1
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Wang A, Sliwinska MW, Watson DM, Smith S, Andrews TJ. Distinct patterns of neural response to faces from different races in humans and deep networks. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad059. [PMID: 37837305 PMCID: PMC10634630 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Social categories such as the race or ethnicity of an individual are typically conveyed by the visual appearance of the face. The aim of this study was to explore how these differences in facial appearance are represented in human and artificial neural networks. First, we compared the similarity of faces from different races using a neural network trained to discriminate identity. We found that the differences between races were most evident in the fully connected layers of the network. Although these layers were also able to predict behavioural judgements of face identity from human participants, performance was biased toward White faces. Next, we measured the neural response in face-selective regions of the human brain to faces from different races in Asian and White participants. We found distinct patterns of response to faces from different races in face-selective regions. We also found that the spatial pattern of response was more consistent across participants for own-race compared to other-race faces. Together, these findings show that faces from different races elicit different patterns of response in human and artificial neural networks. These differences may underlie the ability to make categorical judgements and explain the behavioural advantage for the recognition of own-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Magdalena W Sliwinska
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK
| | - David M Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sam Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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2
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Quian Quiroga R, Boscaglia M, Jonas J, Rey HG, Yan X, Maillard L, Colnat-Coulbois S, Koessler L, Rossion B. Single neuron responses underlying face recognition in the human midfusiform face-selective cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5661. [PMID: 37704636 PMCID: PMC10499913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Faces are critical for social interactions and their recognition constitutes one of the most important and challenging functions of the human brain. While neurons responding selectively to faces have been recorded for decades in the monkey brain, face-selective neural activations have been reported with neuroimaging primarily in the human midfusiform gyrus. Yet, the cellular mechanisms producing selective responses to faces in this hominoid neuroanatomical structure remain unknown. Here we report single neuron recordings performed in 5 human subjects (1 male, 4 females) implanted with intracerebral microelectrodes in the face-selective midfusiform gyrus, while they viewed pictures of familiar and unknown faces and places. We observed similar responses to faces and places at the single cell level, but a significantly higher number of neurons responding to faces, thus offering a mechanistic account for the face-selective activations observed in this region. Although individual neurons did not respond preferentially to familiar faces, a population level analysis could consistently determine whether or not the faces (but not the places) were familiar, only about 50 ms after the initial recognition of the stimuli as faces. These results provide insights into the neural mechanisms of face processing in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Quian Quiroga
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- Ruijin hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong university school of medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Marta Boscaglia
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jacques Jonas
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Hernan G Rey
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Xiaoqian Yan
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Louis Maillard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Colnat-Coulbois
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurochirurgie, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Koessler
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France.
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, F-54000, Nancy, France.
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3
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Sliwinska MW, Searle LR, Earl M, O'Gorman D, Pollicina G, Burton AM, Pitcher D. Face learning via brief real-world social interactions includes changes in face-selective brain areas and hippocampus. Perception 2022; 51:521-538. [PMID: 35542977 PMCID: PMC9396469 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221098728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Making new acquaintances requires learning to recognise previously unfamiliar faces. In the current study, we investigated this process by staging real-world social interactions between actors and the participants. Participants completed a face-matching behavioural task in which they matched photographs of the actors (whom they had yet to meet), or faces similar to the actors (henceforth called foils). Participants were then scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing photographs of actors and foils. Immediately after exiting the scanner, participants met the actors for the first time and interacted with them for 10 min. On subsequent days, participants completed a second behavioural experiment and then a second fMRI scan. Prior to each session, actors again interacted with the participants for 10 min. Behavioural results showed that social interactions improved performance accuracy when matching actor photographs, but not foil photographs. The fMRI analysis revealed a difference in the neural response to actor photographs and foil photographs across all regions of interest (ROIs) only after social interactions had occurred. Our results demonstrate that short social interactions were sufficient to learn and discriminate previously unfamiliar individuals. Moreover, these learning effects were present in brain areas involved in face processing and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena W Sliwinska
- School of Psychology, 4589Liverpool John Moores University, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of York, UK
| | | | - Megan Earl
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK
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4
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Rogers D, Baseler H, Young AW, Jenkins R, Andrews TJ. The roles of shape and texture in the recognition of familiar faces. Vision Res 2022; 194:108013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Zeng Y, Wang X, Silveira S, von Trott Zu Solz J, Simmank F, Zaytseva Y, Bao Y, Paolini M. Symmetric in the striate but asymmetric in the extrastriate cortex when processing three-quarter faces: Neural underpinnings for aesthetic appreciations. Psych J 2022; 11:720-728. [PMID: 35359029 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Faces and their aesthetic appreciation are a core element of social interaction. Although studies have been made on facial processing when looking at faces with different perspectives, a direct comparison of faces in the left to the right perspective is missing. Portraits in classical Western art indicate a preference of the left compared to the right perspective, but the neural underpinnings of such an asymmetry still have to be clarified. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study focuses on the processing of three-quarter faces seen with different perspectives. Seventeen participants were asked to passively look at photographs of six male and six female faces with a neutral expression; the photographs were taken from the left, right, and frontal perspectives while keeping their focus on the eyes. The results showed that specific brain areas were involved in processing the three-quarter faces in either symmetric or asymmetric ways. Viewing left and right three-quarter faces resulted in two mirror-like activations in the striate cortex corresponding to the symmetric layout of the left and right perspectives. Viewing the left face resulted additionally in an enhanced activation also in the left extrastriate cortex. The right perspective of male faces elicited a lower activation compared to other perspectives in face-selective areas of the brain. Our findings suggest that the preference of the left three-quarter face emerges already in the early visual pathway presumably prior to facial identification, emotional processing, and aesthetic appreciation. Our observations may have general importance in disentangling different neural components and processing stages in the spatiotemporal characteristics of artistic expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zeng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xuanyu Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarita Silveira
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Social Neuroscience Lab, Max-Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana von Trott Zu Solz
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Simmank
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuliya Zaytseva
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Marco Paolini
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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6
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Gao X, Wen M, Sun M, Rossion B. A Genuine Interindividual Variability in Number and Anatomical Localization of Face-Selective Regions in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4834-4856. [PMID: 35088077 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have reported regions with more neural activation to face than nonface stimuli in the human occipitotemporal cortex for three decades. Here we used a highly sensitive and reliable frequency-tagging functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm measuring high-level face-selective neural activity to assess interindividual variability in the localization and number of face-selective clusters. Although the majority of these clusters are located in the same cortical gyri and sulci across 25 adult brains, a volume-based analysis of unsmoothed data reveals a large amount of interindividual variability in their spatial distribution and number, particularly in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex. In contrast to the widely held assumption, these face-selective clusters cannot be objectively related on a one-to-one basis across individual brains, do not correspond to a single cytoarchitectonic region, and are not clearly demarcated by estimated posteroanterior cytoarchitectonic borders. Interindividual variability in localization and number of cortical face-selective clusters does not appear to be due to the measurement noise but seems to be genuine, casting doubt on definite labeling and interindividual correspondence of face-selective "areas" and questioning their a priori definition based on cytoarchitectony or probabilistic atlases of independent datasets. These observations challenge conventional models of human face recognition based on a fixed number of discrete neurofunctional information processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Gao
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Minjie Wen
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Mengdan Sun
- Center for Psychological Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
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7
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Effects of face masks on the appearance of emotional expressions and invariant characteristics. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Faces convey a lot of information about a person. However, the usage of face masks occludes important parts of the face. There is already information that face masks alter the processing of variable characteristics such as emotional expressions and the identity of a person. To investigate whether masks influenced the processing of facial information, we compared ratings of full faces and those covered by face masks. 196 participants completed one of two parallel versions of the experiment. The data demonstrated varying effects of face masks on various characteristics. First, we showed that the perceived intensity of emotional expressions was reduced when the face was covered by face masks. This can be regarded as conceptual replication and extension of the impairing effects of face masks on the recognition of emotional expressions. Next, by analyzing valence and arousal ratings, the data illustrated that emotional expressions were regressed toward neutrality for masked faces relative to no-masked faces. This effect was grossly pronounced for happy facial expressions, less for neutral expressions, and absent for sad expressions. The sex of masked faces was also less accurately identified. Finally, masked faces looked older and less attractive. Post hoc correlational analyses revealed correlation coefficient differences between no-masked and masked faces. The differences occurred in some characteristic pairs (e.g., Age and Attractiveness, Age and Trustworthiness) but not in others. This suggested that the ratings for some characteristics could be influenced by the presence of face masks. Similarly, the ratings of some characteristics could also be influenced by other characteristics, irrespective of face masks. We speculate that the amount of information available on a face could drive our perception of others during social communication. Future directions for research were discussed.
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8
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Schwartz R, Rozier C, Seidel Malkinson T, Lehongre K, Adam C, Lambrecq V, Navarro V, Naccache L, Axelrod V. Comparing stimulus-evoked and spontaneous response of the face-selective multi-units in the human posterior fusiform gyrus. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab033. [PMID: 34667640 PMCID: PMC8520048 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulus-evoked neural response is a widely explored phenomenon. Conscious awareness is associated in many cases with the corresponding selective stimulus-evoked response. For example, conscious awareness of a face stimulus is associated with or accompanied by stimulus-evoked activity in the fusiform face area (FFA). In addition to the stimulus-evoked response, spontaneous (i.e. task-unrelated) activity in the brain is also abundant. Notably, spontaneous activity is considered unconscious. For example, spontaneous activity in the FFA is not associated with conscious awareness of a face. The question is: what is the difference at the neural level between stimulus-evoked activity in a case that this activity is associated with conscious awareness of some content (e.g. activity in the FFA in response to fully visible face stimuli) and spontaneous activity in that same region of the brain? To answer this question, in the present study, we had a rare opportunity to record two face-selective multi-units in the vicinity of the FFA in a human patient. We compared multi-unit face-selective task-evoked activity with spontaneous prestimulus and a resting-state activity. We found that when activity was examined over relatively long temporal windows (e.g. 100–200 ms), face-selective stimulus-evoked firing in the recorded multi-units was much higher than the spontaneous activity. In contrast, when activity was examined over relatively short windows, we found many cases of high firing rates within the spontaneous activity that were comparable to stimulus-evoked activity. Our results thus indicate that the sustained activity is what might differentiate between stimulus-evoked activity that is associated with conscious awareness and spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Schwartz
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Camille Rozier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Tal Seidel Malkinson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Claude Adam
- Neurology Department, AP-HP, GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Epilepsy Unit, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Lionel Naccache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière ICM, Paris 75013, France
| | - Vadim Axelrod
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Ambrus GG, Eick CM, Kaiser D, Kovács G. Getting to Know You: Emerging Neural Representations during Face Familiarization. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5687-5698. [PMID: 34031162 PMCID: PMC8244976 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2466-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful recognition of familiar persons is critical for social interactions. Despite extensive research on the neural representations of familiar faces, we know little about how such representations unfold as someone becomes familiar. In three EEG experiments on human participants of both sexes, we elucidated how representations of face familiarity and identity emerge from different qualities of familiarization: brief perceptual exposure (Experiment 1), extensive media familiarization (Experiment 2), and real-life personal familiarization (Experiment 3). Time-resolved representational similarity analysis revealed that familiarization quality has a profound impact on representations of face familiarity: they were strongly visible after personal familiarization, weaker after media familiarization, and absent after perceptual familiarization. Across all experiments, we found no enhancement of face identity representation, suggesting that familiarity and identity representations emerge independently during face familiarization. Our results emphasize the importance of extensive, real-life familiarization for the emergence of robust face familiarity representations, constraining models of face perception and recognition memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite extensive research on the neural representations of familiar faces, we know little about how such representations unfold as someone becomes familiar. To elucidate how face representations change as we get familiar with someone, we conducted three EEG experiments where we used brief perceptual exposure, extensive media familiarization, or real-life personal familiarization. Using multivariate representational similarity analysis, we demonstrate that the method of familiarization has a profound impact on face representations, and emphasize the importance of real-life familiarization. Additionally, familiarization shapes representations of face familiarity and identity differently: as we get to know someone, familiarity signals seem to appear before the formation of identity representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza Gergely Ambrus
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Charlotta Marina Eick
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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10
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Elbich DB, Webb CE, Dennis NA. The influence of item familiarization on neural discriminability during associative memory encoding and retrieval. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105760. [PMID: 34126588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Associative memory requires one to encode and form memory representations not just for individual items, but for the association or link between those items. Past work has suggested that associative memory is facilitated when individual items are familiar rather than simultaneously learning the items and their associative link. The current study employed multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) to investigate whether item familiarization prior to associative encoding affects the distinctiveness of neural patterns, and whether that distinctiveness is also present during associative retrieval. Our results suggest that prior exposure to item stimuli impacts the representations of their shared association compared to stimuli that are novel at the time of associative encoding throughout most of the associative memory network. While this distinction was also present at retrieval, the overall extent of the difference was diminished. Overall the results suggest that stimulus familiarity influences the representation of associative pairings during memory encoding and retrieval, and the pair-specific representation is maintained across memory phases irrespective of this distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Elbich
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Christina E Webb
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Nancy A Dennis
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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11
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Maguinness C, von Kriegstein K. Visual mechanisms for voice-identity recognition flexibly adjust to auditory noise level. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3963-3982. [PMID: 34043249 PMCID: PMC8288083 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognising the identity of voices is a key ingredient of communication. Visual mechanisms support this ability: recognition is better for voices previously learned with their corresponding face (compared to a control condition). This so‐called ‘face‐benefit’ is supported by the fusiform face area (FFA), a region sensitive to facial form and identity. Behavioural findings indicate that the face‐benefit increases in noisy listening conditions. The neural mechanisms for this increase are unknown. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined responses in face‐sensitive regions while participants recognised the identity of auditory‐only speakers (previously learned by face) in high (SNR −4 dB) and low (SNR +4 dB) levels of auditory noise. We observed a face‐benefit in both noise levels, for most participants (16 of 21). In high‐noise, the recognition of face‐learned speakers engaged the right posterior superior temporal sulcus motion‐sensitive face area (pSTS‐mFA), a region implicated in the processing of dynamic facial cues. The face‐benefit in high‐noise also correlated positively with increased functional connectivity between this region and voice‐sensitive regions in the temporal lobe in the group of 16 participants with a behavioural face‐benefit. In low‐noise, the face‐benefit was robustly associated with increased responses in the FFA and to a lesser extent the right pSTS‐mFA. The findings highlight the remarkably adaptive nature of the visual network supporting voice‐identity recognition in auditory‐only listening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrina Maguinness
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Chair of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Zhang L, Ni H, Yu Z, Wang J, Qin J, Hou F, Yang A. Investigation on the Alteration of Brain Functional Network and Its Role in the Identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:558434. [PMID: 33100958 PMCID: PMC7556272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.558434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is generally regarded as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In coping with the challenges caused by AD, we analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 82 MCI subjects and 93 normal controls (NCs). The alteration of brain functional network in MCI was investigated on three scales, including global metrics, nodal characteristics, and modular properties. The results supported the existence of small worldness, hubs, and community structure in the brain functional networks of both groups. Compared with NCs, the network altered in MCI over all the three scales. In scale I, we found significantly decreased characteristic path length and increased global efficiency in MCI. Moreover, altered global network metrics were associated with cognitive level evaluated by neuropsychological assessments. In scale II, the nodal betweenness centrality of some global hubs, such as the right Crus II of cerebellar hemisphere (CERCRU2.R) and fusiform gyrus (FFG.R), changed significantly and associated with the severity and cognitive impairment in MCI. In scale III, although anatomically adjacent regions tended to be clustered into the same module regardless of group, discrepancies existed in the composition of modules in both groups, with a prominent separation of the cerebellum and a less localized organization of community structure in MCI compared with NC. Taking advantages of random forest approach, we achieved an accuracy of 91.4% to discriminate MCI patients from NCs by integrating cognitive assessments and network analysis. The importance of the used features fed into the classifier further validated the nodal characteristics of CERCRU2.R and FFG.R could be potential biomarkers in the identification of MCI. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the brain functional connectome data altered at the stage of MCI and could assist the automatic diagnosis of MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huangjing Ni
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhinan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaolong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Albert Yang
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Bagnis A, Caffo E, Cipolli C, De Palma A, Farina G, Mattarozzi K. Judging health care priority in emergency situations: Patient facial appearance matters. Soc Sci Med 2020; 260:113180. [PMID: 32682206 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Extensive research has shown that implicit trait inferences from facial appearance can bias everyday life in a pervasive way, influencing our decisions in different social contexts such as mate choice, political vote and criminal sentence. In situations characterized by time pressure and scant information, decisions based on inferences from facial appearance may have particularly critical and serious consequences, such as in emergency healthcare. No studies today have investigated this aspect in an actual emergency. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to go beyond this gap and to determine whether implicit inferences from patients' facial appearance could be predictive of disparities in clinical evaluations and priority of treatment. METHODS In total, 183 cases of patients were evaluated by independent judges at zero acquaintance on the basis of different implicit facial appearance-based inferences, including trustworthiness and distress. Color-based priority code (White, Green, or Yellow) attributed by the triage nurse at the end of the registration process were recorded. RESULTS Our results showed that more trustworthy- and distressed- looking patients' faces have been associated with a higher priority code. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that specific facial appearance-based inferences influence the attribution of priority code in healthcare that require quick decisions based on scarce clinical information such as in emergency. These results suggest the importance to bring to the attention of the healthcare professionals' the possibility of being victims of implicit inferences, and prompt to design educational interventions capable to increase their awareness of this bias in clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bagnis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialistic Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Caffo
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Cipolli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialistic Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Farina
- Department of Emergency, Medicina d'Urgenza e Pronto Soccorso, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Mattarozzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialistic Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Italy
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14
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Wu YY, Wang SF, Zhu PW, Yuan Q, Shi WQ, Lin Q, Li B, Min YL, Zhou Q, Shao Y. Altered Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of the Primary Visual Cortex in Patients with Neovascular Glaucoma: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:25-33. [PMID: 32021196 PMCID: PMC6954828 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s228606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to investigate the differences in spontaneous functional connectivity (FC) of the primary visual cortex (V1) between patients with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) and healthy controls (HCs) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. METHODS A total of 18 patients with NVG (nine males and nine females) and 18 HCs with similar age and sex background were enrolled in the study and inspected using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The differences in FC of the V1 between the two groups were compared using the independent samples t-test. We used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to compare the average FC values of NVG subjects with those of HCs. RESULTS FC in the left V1 and right fusiform gyrus, bilateral cuneus, and left precuneus was significantly decreased in the NVG group compared with that reported in the HC group. Meanwhile, patients with NVG presented increased FC between the right V1 and bilateral middle frontal gyrus. However, they also exhibited declining FC between the right V1 and left precuneus, and bilateral cuneus. The ROC curve analysis of each brain region indicated that the accuracy of the area under the ROC curves regarding NVG was excellent. CONCLUSION NVG involves aberrant FC in the V1 in different brain areas, including the visual-related and cognitive-related regions. These findings may assist in unveiling the underlying neural mechanisms of impaired visual function in NVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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15
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Maher S, Ekstrom T, Ongur D, Levy DL, Norton DJ, Nickerson LD, Chen Y. Functional disconnection between the visual cortex and right fusiform face area in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:72-79. [PMID: 31126803 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in processing faces, including facial affect and face detection, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize resting state functional connectivity between an independent component analysis (ICA)-defined early visual cortical network (corresponding to regions in V1, V2, V3) and a priori defined face-processing regions (fusiform face area [FFA], occipital face area [OFA], superior temporal sulcus [STS] and amygdala) using dual regression in 20 schizophrenia patients and 26 healthy controls. We also investigated the association between resting functional connectivity and neural responses (fMRI) elicited by a face detection paradigm in a partially overlapping sample (Maher et al., 2016) that used stimuli equated for lower-level perceptual abilities. Group differences in functional connectivity were found in right FFA only; controls showed significantly stronger functional connectivity to an early visual cortical network. Functional connectivity in right FFA was associated with (a) neural responses during face detection in controls only, and (b) perceptual detection thresholds for faces in patients only. The finding of impaired functional connectivity for right FFA (but not other queried domain-specific regions) converges with findings investigating face detection in an overlapping sample in which dysfunction was found exclusively for right FFA in schizophrenia during face detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maher
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
| | - T Ekstrom
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D L Levy
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - D J Norton
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - L D Nickerson
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Y Chen
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
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16
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17
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Ambrus GG, Kaiser D, Cichy RM, Kovács G. The Neural Dynamics of Familiar Face Recognition. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4775-4784. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Géza Gergely Ambrus
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Martin Cichy
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Luisenstraβe 56, Haus 1, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraβe 13/Haus 6, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Leutragraben 1, Jena, Germany
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18
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TMS of the occipital face area modulates cross-domain identity priming. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:149-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Brain structural basis of individual variability in dream recall frequency. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 13:1474-1485. [PMID: 30206818 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies have indicated that inter-individual variability in dream recall frequency (DRF) is associated with both resting-state regional cerebral blood flow and task-induced brain activations. However, the brain structure underpinning this inter-individual variability in DRF remains unclear. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between brain structural characteristics and DRF. We collected both T1-weighted and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data from 43 healthy volunteers. DRF was obtained from a two-week sleep diary with a subjective report of dream recall upon waking every morning. General linear model analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between brain structural characteristics (cortical volume and white matter integrity) and DRF. Not only the cortical volume of the medial portion of the right fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus but also the fractional anisotropy of white matter fibers connected to these regions were significantly negatively correlated with DRF, and these relationships were not modulated by a regular sleep. These findings provide direct evidence that brain structural characteristics are associated with inter-individual variability in DRF and may help us to better understand the structural mechanisms in the brain underlying dream recall.
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20
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Maguinness C, Roswandowitz C, von Kriegstein K. Understanding the mechanisms of familiar voice-identity recognition in the human brain. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:179-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Collins E, Robinson AK, Behrmann M. Distinct neural processes for the perception of familiar versus unfamiliar faces along the visual hierarchy revealed by EEG. Neuroimage 2018; 181:120-131. [PMID: 29966716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans recognize faces with ease, despite the complexity of the task and of the visual system which underlies it. Different spatial regions, including both the core and extended face processing networks, and distinct temporal stages of processing have been implicated in face recognition, but there is ongoing controversy regarding the extent to which the mechanisms for recognizing a familiar face differ from those for an unfamiliar face. Here, we used electroencephalogram (EEG) and flicker SSVEP, a high signal-to-noise approach, and searchlight decoding methods to elucidate the mechanisms mediating the processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces in the time domain. Familiar and unfamiliar faces were presented periodically at 15 Hz, 6 Hz and 3.75 Hz either upright or inverted in separate blocks, with the rationale that faster frequencies require shorter processing times per image and tap into fundamentally different levels of visual processing. The 15 Hz trials, likely to reflect early visual processing, exhibited enhanced neural responses for familiar over unfamiliar face trials, but only when the faces were upright. In contrast, decoding methods revealed similar classification accuracies for upright and inverted faces for both familiar and unfamiliar faces. For the 6 Hz frequency, familiar faces had lower amplitude responses than unfamiliar faces, and decoding familiarity was more accurate for upright compared with inverted faces. Finally, the 3.75 Hz frequency revealed no main effects of familiarity, but decoding showed significant correlations with behavioral ratings of face familiarity, suggesting that activity evoked by this slow presentation frequency reflected higher-level, cognitive aspects of familiarity processing. This three-way dissociation between frequencies reveals that fundamentally different stages of the visual hierarchy are modulated by face familiarity. The combination of experimental and analytical approaches used here represent a novel method for elucidating spatio-temporal characteristics within the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Collins
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Amanda K Robinson
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
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22
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Weaverdyck ME, Parkinson C. The neural representation of social networks. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 24:58-66. [PMID: 29886253 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The computational demands associated with navigating large, complexly bonded social groups are thought to have significantly shaped human brain evolution. Yet, research on social network representation and cognitive neuroscience have progressed largely independently. Thus, little is known about how the human brain encodes the structure of the social networks in which it is embedded. This review highlights recent work seeking to bridge this gap in understanding. While the majority of research linking social network analysis and neuroimaging has focused on relating neuroanatomy to social network size, researchers have begun to define the neural architecture that encodes social network structure, cognitive and behavioral consequences of encoding this information, and individual differences in how people represent the structure of their social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Weaverdyck
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carolyn Parkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951761, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Lindell A. Lateralization of the expression of facial emotion in humans. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 238:249-270. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Face perception is critical for normal social functioning and is mediated by a network of regions in the ventral visual stream. In this review, we describe recent neuroimaging findings regarding the macro- and microscopic anatomical features of the ventral face network, the characteristics of white matter connections, and basic computations performed by population receptive fields within face-selective regions composing this network. We emphasize the importance of the neural tissue properties and white matter connections of each region, as these anatomical properties may be tightly linked to the functional characteristics of the ventral face network. We end by considering how empirical investigations of the neural architecture of the face network may inform the development of computational models and shed light on how computations in the face network enable efficient face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Kendrick Kay
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Jesse Gomez
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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25
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Hassan H, Ehsanula H, Pattanshetti M. Stroke of the inferiomedial temporal lobe causing word agnosia. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2015-214184. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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26
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Maguinness C, von Kriegstein K. Cross-modal processing of voices and faces in developmental prosopagnosia and developmental phonagnosia. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1313347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrina Maguinness
- Max Planck Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina von Kriegstein
- Max Planck Research Group Neural Mechanisms of Human Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Cognitive control, attention, and the other race effect in memory. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173579. [PMID: 28282414 PMCID: PMC5345842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People are better at remembering faces from their own race than other races–a phenomenon with significant societal implications. This Other Race Effect (ORE) in memory could arise from different attentional allocation to, and cognitive control over, same- and other-race faces during encoding. Deeper or more differentiated processing of same-race faces could yield more robust representations of same- vs. other-race faces that could support better recognition memory. Conversely, to the extent that other-race faces may be characterized by lower perceptual expertise, attention and cognitive control may be more important for successful encoding of robust, distinct representations of these stimuli. We tested a mechanistic model in which successful encoding of same- and other-race faces, indexed by subsequent memory performance, is differentially predicted by (a) engagement of frontoparietal networks subserving top-down attention and cognitive control, and (b) interactions between frontoparietal networks and fusiform cortex face processing. European American (EA) and African American (AA) participants underwent fMRI while intentionally encoding EA and AA faces, and ~24 hrs later performed an “old/new” recognition memory task. Univariate analyses revealed greater engagement of frontoparietal top-down attention and cognitive control networks during encoding for same- vs. other-race faces, stemming particularly from a failure to engage the cognitive control network during processing of other-race faces that were subsequently forgotten. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses further revealed that OREs were characterized by greater functional interaction between medial intraparietal sulcus, a component of the top-down attention network, and fusiform cortex during same- than other-race face encoding. Together, these results suggest that group-based face memory biases at least partially stem from differential allocation of cognitive control and top-down attention during encoding, such that same-race memory benefits from elevated top-down attentional engagement with face processing regions; conversely, reduced recruitment of cognitive control circuitry appears more predictive of memory failure when encoding out-group faces.
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28
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Elbich DB, Scherf S. Beyond the FFA: Brain-behavior correspondences in face recognition abilities. Neuroimage 2017; 147:409-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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29
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Face-selective regions show invariance to linear, but not to non-linear, changes in facial images. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Andrews TJ, Baseler H, Jenkins R, Burton AM, Young AW. Contributions of feature shapes and surface cues to the recognition and neural representation of facial identity. Cortex 2016; 83:280-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Buschke H, Mowrey WB, Ramratan WS, Zimmerman ME, Loewenstein DA, Katz MJ, Lipton RB. Memory Binding Test Distinguishes Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia from Cognitively Normal Elderly. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 32:29-39. [PMID: 27680087 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess reliability and cross-sectional discriminative validity of the Memory Binding Test (MBT) to distinguish persons with amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia from cognitively normal elderly controls. METHOD The MBT was administered to 20 participants with dementia, 31 with aMCI and 246 controls, who received the first administration of the MBT from May 2003 to December 2007, as a substudy of the community-based Einstein Aging Study (age range: 70+). The optimal index resulted from comparing the partial area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC AUC) of four major MBT indices for specificities ≥0.70. Optimal cut-score of the optimal index was selected by maximizing the sum of sensitivity and specificity. Age and education effects were assessed using stratified cut-scores and adjusted logistic regression. Reliability was computed as intraclass correlation between scores at baseline and 1-year follow-up for participants who remained cognitively normal. RESULTS Total number of Items recalled in the Paired condition (TIP) was elected the optimal index. TIP cut-score was ≤22 for differentiating aMCI alone (sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.73) and aMCI and dementia combined (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.73) from controls. It was ≤17 for differentiating dementia from aMCI and controls (sensitivity = 0.95, specificity = 0.87). Age and education adjustments did not materially improve discriminative validity. The reliability of TIP was 0.77. CONCLUSIONS MBT achieved moderate to good reliability. TIP had superior cross-sectional discriminative validity than the other MBT indices. We recommend using the empirical cut-score of TIP ≤22 for discriminating aMCI and dementia and ≤17 for discriminating dementia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Buschke
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenzhu B Mowrey
- The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA .,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wendy S Ramratan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Molly E Zimmerman
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David A Loewenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,The Einstein Aging Study, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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32
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Weibert K, Harris RJ, Mitchell A, Byrne H, Young AW, Andrews TJ. An image-invariant neural response to familiar faces in the human medial temporal lobe. Cortex 2016; 84:34-42. [PMID: 27697662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to recognise familiar faces with ease across different viewing conditions contrasts with the inherent difficulty in the perception of unfamiliar faces across similar image manipulations. Models of face processing suggest that this difference is based on the neural representation for familiar faces being more invariant to changes in the image, than it is for unfamiliar faces. Here, we used an fMR-adaptation paradigm to investigate neural correlates of image-invariant face recognition in face-selective regions of the human brain. Participants viewed faces presented in a blocked design. Each block contained different images of the same identity or different images from different identities. Faces in each block were either familiar or unfamiliar to the participants. First, we defined face-selective regions by comparing the response to faces with the response to scenes and scrambled faces. Next, we asked whether any of these face-selective regions showed image-invariant adaptation to the identity of a face. The core face-selective regions showed image-invariant adaptation to familiar and unfamiliar faces. However, there was no difference in the adaptation to familiar compared to unfamiliar faces. In contrast, image-invariant adaptation for familiar faces, but not for unfamiliar faces, was found in face-selective regions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Taken together, our results suggest that the marked differences in the perception of familiar and unfamiliar faces may depend critically on neural processes in the medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weibert
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Harris
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Mitchell
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Hollie Byrne
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Young
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Andrews
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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33
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Strachan JWA, Tipper SP. Examining the durability of incidentally learned trust from gaze cues. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:2060-2075. [PMID: 27494048 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1220609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In everyday interactions we find our attention follows the eye gaze of faces around us. As this cueing is so powerful and difficult to inhibit, gaze can therefore be used to facilitate or disrupt visual processing of the environment, and when we experience this we infer information about the trustworthiness of the cueing face. However, to date no studies have investigated how long these impressions last. To explore this we used a gaze-cueing paradigm where faces consistently demonstrated either valid or invalid cueing behaviours. Previous experiments show that valid faces are subsequently rated as more trustworthy than invalid faces. We replicate this effect (Experiment 1) and then include a brief interference task in Experiment 2 between gaze cueing and trustworthiness rating, which weakens but does not completely eliminate the effect. In Experiment 3, we explore whether greater familiarity with the faces improves the durability of trust learning and find that the effect is more resilient with familiar faces. Finally, in Experiment 4, we push this further and show that evidence of trust learning can be seen up to an hour after cueing has ended. Taken together, our results suggest that incidentally learned trust can be durable, especially for faces that deceive.
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