0.46, p = 0.002), figure recall (β = −0.44, p = 0.004), and list recognition (β = −0.37, p = 0.010). Additionally, higher plasma GDF11 and CCL11 were both associated with accelerated long-term forgetting (GDF11 versus figure recall: β = 0.39, p = 0.007; CCL11 versus list recognition: β = 0.44, p = 0.002). Conclusions Accelerated long-term forgetting is a cognitive feature of presymptomatic AD. Senescence-related blood-borne factors, especially THBS4, GDF11, and CCL11, may be promising biomarkers for the prediction of accelerated long-term forgetting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00845-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojun Kong
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China. .,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Quan
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China
| | - Diyang Lyu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qigeng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, 45 Changchun St, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China. .,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. .,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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A Review of Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting in Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120945. [PMID: 33297371 PMCID: PMC7762289 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) is a memory disorder that manifests by a distinct pattern of normal memory for up to an hour after learning, but an increased rate of forgetting during the subsequent hours and days. The topic of ALF has gained much attention in group studies with epilepsy patients and the phenomenon has been shown to have contradictory associations with seizures, epileptiform activity, imaging data, sleep, and antiepileptic medication. The aim of this review was to explore how clinical and imaging data could help determine the topographic and physiological substrate of ALF, and what is the possible use of this information in the clinical setting. We have reviewed 51 group studies in English to provide a synthesis of the existing findings concerning ALF in epilepsy. Analysis of recently reported data among patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, transient epileptic amnesia, and generalized and extratemporal epilepsies provided further indication that ALF is likely a disorder of late memory consolidation. The spatial substrate of ALF might be located along the parts of the hippocampal-neocortical network and novel studies reveal the increasingly possible importance of damage in extrahippocampal sites. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms of cellular impairment in ALF and to develop effective methods of care for patients with the disorder.
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20
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Hsieh SW, Yang YH, Ho BL, Yang ST, Chen CH. The long-term risk of epilepsy after transient global amnesia: A population-based cohort study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 197:106086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Wearn AR, Saunders-Jennings E, Nurdal V, Hadley E, Knight MJ, Newson M, Kauppinen RA, Coulthard EJ. Accelerated long-term forgetting in healthy older adults predicts cognitive decline over 1 year. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:119. [PMID: 32988418 PMCID: PMC7523317 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Here, we address a pivotal factor in Alzheimer’s prevention—identifying those at risk early, when dementia can still be avoided. Recent research highlights an accelerated forgetting phenotype as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. We hypothesized that delayed recall over 4 weeks would predict cognitive decline over 1 year better than 30-min delayed recall, the current gold standard for detecting episodic memory problems which could be an early clinical manifestation of incipient Alzheimer’s disease. We also expected hippocampal subfield volumes to improve predictive accuracy. Methods Forty-six cognitively healthy older people (mean age 70.7 ± 7.97, 21/46 female), recruited from databases such as Join Dementia Research, or a local database of volunteers, performed 3 memory tasks on which delayed recall was tested after 30 min and 4 weeks, as well as Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) and CANTAB Paired Associates Learning. Medial temporal lobe subregion volumes were automatically measured using high-resolution 3T MRI. The ACE-III was repeated after 12 months to assess the change in cognitive ability. We used univariate linear regressions and ROC curves to assess the ability of tests of delayed recall to predict cognitive decline on ACE-III over the 12 months. Results Fifteen of the 46 participants declined over the year (≥ 3 points lost on ACE-III). Four-week verbal memory predicted cognitive decline in healthy older people better than clinical gold standard memory tests and hippocampal MRI. The best single-test predictor of cognitive decline was the 4-week delayed recall on the world list (R2 = .123, p = .018, β = .418). Combined with hippocampal subfield volumetry, 4-week verbal recall identifies those at risk of cognitive decline with 93% sensitivity and 86% specificity (AUC = .918, p < .0001). Conclusions We show that a test of accelerated long-term forgetting over 4 weeks can predict cognitive decline in healthy older people where traditional tests of delayed recall cannot. Accelerated long-term forgetting is a sensitive, easy-to-test predictor of cognitive decline in healthy older people. Used alone or with hippocampal MRI, accelerated forgetting probes functionally relevant Alzheimer’s-related change. Accelerated forgetting will identify early-stage impairment, helping to target more invasive and expensive molecular biomarker testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfie R Wearn
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. .,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Volkan Nurdal
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Emma Hadley
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael J Knight
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Margaret Newson
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth J Coulthard
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
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22
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Polat B, Yılmaz NH, Mantar N, Cadirci F, Sitrava S, Ozmansur EN, Uzan M, Özkara C, Hanoglu L. Accelerated long-term forgetting after amygdalohippocampectomy in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 72:43-49. [PMID: 31956086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the clinical features that suggest a reversible cause of dementia. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial variability exists in the presenting features and clinical course of patients with common neurodegenerative causes of dementia, but the response to available therapies and eventual outcomes are often poor. This realization has influenced the evaluation of patients with dementia, with diagnostic approaches emphasizing routine screening for a short list of potentially modifiable disorders that may exacerbate dementia symptoms or severity but rarely influence long-term outcomes. Although a standard approach to the assessment of dementia is appropriate in the vast majority of cases, neurologists involved in the assessment of patients with dementia must recognize those rare patients with reversible causes of dementia, coordinate additional investigations when required, and ensure expedited access to treatments that may reverse decline and optimize long-term outcomes. SUMMARY The potential to improve the outcome of patients with reversible dementias exemplifies the need to recognize these patients in clinical practice. Dedicated efforts to screen for symptoms and signs associated with reversible causes of dementia may improve management and outcomes of these rare patients when encountered in busy clinical practices.
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Ramanan VK, Morris KA, Graff-Radford J, Jones DT, Burkholder DB, Britton JW, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Savica R. Transient Epileptic Amnesia: A Treatable Cause of Spells Associated With Persistent Cognitive Symptoms. Front Neurol 2019; 10:939. [PMID: 31555199 PMCID: PMC6724577 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the clinical, EEG, and neuroimaging profiles of transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with TEA at the Mayo Clinic Minnesota from January 1, 1998 to September 21, 2017. Diagnostic criteria included the presence of recurrent episodes of transient amnesia with preservation of other cognitive functions and evidence for epilepsy [epileptiform abnormalities on EEG, clinical features of seizures, or symptomatic response to anti-seizure medications (ASMs)]. Results: Nineteen patients were identified (14 men, 5 women) with median onset age 66 years and median time to diagnosis 2 years. Thirteen patients (68%) reported persistent cognitive/behavioral symptoms, including 4 (21%) for whom these were the chief presenting complaints. EEG revealed epileptiform abnormalities involving the frontal and/or temporal regions in 12/19 individuals (63%), including activation during sleep in all of these cases. In numerous cases, sleep and prolonged EEG evaluations identified abnormalities not previously seen on shorter or awake-state studies. Brain MRI revealed focal abnormalities in only 4/19 cases (21%). FDG-PET identified focal hypometabolism in 2/8 cases where it was performed, both involving the frontal and/or temporal regions. Anti-seizure therapy, most often with a single agent, resulted in improvement (reduction in spell frequency and/or subjective improvement in interictal cognitive/behavioral complaints) in all 17 cases with available follow-up. Conclusions: TEA is a treatable cause of amnestic spells in older adults. This syndrome is frequently associated with persistent interictal cognitive/behavioral symptoms and thus can be mistaken for common mimics. In the appropriate clinical context, our findings support the use of early prolonged EEG with emphasis on sleep monitoring as a key diagnostic tool. FDG-PET may also complement MRI in distinguishing TEA from neurodegenerative disease when suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kenneth A Morris
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - David B Burkholder
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Britton
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
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Weston PSJ, Nicholas JM, Henley SMD, Liang Y, Macpherson K, Donnachie E, Schott JM, Rossor MN, Crutch SJ, Butler CR, Zeman AZ, Fox NC. Accelerated long-term forgetting in presymptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2019; 17:123-132. [PMID: 29413314 PMCID: PMC5958413 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Tests sensitive to presymptomatic changes in Alzheimer's disease could be valuable for clinical trials. Accelerated long-term forgetting—during which memory impairment becomes apparent over longer periods than usually assessed, despite normal performance on standard cognitive testing—has been identified in other temporal lobe disorders. We assessed whether accelerated long-term forgetting is a feature of presymptomatic autosomal dominant (familial) Alzheimer's disease, and whether there is an association between accelerated long-term forgetting and early subjective memory changes. Methods This was a cross-sectional study at the Dementia Research Centre, University College London (London, UK). Participants were recruited from a cohort of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease families already involved in research at University College London, and had to have a parent known to be affected by an autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutation, and not report any current symptoms of cognitive decline. Accelerated long-term forgetting of three tasks (list, story, and figure recall) was assessed by comparing 7-day recall with initial learning and 30-min recall. 7-day recognition was also assessed. Subjective memory was assessed using the Everyday Memory Questionnaire. The primary outcome measure for each task was the proportion of material retained at 30 min that was recalled 7 days later (ie, 7-day recall divided by 30-min recall). We used linear regression to compare accelerated long-term forgetting scores between mutation carriers and non-carriers (adjusting for age, IQ, and test set) and, for mutation carriers, to assess whether there was an association between accelerated long-term forgetting and estimated years to symptom onset (EYO). Spearman's correlation was used to examine the association between accelerated long-term forgetting and subjective memory scores. Findings Between Feb 17, 2015 and March 30, 2016, we recruited 35 people. 21 participants were mutation carriers (mean EYO 7·2 years, SD 4·5). Across the three tasks, we detected no differences between carriers and non-carriers for initial learning or 30-min recall. The proportion of material recalled at 7 days was lower in carriers than non-carriers for list (estimated difference in mean for list recall −30·94 percentage points, 95% CI −45·16 to −16·73; p=0·0002), story (–20·10, −33·28 to −6·91; p=0·0048), and figure (–15·41, −26·88 to −3·93; p=0·012) recall. Accelerated long-term forgetting was greater in carriers nearer to their estimated age at onset (p≤0·01 for all three tests). Mutation carriers' 7-day recognition memory was also lower across all tasks (list [mean difference −5·80, 95% CI −9·96 to −2·47; p<0·01], story [–6·84, −10·94 to −3·37; p<0·01], and figure [–17·61, −27·68 to −7·72; p<0·01] recognition). Subjective memory scores were poorer in asymptomatic carriers compared with non-carriers (adjusted difference in means 7·88, 95% CI 1·36 to 14·41; p=0·016), and we found a correlation between accelerated long-term forgetting and subjective memory in mutation carriers. Interpretation Accelerated long-term forgetting is an early presymptomatic feature of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, which appears to pre-date other amnestic deficits and might underpin subjective memory complaints in Alzheimer's disease. Accelerated long-term forgetting testing might be useful in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease trials. Funding MRC, NIHR, Alzheimer's Research UK, Dementias Platform UK, Dunhill Medical Trust, ERUK, Great Western Research, Health Foundation, Patrick Berthoud Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S J Weston
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Susie M D Henley
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Yuying Liang
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Macpherson
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Donnachie
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J Crutch
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Z Zeman
- Cognitive Neurology Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Ricci M, Wong T, Nikpour A, Miller LA. Testing the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in alleviating accelerated long term forgetting (ALF). Cortex 2019; 110:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Have we forgotten about forgetting? A critical review of ‘accelerated long-term forgetting’ in temporal lobe epilepsy. Cortex 2019; 110:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Accelerated long-term forgetting in resected and seizure-free temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Cortex 2019; 110:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Helmstaedter C, Winter B, Melzer N, Lohmann H, Witt JA. Accelerated long-term forgetting in focal epilepsies with special consideration given to patients with diagnosed and suspected limbic encephalitis. Cortex 2019; 110:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hoefeijzers S, Zeman A, Della Sala S, Dewar M. Capturing real-life forgetting in transient epileptic amnesia via an incidental memory test. Cortex 2019; 110:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Atherton KE, Filippini N, Zeman AZJ, Nobre AC, Butler CR. Encoding-related brain activity and accelerated forgetting in transient epileptic amnesia. Cortex 2018; 110:127-140. [PMID: 29861041 PMCID: PMC6335262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated forgetting of newly learned information is common amongst patients with epilepsy and, in particular, in the syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). However, the neural mechanisms underlying accelerated forgetting are poorly understood. It has been hypothesised that interictal epileptiform activity during longer retention intervals disrupts normally established memory traces. Here, we tested a distinct hypothesis-that accelerated forgetting relates to the abnormal encoding of memories. We studied a group of 15 patients with TEA together with matched, healthy control subjects. Despite normal performance on standard anterograde memory tasks, patients showed accelerated forgetting of a word list over one week. We used a subsequent memory paradigm to compare encoding-related brain activity in patients and controls. Participants studied a series of visually presented scenes whilst undergoing functional MRI scanning. Recognition memory for these scenes was then probed outside the scanner after delays of 45 min and of 4 days. Patients showed poorer memory for the scenes compared with controls. In the patients but not the controls, subsequently forgotten stimuli were associated with reduced hippocampal activation at encoding. Furthermore, patients demonstrated reduced deactivation of posteromedial cortex regions upon viewing subsequently remembered stimuli as compared to subsequently forgotten ones. These data suggest that abnormal encoding-related activity in key memory areas of the brain contributes to accelerated forgetting in TEA. We propose that abnormally encoded memory traces may be particularly vulnerable to interference from subsequently encountered material and hence be forgotten more rapidly. Our results shed light on the mechanisms underlying memory impairment in epilepsy, and offer support to the proposal that accelerated forgetting may be a useful marker of subtle dysfunction in memory-related brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Atherton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Filippini
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Z J Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Zeman A, Byruck M, Tallis P, Vossel K, Tranel D. Touching the void – First and third person perspectives in two cases of autobiographical amnesia linked to temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 2018; 110:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Spiegel DR, Smith J, Wade RR, Cherukuru N, Ursani A, Dobruskina Y, Crist T, Busch RF, Dhanani RM, Dreyer N. Transient global amnesia: current perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2691-2703. [PMID: 29123402 PMCID: PMC5661450 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s130710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of an extraordinarily large reduction of anterograde and a somewhat milder reduction of retrograde episodic long-term memory. Additionally, executive functions are described as diminished. Although it is suggested that various factors, such as migraine, focal ischemia, venous flow abnormalities, and epileptic phenomena, are involved in the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of TGA, the factors triggering the emergence of these lesions are still elusive. Recent data suggest that the vulnerability of CA1 neurons to metabolic stress plays a pivotal part in the pathophysiological cascade, leading to an impairment of hippocampal function during TGA. In this review, we discuss clinical aspects, new imaging findings, and recent clinical-epidemiological data with regard to the phenotype, functional anatomy, and putative cellular mechanisms of TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Justin Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ryan R Wade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Nithya Cherukuru
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Aneel Ursani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Yuliya Dobruskina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Taylor Crist
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Robert F Busch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Rahim M Dhanani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dreyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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The evolution of accelerated long-term forgetting: Evidence from the TIME study. Cortex 2017; 110:16-36. [PMID: 29122206 PMCID: PMC6330058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) occurs when newly learned information decays faster than normal over extended delays. It has been recognised most frequently in temporal lobe epilepsy, including Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA), but can also be drug-induced. Little is known about the evolution of ALF over time and its impacts upon other memory functions, such as autobiographical memory (ABM). Here we investigate the long-term outcome of ALF and ABM in a group of patients with TEA and a single case of baclofen-induced ALF. METHODS Study 1 involved a longitudinal follow-up of 14 patients with TEA over a 10-year period. Patients repeated a neuropsychological battery, three ALF measures (with free recall probed at 30-min and 1-week), and a modified Autobiographical Memory Interview (MAMI). Performance was compared with a group of healthy age-matched controls. In Study 2, patient CS, who previously experienced baclofen-induced ALF, was followed over 4 years, and re-tested now, 18 months after ceasing baclofen. CS repeated a neuropsychological battery, three ALF experimental tasks (each probed after 30 min and 1 week), and a modified autobiographical interview (AI). Her performance was compared with healthy age-matched controls. RESULTS On ALF measures, the TEA group performed significantly below controls, but when analysed individually, 4 of the 7 patients who originally showed ALF no longer did so. In two, this was accompanied by improvements in ABM for recent but not remote memory. Patient CS no longer demonstrated ALF on standard lab-based tests and now appeared to retain new episodic autobiographical events with a similar degree of episodic richness as controls. CONCLUSION Long-term follow up suggests that ALF can resolve, with improvements translating to recent ABM in some cases.
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Lemesle B, Planton M, Pagès B, Pariente J. Accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical memory disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy: One entity or two? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:498-505. [PMID: 28843413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of epilepsy that often has a negative impact on patients' memory. Despite the importance of patients' complaints in this regard, the difficulties described by these patients are often not easy to demonstrate through a standard neuropsychological assessment. Accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical memory disorders are the two main memory impairments reported in the literature in patients with TLE. However, the methods used by different authors to evaluate long-term memory and autobiographical memory are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity can lead to differences in the observed results as well as how they are interpreted. Yet, despite the methodological differences, objectification of such memory deficits appears to be both specific and robust within this patient population. Analysis of the literature shows that accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical memory disorders share the same clinical characteristics. This leads to the assumption that they are, in fact, only one entity and that their evaluation may be done through a single procedure. Our proposal is to place this evaluation within the context of memory consolidation disorders. With such a perspective, evaluation of accelerated forgetting in autobiographical memory should consist of identifying a disorder in the formation and/or recovery of new memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lemesle
- Department of neurology, Toulouse university hospital, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France; Toulouse neuroimaging center, université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France.
| | - M Planton
- Department of neurology, Toulouse university hospital, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France; Toulouse neuroimaging center, université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - B Pagès
- Department of neurology, Toulouse university hospital, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France; Toulouse neuroimaging center, université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - J Pariente
- Department of neurology, Toulouse university hospital, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France; Toulouse neuroimaging center, université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, place du Dr-Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
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Tramoni-Negre E, Lambert I, Bartolomei F, Felician O. Long-term memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:490-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Savage SA, Butler CR, Milton F, Han Y, Zeman AZ. On the nose: Olfactory disturbances in patients with transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 66:113-119. [PMID: 28038387 PMCID: PMC6197428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While olfactory hallucinations are relatively rare in epilepsy, a high prevalence (up to 42%) has been reported in one form - Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA). TEA is characterized by recurring amnestic seizures and is commonly associated with persistent interictal memory deficits. Despite reports of changes in smell, olfactory ability has not been objectively assessed in this group. The aim of this study was to measure olfactory ability in patients with TEA and explore whether olfactory symptoms relate to other clinical variables. METHODS Fifty-five participants with TEA were recruited from The Impairment of Memory in Epilepsy project database. The presence of olfactory symptoms was obtained via case notes and clinical interview. Participants completed questionnaires to evaluate their olfaction and memory function subjectively. Olfactory ability was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). TEA participants' performance was compared to 50 matched healthy control participants. A subset of TEA participants (n=26) also completed a battery of memory tests including standard neuropsychological measures, and assessment of accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical memory. RESULTS Olfactory hallucinations were reported in 55% of patients with TEA. A significant reduction in smell identification (UPSIT) was found between patients with TEA and healthy controls (p<0.001). Epilepsy variables, including history of olfactory hallucinations, were not predictive of olfactory ability. Patients reported ongoing memory difficulties and performed below normative values on objective tests. While no correlation was found between objective measures of memory and olfactory performance, subjective complaints of route finding difficulty was associated with UPSIT score. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in odor identification are common in patients with TEA and exceed changes that occur in normal aging. Olfactory hallucinations occurs in approximately half of patients with TEA, but do not always coincide with reduced sense of smell. Olfactory impairment and interictal memory problems both occur frequently in TEA but are not closely associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. Savage
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK,corresponding author:
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fraser Milton
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Yang Han
- Health Statistics, University of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Adam Z. Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke’s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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Savage SA, Butler CR, Hodges JR, Zeman AZ. Transient Epileptic Amnesia over twenty years: Long-term follow-up of a case series with three detailed reports. Seizure 2016; 43:48-55. [PMID: 27886629 PMCID: PMC6161809 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA) is a form of adult onset temporal lobe epilepsy characterised by ictal amnesia. The amnesic seizures are often accompanied by interical memory disturbance, involving autobiographical amnesia and accelerated long-term forgetting. Short-term follow-up studies suggest a relatively stable cognitive profile once treated, but recent case reports raise concerns regarding the risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The current study reports clinical and cognitive outcome in TEA patients over a 20-year period. Methods A cohort of ten TEA patients first reported in 1998 were followed up at two time intervals, each 10 years apart. Information regarding clinical outcomes and subjective reports of memory functioning was gained via GP records and clinical interview. Objective memory function was determined at each time point via a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, where possible. Results Information was obtained for nine of the original 10 participants. Over the 20-year period, 4 participants died, with no indication of dementia prior to death. One participant was diagnosed with Vascular Dementia. Seizures were generally well controlled. Subjective reports of memory varied, including no concerns, stable memory difficulties, and worsening memory. Neuropsychological assessment at 10 years showed stable performances across most measures. At the 20-year follow up, there was no evidence of a general cognitive decline. Participants showed stability on some measures, with reductions on others. Performance was not consistent with AD. Conclusions No elevated risk of dementia was evident from this TEA series. Although memory difficulties persist over time, the prognosis of TEA appears generally benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Savage
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John R Hodges
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, PO Box 1165, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Adam Z Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St. Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Forgetting in temporal lobe epilepsy: When does it become accelerated? Cortex 2016; 78:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ricci M, Mohamed A, Savage G, Miller LA. Disruption of learning and long-term retention of prose passages in patients with focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 51:104-11. [PMID: 26262938 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations of accelerated long-term forgetting, a condition in which newly acquired memory is normal initially but decays rapidly over days or weeks, indicate that multiple factors might influence whether this phenomenon is seen in patients with epilepsy. Test-based differences such as learning condition or type of memory measure (e.g., recall vs recognition) as well as epilepsy variables (e.g., side, site, or frequency of epileptiform activity) may be important. The present study sought to characterize factors affecting learning and memory for prose passages in patients with focal epilepsy. We enrolled 21 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, with and without hippocampal lesions, 11 patients with extratemporal epilepsy (ETE), and 29 healthy controls. Two matched passages were used to compare effects of initial learning condition (one exposure versus learning-to-criterion) on subsequent patterns of retention. Recall and recognition were tested at different delays (i.e., immediately, 30min, 24h, and 4days). Regression analyses and one-way ANOVAs indicated that having a left-hemisphere epileptic focus had a negative impact on learning, whilst presence of a hippocampal lesion (irrespective of side) was associated with deterioration in recall for intervals up to 24h postencoding. Learning condition affected patterns of memory decay in that the ETE group showed significant decline in recall between 24h and 4days only when stories were learned to criterion. In contrast with recall, no changes over time were evident in recognition memory, as patients with hippocampal lesions were impaired from 30min onward. Epilepsy variables other than side and site of epilepsy/lesion did not influence performance. In conclusion, the left hemisphere is involved in learning of prose material, and the hippocampus is involved in the consolidation of this material mainly for the first 24h. After this, cortical regions outside the hippocampus become important for recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ricci
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Armin Mohamed
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Greg Savage
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurie A Miller
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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41
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Geurts S, van der Werf SP, Kessels RPC. Accelerated forgetting? An evaluation on the use of long-term forgetting rates in patients with memory problems. Front Psychol 2015; 6:752. [PMID: 26106343 PMCID: PMC4460323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The main focus of this review was to evaluate whether long-term forgetting rates (delayed tests, days, to weeks, after initial learning) are more sensitive measures than standard delayed recall measures to detect memory problems in various patient groups. It has been suggested that accelerated forgetting might be characteristic for epilepsy patients, but little research has been performed in other populations. Here, we identified eleven studies in a wide range of brain injured patient groups, whose long-term forgetting patterns were compared to those of healthy controls. Signs of accelerated forgetting were found in three studies. The results of eight studies showed normal forgetting over time for the patient groups. However, most of the studies used only a recognition procedure, after optimizing initial learning. Based on these results, we recommend the use of a combined recall and recognition procedure to examine accelerated forgetting and we discuss the relevance of standard and optimized learning procedures in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Geurts
- Department of Medical Psychology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sieberen P van der Werf
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alchohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry Venray, Netherlands
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42
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Miller LA, Flanagan E, Mothakunnel A, Mohamed A, Thayer Z. Old dogs with new tricks: Detecting accelerated long-term forgetting by extending traditional measures. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 45:205-11. [PMID: 25825369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) is a condition in which normal memory performance is displayed after short delays, but significant memory loss is detected when memory is tested after several days or weeks. This condition has been reported in patients with epilepsy, but there are few normative scores available for its detection in clinical practice. In the present study, we assessed 60 healthy control subjects 18-60years of age on three memory measures [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT), Logical Memory (LM), and Aggie Figures] at delays of 30min and 7days. With these normative values, we determined cutoff scores to look for ALF and then categorized the performance of 15 patients with focal epilepsy on the same tasks. Seven of the patients showed ALF, and, in four of these, no other memory deficits (i.e., deficits at 30min on at least one task) were detected. Of the several demographic and epilepsy factors examined, only higher estimated IQ and older age predicted ALF (and only on one task: RAVLT). The findings provide a useful set of data to be applied in the clinic and some insight into the factors that influence retention within the first week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Miller
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; ARC-Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Emma Flanagan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annu Mothakunnel
- ARC-Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Armin Mohamed
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Zoe Thayer
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; ARC-Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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43
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Felician O, Tramoni E, Bartolomei F. Transient epileptic amnesia: Update on a slowly emerging epileptic syndrome. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huijgen J, Samson S. The hippocampus: A central node in a large-scale brain network for memory. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:204-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dewar M, Hoefeijzers S, Zeman A, Butler C, Della Sala S. Impaired picture recognition in transient epileptic amnesia. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 42:107-16. [PMID: 25506793 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is an epileptic syndrome characterized by recurrent, brief episodes of amnesia. Transient epileptic amnesia is often associated with the rapid decline in recall of new information over hours to days (accelerated long-term forgetting - 'ALF'). It remains unknown how recognition memory is affected in TEA over time. Here, we report a systematic study of picture recognition in patients with TEA over the course of one week. Sixteen patients with TEA and 16 matched controls were presented with 300 photos of everyday life scenes. Yes/no picture recognition was tested 5min, 2.5h, 7.5h, 24h, and 1week after picture presentation using a subset of target pictures as well as similar and different foils. Picture recognition was impaired in the patient group at all test times, including the 5-minute test, but it declined normally over the course of 1week. This impairment was associated predominantly with an increased false alarm rate, especially for similar foils. High performance on a control test indicates that this impairment was not associated with perceptual or discrimination deficits. Our findings suggest that, at least in some TEA patients with ALF in verbal recall, picture recognition does not decline more rapidly than in controls over 1week. However, our findings of an early picture recognition deficit suggest that new visual memories are impoverished after minutes in TEA. This could be the result of deficient encoding or impaired early consolidation. The early picture recognition deficit observed could reflect either the early stages of the process that leads to ALF or a separable deficit of anterograde memory in TEA. Lastly, our study suggests that at least some patients with TEA are prone to falsely recognizing new everyday visual information that they have not in fact seen previously. This deficit, alongside their ALF in free recall, likely affects everyday memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Dewar
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Serge Hoefeijzers
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Tu S, Miller L, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Accelerated forgetting of contextual details due to focal medio-dorsal thalamic lesion. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:320. [PMID: 25309371 PMCID: PMC4163931 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of thalamic nuclei damage and related white matter tracts on memory performance are still debated. This is particularly evident for the medio-dorsal thalamus which has been less clear in predicting amnesia than anterior thalamus changes. The current study addresses this issue by assessing 7 thalamic stroke patients with consistent unilateral lesions focal to the left medio-dorsal nuclei for immediate and delayed memory performance on standard visual and verbal tests of anterograde memory, and over the long-term (>24 h) on an object-location associative memory task. Thalamic patients showed selective impairment to delayed recall, but intact recognition memory. Patients also showed accelerated forgetting of contextual details after a 24 h delay, compared to controls. Importantly, the mammillothalamic tract was intact in all patients, which suggests a role for the medio-dorsal nuclei in recall and early consolidation memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Tu
- Neuroscience Research Australia, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurie Miller
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Central Clinical School, Neuropsychology Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Neuroscience Research Australia, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Neuroscience Research Australia, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Hoefeijzers S, Dewar M, Della Sala S, Butler C, Zeman A. Accelerated long-term forgetting can become apparent within 3-8 hours of wakefulness in patients with transient epileptic amnesia. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:117-25. [PMID: 25089646 PMCID: PMC4296931 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) is typically defined as a memory disorder in which information that is learned and retained normally over standard intervals (∼30 min) is forgotten at an abnormally rapid rate thereafter. ALF has been reported, in particular, among patients with transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). Previous work in TEA has revealed ALF 24 hr - 1 week after initial memory acquisition. It is unclear, however, if ALF observed 24 hr after acquisition reflects (a) an impairment of sleep consolidation processes taking place during the first night’s sleep, or (b) an impairment of daytime consolidation processes taking place during the day of acquisition. Here we focus on the daytime-forgetting hypothesis of ALF in TEA by tracking in detail the time course of ALF over the day of acquisition, as well as over 24 hr and 1 week. Method: Eleven TEA patients who showed ALF at 1 week and 16 matched controls learned 4 categorical word lists on the morning of the day of acquisition. We subsequently probed word-list retention 30 min, 3 hr, and 8 hr postacquisition (i.e., over the day of acquisition), as well as 24-hr and 1-week post acquisition. Results: ALF became apparent in the TEA group over the course of the day of acquisition 3–8 hr after learning. No further forgetting was observed over the first night in either group. Conclusions: The results of this study show that ALF in TEA can result from a deficit in memory consolidation occurring within hours of learning without a requirement for intervening sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Hoefeijzers
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | - Michaela Dewar
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School
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48
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Atherton KE, Nobre AC, Zeman AZ, Butler CR. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and accelerated forgetting. Cortex 2014; 54:92-105. [PMID: 24657478 PMCID: PMC4007033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) is a form of memory impairment in which learning and initial retention of information appear normal but subsequent forgetting is excessively rapid. ALF is most commonly associated with epilepsy and, in particular, a form of late-onset epilepsy called transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). ALF provides a novel opportunity to investigate post-encoding memory processes, such as consolidation. Sleep is implicated in the consolidation of memory in healthy people and a deficit in sleep-dependent memory consolidation has been proposed as an explanation for ALF. If this proposal were correct, then sleep would not benefit memory retention in people with ALF as much as in healthy people, and ALF might only be apparent when the retention interval contains sleep. To test this theory, we compared performance on a sleep-sensitive memory task over a night of sleep and a day of wakefulness. We found, contrary to the hypothesis, that sleep benefits memory retention in TEA patients with ALF and that this benefit is no smaller in magnitude than that seen in healthy controls. Indeed, the patients performed significantly more poorly than the controls only in the wake condition and not the sleep condition. Patients were matched to controls on learning rate, initial retention, and the effect of time of day on cognitive performance. These results indicate that ALF is not caused by a disruption of sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Instead, ALF may be due to an encoding abnormality that goes undetected on behavioural assessments of learning, or by a deficit in memory consolidation processes that are not sleep-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Atherton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Z Zeman
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, UK
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Elliott G, Isaac CL, Muhlert N. Measuring forgetting: a critical review of accelerated long-term forgetting studies. Cortex 2014; 54:16-32. [PMID: 24631847 PMCID: PMC4007031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) refers to abnormal forgetting over hours to weeks despite normal acquisition or initial consolidation. Since standardised assessments of memory typically only test at delays of up to 40-minutes, ALF may go undetected in clinical practice. The memory difficulties associated with ALF can however cause considerable distress to patients. It is important therefore that clinicians are aware that ALF may represent a distinct phenomenon that will require additional and careful assessment to aid patients' understanding of the condition and assist in developing strategies to address its effects. At the same time, ALF may also provide insight into long-term memory processes. Studies of ALF in patients with epilepsy have so far demonstrated mixed results, which may reflect differences in methodology. This review explores the methodological issues that can affect forgetting, such as the effects of age, general cognitive function, test sensitivity and initial learning. It then evaluates the extent to which existing studies have considered these key issues. We outline the points to consider when designing ALF studies that can be used to help improve their validity. These issues can also help to explain some of the mixed findings in studies of ALF and inform the design of standardised tests for assessing ALF in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Elliott
- Clinical Neuropsychology Services, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire L Isaac
- Clinical Neuropsychology Services, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK; Neuropsychology Department, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Neuropsychology Department, Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lincoln, UK; Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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50
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Asadi-Pooya AA. Transient epileptic amnesia: a concise review. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31:243-5. [PMID: 24230990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a distinctive syndrome and comprises episodic transient amnesia with an epileptic basis, without impairment of other aspects of cognitive function. Additional interictal memory deficits are common in TEA. An epileptic origin, after other etiologies have been excluded, should be considered and carefully investigated in patients complaining of isolated memory disturbances, particularly with recurrent short-lasting amnesic attacks. In all suspected cases of epilepsy, a detailed clinical history is of paramount importance, but ancillary tests including EEG and MRI could be very helpful. Transient epileptic amnesia is typically a benign and treatable condition. Future studies should investigate the exact mechanism(s) of this unique syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Neurosciences Research Center, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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