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Rodríguez-Rodríguez RC, Noreña-Peña A, Cháfer-Bixquert T, de Dios JG, Ruiz CS. The perception of healthcare professionals, through their own personal experiences, of the use of music therapy in hospitalised children and adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 77:63-73. [PMID: 38479064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music therapy is an emerging and useful methodology for improving patient environments within healthcare fields. However, although it has been shown that music therapy interventions with hospitalised children and adolescents have been used for decades with positive effects, there are currently very few studies that specifically describe the perspectives of healthcare professionals regarding the value of music therapy when applied in these patients. OBJECTIVES To describe the insights of healthcare professionals regarding music therapy, both on a personal level and in terms of its usefulness in the care of hospitalised children and adolescents. DESIGN This was a qualitative descriptive-exploratory study with focus groups. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthcare professionals. METHODS In January 2023, two focus groups, containing nine healthcare professionals each, were created to collect data regarding their experiences concerning the effect of music therapy on hospitalised children and adolescents. Before recording their opinions, all these professionals participated in an interactive music therapy session. The thematic analysis in this work was performed using MAXQDA® software. RESULTS Two main categories emerged: (a) the effects of music therapy on healthcare professionals, and (b) the benefits of music therapy to patients (children and adolescents). CONCLUSIONS Music therapy was valued positively by healthcare professionals who described the benefits its use has for hospitalised children and adolescents. They also expressed positive viewpoints regarding the use of music therapy to improve their own self-knowledge and self-care. IMPLICATIONS TO PRACTICE Healthcare professionals may utilise music therapists to improve patient outcomes and reduce the negative effects of hospitalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román-Carlos Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Nursing Department, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Alicante, Spain; Music and Music Therapy Department, N3 Music Centre, Altea, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Ana Noreña-Peña
- Nursing Department, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Alicante, Spain.
| | - Teresa Cháfer-Bixquert
- Sculpture Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier González de Dios
- Paediatrics Department, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Department of Paediatrics, Miguel Hernández University, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Carmen Solano Ruiz
- Nursing Department, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Alicante, Spain.
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2
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Ikeda H, Kusumi T. Episodic memory and personal semantics as triggers of nostalgia: its relationships between abstraction of memory content and temporal distance. Memory 2023; 31:784-801. [PMID: 37000614 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2196038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Nostalgia, an autobiographically relevant positive emotion, is a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past. Autobiographical memory, which is one of the cognitive bases of nostalgia, includes both abstract semantic and detailed episodic memories. Recent studies have defined and classified memories that are located between semantic and episodic memory as personal semantics. Although autobiographical memory and personal semantics range over a continuum, past nostalgia research has not focused on or controlled them. In two experiments, undergraduate students retrieved episodic memory and personal semantics and rated cognitive and affective items. The intensity of nostalgia differed according to the types of memory content and temporal distance of the memory from the present. These results revealed that not only unique events but also repeated events and autobiographical facts induced nostalgia; furthermore, repeated events from both the distant and recent past (primary and high school, respectively) consistently induced relatively greater nostalgia, but in some cases, they were not significantly different from other types of memory (i.e., unique events and autobiographical facts). These findings suggest that both episodic memory and personal semantics are involved in the occurrence of nostalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroka Ikeda
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kusumi
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Nawaz S, Omigie D. Investigating the interaction of pleasantness and arousal and the role of aesthetic emotions on episodic memory using a musical what-where-when paradigm. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:320-328. [PMID: 36939149 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2185206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the presence of music experienced as pleasant positively influences episodic memory (EM) encoding. However, it is unclear whether this impact of pleasant music holds regardless of how arousing the music is, and what influence, if any, music-induced aesthetic emotions have. Furthermore, most music EM studies have used verbal or facial memory tasks limiting the generalisability of these findings to everyday EMs with spatiotemporal richness. The current study used an online what-where-when paradigm to assess music's influence on EM encoding in a rich spatiotemporal environment. 105 participants carried out the what-where-when task in the presence of either silence or one of four musical stimuli falling into the four corners of the 2-D circumplex emotion model. We observed an interaction effect between the pleasantness and arousingness of music stimuli, whereby for pleasant stimuli, the low arousing excerpt was associated with better recall performance compared to the high arousing excerpt. We also observed that, across all excerpts, experience of negative aesthetic emotions was associated with compromised recall performance. Together, our results confirm the deleterious influence arousing stimuli can have on memory and support the notion that aesthetic-emotional experience of music can influence how memories are encoded in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiyyah Nawaz
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - Diana Omigie
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
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4
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Shukuroglou M, Roseman L, Wall M, Nutt D, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R. Changes in music-evoked emotion and ventral striatal functional connectivity after psilocybin therapy for depression. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:70-79. [PMID: 36433778 PMCID: PMC9834320 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221125354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music listening is a staple and valued component of psychedelic therapy, and previous work has shown that psychedelics can acutely enhance music-evoked emotion. AIMS The present study sought to examine subjective responses to music before and after psilocybin therapy for treatment-resistant depression, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired. METHODS Nineteen patients with treatment-resistant depression received a low oral dose (10 mg) of psilocybin, and a high dose (25 mg) 1 week later. fMRI was performed 1 week prior to the first dosing session and 1 day after the second. Two scans were conducted on each day: one with music and one without. Visual analogue scale ratings of music-evoked 'pleasure' plus ratings of other evoked emotions (21-item Geneva Emotional Music Scale) were completed after each scan. Given its role in musical reward, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) was chosen as region of interest for functional connectivity (FC) analyses. Effects of drug (vs placebo) and music (vs no music) on subjective and FC outcomes were assessed. Anhedonia symptoms were assessed pre- and post-treatment (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). RESULTS Results revealed a significant increase in music-evoked emotion following treatment with psilocybin that correlated with post-treatment reductions in anhedonia. A post-treatment reduction in NAc FC with areas resembling the default mode network was observed during music listening (vs no music). CONCLUSION These results are consistent with current thinking on the role of psychedelics in enhancing music-evoked pleasure and provide some new insight into correlative brain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Shukuroglou
- Independent Researcher,Melissa Shukuroglou, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Leor Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK,Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Matt Wall
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK,Invicro, London, UK,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, UCL, UK
| | - David Nutt
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mendel Kaelen
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (C3NL), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK,Wavepaths Ltd, London, UK
| | - Robin Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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Dvorak A, Landeck L, Dyer W, Spiegel D. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training With Music Therapy Interventions for Adults With Serious Mental Illness: A Quasi-Experimental Nonequivalent Control-Group Pilot Study. J Music Ther 2022; 59:205-238. [PMID: 35738015 DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) improves emotion regulation by building skills in mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare a DBT skills group with a combined DBT skills and music therapy (MT) group on participant outcomes of attendance, participation, skill practice, and skill knowledge, as well as determine feasibility of study procedures. We used a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control-group design with all groups co-led by a psychologist and a music therapist. Clinicians facilitated twice weekly 45-min groups in 12-week cycles for a total of eight groups over 2 years. The groups alternated DBT-only and DBT+MT; participant data were analyzed for their first cycle attended. The DBT-only group followed a standard DBT skills training format, whereas the DBT+MT group included music therapy interventions as group exercises. Participants (N = 26) were adults with serious mental illness referred to the inpatient psychosocial rehabilitation group (PSR) at a state psychiatric hospital. Participants completed a demographic form, diary cards, and exit interview; clinicians recorded attendance and session participation. Participants in the DBT+MT condition had significantly higher participation levels, slightly higher average attendance, submitted more diary cards, and included more feeling statements than the DBT-only condition. Although interpretations should be approached with caution, the pilot study intervention shows promise. Overall, this study could be implemented as intended under close monitoring, with minor modifications to assist with recruitment and data collection. Modifications, clinical implications, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Dyer
- Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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6
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You C, Zhong Y. The Effect of Nostalgic Contents on Self-Esteem: The Mediating Role of Loneliness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:1587-1599. [PMID: 35782173 PMCID: PMC9241995 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s366135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research has demonstrated that nostalgia can improve self-esteem as a positive psychological resource in Western culture. Moreover, nostalgia is cross-culturally consistent. Therefore, nostalgia triggered by an event reflection task affects self-esteem in Eastern cultures. However, it is unknown whether the collective or personal content of nostalgia affects self-esteem and the role of loneliness in this process. Purpose This study examined the cross-cultural consistency of nostalgia’s impact on self-esteem, whether nostalgic content affects self-esteem levels, and what role loneliness plays in this process. Methods We conducted two experiments in this study. Experiment 1 used an event reflection task with different instructions to prime the nostalgia and control groups. Participants were asked to complete the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and a revised positive version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale after priming. Experiment 2 used different instructions and pictures to prime the social and personal nostalgia groups. The PANAS, a revised positive version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Russell Loneliness Scale were then administered to the groups. Results Experiment 1 showed that in the nostalgic condition, self-esteem was higher than in the control condition. In the nostalgia condition, participants felt more positive than in the control condition. Experiment 2 revealed that self-esteem was higher in the collective nostalgic context than in the personal nostalgic context. Regarding the positive effect, participants felt more positive in the collective nostalgic context than in the personal nostalgic context. Loneliness also had a mediating effect on this process. Conclusion Results show that nostalgia affects self-esteem through cross-cultural consistency and social nostalgia can be a resource for positive mental health. Moreover, loneliness plays a significant role in mediating nostalgia’s effect on self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang You
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yiping Zhong, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Email
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7
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Yang Z, Wildschut T, Izuma K, Gu R, Luo YLL, Cai H, Sedikides C. Patterns of brain activity associated with nostalgia: a social-cognitive neuroscience perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2022; 17:1131-1144. [PMID: 35560158 PMCID: PMC9714426 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nostalgia arises from tender and yearnful reflection on meaningful life events or important persons from one's past. In the last two decades, the literature has documented a variety of ways in which nostalgia benefits psychological well-being. Only a handful of studies, however, have addressed the neural basis of the emotion. In this prospective review, we postulate a neural model of nostalgia. Self-reflection, autobiographical memory, regulatory capacity and reward are core components of the emotion. Thus, nostalgia involves brain activities implicated in self-reflection processing (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), autobiographical memory processing (hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus), emotion regulation processing (anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex) and reward processing (striatum, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Nostalgia's potential to modulate activity in these core neural substrates has both theoretical and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to Huajian Cai, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Keise Izuma
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu L L Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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8
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Effect of Music on a Mindfulness Experience: An Online Study. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2021.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Hernandez-Ruiz E, Dvorak AL. Music Stimuli for Mindfulness Practice: A Replication Study. J Music Ther 2021; 58:155-176. [PMID: 33020803 DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a natural human capacity to be aware of the present moment, without judgment, rejection, or attachment to it. Cultivating a mindful state has been related to improvements in mood and stress management. Mindfulness practices may be enhanced with music. The purpose of this study was to replicate a previous study regarding the effectiveness, preference, and usefulness of different auditory stimuli for mindfulness practice. Undergraduate nonmusicians (N = 53) listened to 4 different auditory stimuli of increasing complexity, guiding them in a mindfulness experience. Participants rated their mindfulness experience, provided data on their absorption in music, and ranked auditory stimuli according to preference and usefulness for mindfulness practice. A within-subjects design was used to compare the four conditions, counterbalanced, and randomized across participants. Similar to the original study, Friedman analysis of variances (ANOVAs) and post hoc analyses indicated that participants ranked the Melody and Harmony conditions as most preferred and useful. Different from the original results, the repeated-measures ANOVA of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale scores did not reveal significant differences among auditory stimuli for mindfulness experience. These results provide support for the use of music in mindfulness experiences with a mildly complex stimulus (script, beat, harmony, and melody). However, partially replicated results indicate the need to investigate the discrepancy between participants' effectiveness ratings and preference/usefulness rankings.
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10
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What makes music memorable? Relationships between acoustic musical features and music-evoked emotions and memories in older adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251692. [PMID: 33989366 PMCID: PMC8121320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Music has a unique capacity to evoke both strong emotions and vivid autobiographical memories. Previous music information retrieval (MIR) studies have shown that the emotional experience of music is influenced by a combination of musical features, including tonal, rhythmic, and loudness features. Here, our aim was to explore the relationship between music-evoked emotions and music-evoked memories and how musical features (derived with MIR) can predict them both. METHODS Healthy older adults (N = 113, age ≥ 60 years) participated in a listening task in which they rated a total of 140 song excerpts comprising folk songs and popular songs from 1950s to 1980s on five domains measuring the emotional (valence, arousal, emotional intensity) and memory (familiarity, autobiographical salience) experience of the songs. A set of 24 musical features were extracted from the songs using computational MIR methods. Principal component analyses were applied to reduce multicollinearity, resulting in six core musical components, which were then used to predict the behavioural ratings in multiple regression analyses. RESULTS All correlations between behavioural ratings were positive and ranged from moderate to very high (r = 0.46-0.92). Emotional intensity showed the highest correlation to both autobiographical salience and familiarity. In the MIR data, three musical components measuring salience of the musical pulse (Pulse strength), relative strength of high harmonics (Brightness), and fluctuation in the frequencies between 200-800 Hz (Low-mid) predicted both music-evoked emotions and memories. Emotional intensity (and valence to a lesser extent) mediated the predictive effect of the musical components on music-evoked memories. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that music-evoked emotions are strongly related to music-evoked memories in healthy older adults and that both music-evoked emotions and memories are predicted by the same core musical features.
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11
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Montag C, Elhai JD, Davis KL. A comprehensive review of studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:160-167. [PMID: 33609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, BW, 89081, Germany.
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, NC, 27408, United States.
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12
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Leunissen J, Wildschut T, Sedikides C, Routledge C. The Hedonic Character of Nostalgia: An Integrative Data Analysis. EMOTION REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073920950455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an integrative data analysis to examine the hedonic character of nostalgia. We combined positive and negative affect measures from 41 experiments manipulating nostalgia ( N = 4,659). Overall, nostalgia inductions increased positive and ambivalent affect, but did not significantly alter negative affect. The magnitude of nostalgia’s effects varied markedly across different experimental inductions of the emotion. The hedonic character of nostalgia, then, depends on how the emotion is elicited and the benchmark (i.e., control condition) to which it is compared. We discuss implications for theory and research on nostalgia and emotions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Constantine Sedikides
- Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Clay Routledge
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, USA
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13
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Vaccaro AG, Kaplan JT, Damasio A. Bittersweet: The Neuroscience of Ambivalent Affect. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 15:1187-1199. [PMID: 32758063 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620927708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ambivalent affective states, such as bittersweetness, nostalgia, and longing, which are felt as having both positive and negative aspects, are an important component of human experience but have received little attention. The most influential theoretical frameworks in affective neuroscience focus largely on univalenced states. As a result, it is not known whether ambivalent affect corresponds to a simultaneously positive and negative valenced state or whether it results from a rapid vacillation between positive and negative states. Here we hypothesize that ambivalent affect involves both mechanisms, that is, rapid vacillation and simultaneity of positive and negative affect, albeit at different neurobiological levels. Rapidly vacillating univalent emotions could give rise to an ambivalent feeling, a mechanism that depends on brainstem nuclei that facilitate rapid action programs of emotional behavior while inhibiting opposing behaviors. This reciprocal inhibition prevents organisms from simultaneously implementing responses to conflicting emotions but also allows for rapid switching between emotions triggered by counterfactual thinking and rapid reappraisal of situations. We propose that as these transitions occur and respective interoceptive information reaches the insular cortex, further processing of this "emotional moment" would allow separate emotional events to be experienced as one "mixed" and integrated feeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Vaccaro
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California
| | - Jonas T Kaplan
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California
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14
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The design choices for the development of an Augmented Reality game for people with visuospatial neglect. CLINICAL EHEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceh.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Sedikides C, Wildschut T. The sociality of personal and collective nostalgia. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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16
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Tsai CG, Li CW. Increased activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and temporal pole during tonality change in music. Neurosci Lett 2019; 696:162-167. [PMID: 30557595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In human music, the tonality (key) may change to punctuate sectional structures and to produce emotional effects. A tonality change would sound "smoother" when it is supported by appropriate harmony. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural substrates of the processing of tonality change. We used a 2 × 2 factorial design with factors tonality change (tonality changed versus tonality unchanged) and harmonization (harmonized versus unharmonized). Participants were asked to covertly sing the pitch names in the movable-do system along with the heard melody. Repetitions of this melody were associated with or without a tonality change, with equal probability in a pseudo-random order. Our result demonstrated that tonality changes elicited increased activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left temporal pole. When a tonality change occurred, the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex might underpin the cognitive control for retrieving the pitch-naming rule of the new tonality, whereas the left temporal pole might integrate the melodic/harmonic context and emotional meanings of music. This study provides a new insight into the cognitive and emotional processing of music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gia Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Musicology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Barrett FS, Preller KH, Herdener M, Janata P, Vollenweider FX. Serotonin 2A Receptor Signaling Underlies LSD-induced Alteration of the Neural Response to Dynamic Changes in Music. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:3939-3950. [PMID: 29028939 PMCID: PMC6887693 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic psychedelic drugs (serotonin 2A, or 5HT2A, receptor agonists) have notable effects on music listening. In the current report, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was collected during music listening in 25 healthy adults after administration of placebo, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and LSD pretreated with the 5HT2A antagonist ketanserin, to investigate the role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in the neural response to the time-varying tonal structure of music. Tonality-tracking analysis of BOLD data revealed that 5HT2A receptor signaling alters the neural response to music in brain regions supporting basic and higher-level musical and auditory processing, and areas involved in memory, emotion, and self-referential processing. This suggests a critical role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in supporting the neural tracking of dynamic tonal structure in music, as well as in supporting the associated increases in emotionality, connectedness, and meaningfulness in response to music that are commonly observed after the administration of LSD and other psychedelics. Together, these findings inform the neuropsychopharmacology of music perception and cognition, meaningful music listening experiences, and altered perception of music during psychedelic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Barrett
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Center for Addictive Disorders,University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petr Janata
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Dr, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, 267 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Franz X Vollenweider
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Lenggstr. 31, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
From the beginning of therapeutic research with psychedelics, music listening has been consistently used as a method to guide or support therapeutic experiences during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs. Recent findings point to the potential of music to support meaning-making, emotionality, and mental imagery after the administration of psychedelics, and suggest that music plays an important role in facilitating positive clinical outcomes of psychedelic therapy. This review explores the history of, contemporary research on, and future directions regarding the use of music in psychedelic research and therapy, and argues for more detailed and rigorous investigation of the contribution of music to the treatment of psychiatric disorders within the novel framework of psychedelic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Barrett
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Katrin H Preller
- b Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Mendel Kaelen
- d Psychedelic Research Group, Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK.,e Wavepaths Ltd , London , UK
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Luo YLL, Welker KM, Way B, DeWall N, Bushman BJ, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with nostalgia proneness: The role of neuroticism. Soc Neurosci 2017; 14:183-190. [PMID: 29210327 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1414717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, is a self-relevant and social emotion. Nostalgia proneness is associated with alleviation of distress or instability (e.g., neuroticism). Although nostalgia proneness is heritable, the specific molecular contributors to this heritability are unknown. We focused on a polymorphism in the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) as a possible biological basis of nostalgia proneness, because the serotonin system has been associated with sensitivity to negative experience. Participants (N = 397 adults) who had reported levels of nostalgia proneness were genotyped. A subsample also completed a measure of neuroticism. Participants with the 5-HTTLPR short allele were higher on nostalgia proneness than those without this allele. Neuroticism mediated the relation between 5-HTTLPR and nostalgia proneness. These findings enrich our understanding of the genetic and personality underpinnings of nostalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu L L Luo
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science , Institute of Psychology , Beijing , China
| | - Keith M Welker
- b Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Baldwin Way
- c Department of Psychology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Nathan DeWall
- d Department of Psychology , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Brad J Bushman
- e School of Communication and Department of Psychology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Tim Wildschut
- f Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- f Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
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Barrett FS, Robbins H, Smooke D, Brown JL, Griffiths RR. Qualitative and Quantitative Features of Music Reported to Support Peak Mystical Experiences during Psychedelic Therapy Sessions. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1238. [PMID: 28790944 PMCID: PMC5524670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin is a classic (serotonergic) hallucinogen ("psychedelic" drug) that may occasion mystical experiences (characterized by a profound feeling of oneness or unity) during acute effects. Such experiences may have therapeutic value. Research and clinical applications of psychedelics usually include music listening during acute drug effects, based on the expectation that music will provide psychological support during the acute effects of psychedelic drugs, and may even facilitate the occurrence of mystical experiences. However, the features of music chosen to support the different phases of drug effects are not well-specified. As a result, there is currently neither real guidance for the selection of music nor standardization of the music used to support clinical trials with psychedelic drugs across various research groups or therapists. A description of the features of music found to be supportive of mystical experience will allow for the standardization and optimization of the delivery of psychedelic drugs in both research trials and therapeutic contexts. To this end, we conducted an anonymous survey of individuals with extensive experience administering psilocybin or psilocybin-containing mushrooms under research or therapeutic conditions, in order to identify the features of commonly used musical selections that have been found by therapists and research staff to be supportive of mystical experiences within a psilocybin session. Ten respondents yielded 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of peak effects with psilocybin, and 24 unique recommendations of musical stimuli supportive of the period leading up to a peak experience. Qualitative analysis (expert rating of musical and music-theoretic features of the recommended stimuli) and quantitative analysis (using signal processing and music-information retrieval methods) of 22 of these stimuli yielded a description of peak period music that was characterized by regular, predictable, formulaic phrase structure and orchestration, a feeling of continuous movement and forward motion that slowly builds over time, and lower perceptual brightness when compared to pre peak music. These results provide a description of music that may be optimally supportive of peak psychedelic experiences. This description can be used to guide the selection and composition of music for future psychedelic research and therapy sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Barrett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hollis Robbins
- Department of Humanities, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Africana Studies, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Smooke
- Department of Music Theory, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jenine L Brown
- Department of Music Theory, Peabody Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, United States
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Tillmann AC, Andrade A, Swarowsky A, Guimarães ACDA. Brazilian Samba Protocol for Individuals With Parkinson's Disease: A Clinical Non-Randomized Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e129. [PMID: 28676466 PMCID: PMC5516099 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 10 most populated countries in the world, Parkinson's disease (PD) affects more than 5 million individuals. Despite optimal treatment options already developed for the disease, concomitant involvement of other areas of health care plays an important role in complementing the treatment. From this perspective, dancing can be viewed as a non-drug alternative that can reduce falls by improving some motor skills, such as mobility, balance, gait, and posture, and can also improve the overall quality of life. Brazilian samba promotes improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms in individuals with PD, providing a new treatment option for this population. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this quasi-experimental study is to provide a 12-week samba protocol (2x/week) for individuals with PD and to compare its effects with the group without intervention. The hypothesis is that the Brazilian samba protocol will promote improvement in primary (motor) and secondary (non-motor) outcomes in individuals with PD. METHODS The sample will be selected at random from individuals diagnosed with PD in the city of Florianopolis (SC, Brazil). Sample size calculation was performed with the G*Power 3.1.9.2 software, with 0.447 effect size, at 5% significance level, power of 0.9, and test and sample loss of 20%. This yielded 60 individuals divided between the intervention and control groups. The questionnaires will be filled out before and after the dance intervention. The data collection for the control group will be held simultaneously to the intervention group. The classes will last for 1 hour, twice a week in the evening for 12 weeks, and all classes will be divided into warm-up, main part, and relaxation. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and Sidak post-hoc comparison test will be used for a comparative analysis of the final results of the control group with the experimental group and of the within-group changes between pre- and postintervention period. RESULTS We expect to complete follow-up in September 2017. CONCLUSIONS The major inspiration for this study was to encourage the creation of new rehabilitation programs that do not emphasize doctor involvement. This is a unique protocol for PD and we believe it can be an important tool to alleviate the motor and non-motor symptoms of individuals with PD. Dance is a simple activity depending on little equipment and few financial resources, facilitating its implementation and improving the cost-benefit relationship. In addition, activities that have a cultural aspect for the population in question, and which are pleasant, enable the participants to commit long term. This can enhance patient's compliance with the therapy, which is often a problem for many rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Tillmann
- Health Sciences Centre (CEFID), Research Laboratory in Leisure and Physical Activity (LAPLAF), University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Health Sciences Centre (CEFID), University of Santa Catarina State, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Swarowsky
- Health Sciences Centre (CEFID), University of Santa Catarina State, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Identifying affective personality profiles: A latent profile analysis of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4548. [PMID: 28674393 PMCID: PMC5495783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on evolutionary theory, a recent model in affective neuroscience delineated six emotional brain systems at the core of human personality: SEEKING, CARING, PLAYFULNESS, FEAR, ANGER, SADNESS. The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) assess their functioning. Using a person-centred approach of the ANPS, this study: (i) examined the existence of latent personality profiles, (ii) studied their gender invariance, (iii) assessed their longitudinal (4 years) stability, and (iv) explored how they relate to several intrapersonal, interpersonal, and emotion regulation skills. Latent Profile Analysis in 2 samples (Canadian, longitudinal, N = 520; French, cross-sectional, N = 830) found that, qualitatively, 3 profiles characterized both populations and genders, with one distinction for the second profile where the French women endorsed slightly higher and lower scores for, respectively, the negative and positive emotions. Whilst not being quantitatively similar across genders, the personality profiles remained consistent across time in the longitudinal sample. Associations between profiles and intrapersonal (e.g. depression), interpersonal (e.g. empathy), and emotion regulation skills measures (e.g. emotional intelligence) offered concurrent validity evidence. This person centred approach to ANPS offers a holistic and parsimonious way to study affective personality dimensions. It opens promising avenues for future studies on the predictive value of ANPS profiles, and for personality-targeted interventions.
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Esperidião-Antonio V, Majeski-Colombo M, Toledo-Monteverde D, Moraes-Martins G, Fernandes JJ, Bauchiglioni de Assis M, Montenegro S, Siqueira-Batista R. Neurobiology of emotions: an update. Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:293-307. [PMID: 28540750 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1285983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The 'nature' of emotions is one of the archaic themes of Western thought, thematized in different cultural manifestations - such as art, science, philosophy, myths and religion -, since Ancient times. In the last decades, the advances in neurosciences have permitted the construction of hypotheses that explain emotions, especially through the studies involving the limbic system. To present an updated discussion about the neurobiology of processes relating to emotions - focusing (1) on the main neural structures that relate to emotions, (2) the paths and circuits of greater relevance, (3) the implicated neurotransmitters, (4) the connections that possess neurovegetative control and (5) the discussion about the main emotions - is the objective of this present article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilia Majeski-Colombo
- b Curso de Graduação em Medicina , Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO) , Teresopolis , Brazil
| | - Diana Toledo-Monteverde
- b Curso de Graduação em Medicina , Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO) , Teresopolis , Brazil
| | - Glaciele Moraes-Martins
- b Curso de Graduação em Medicina , Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO) , Teresopolis , Brazil
| | - Juliana José Fernandes
- b Curso de Graduação em Medicina , Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO) , Teresopolis , Brazil
| | | | - Stefânia Montenegro
- c Núcleo de Estudos em Ciências Médicas , Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP) , Ponte Nova , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista
- c Núcleo de Estudos em Ciências Médicas , Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga (FADIP) , Ponte Nova , Brazil.,d Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem , Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) , Viçosa , Brazil.,e Postgraduate Program of Bioethics, Ethics and Public Health (PPGBIOS) , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Gorzelańczyk EJ, Podlipniak P, Walecki P, Karpiński M, Tarnowska E. Pitch Syntax Violations Are Linked to Greater Skin Conductance Changes, Relative to Timbral Violations - The Predictive Role of the Reward System in Perspective of Cortico-subcortical Loops. Front Psychol 2017; 8:586. [PMID: 28458648 PMCID: PMC5394172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
According to contemporary opinion emotional reactions to syntactic violations are due to surprise as a result of the general mechanism of prediction. The classic view is that, the processing of musical syntax can be explained by activity of the cerebral cortex. However, some recent studies have indicated that subcortical brain structures, including those related to the processing of emotions, are also important during the processing of syntax. In order to check whether emotional reactions play a role in the processing of pitch syntax or are only the result of the general mechanism of prediction, the comparison of skin conductance levels reacting to three types of melodies were recorded. In this study, 28 subjects listened to three types of short melodies prepared in Musical Instrument Digital Interface Standard files (MIDI) – tonally correct, tonally violated (with one out-of-key – i.e., of high information content), and tonally correct but with one note played in a different timbre. The BioSemi ActiveTwo with two passive Nihon Kohden electrodes was used. Skin conductance levels were positively correlated with the presented stimuli (timbral changes and tonal violations). Although changes in skin conductance levels were also observed in response to the change in timbre, the reactions to tonal violations were significantly stronger. Therefore, despite the fact that timbral change is at least as equally unexpected as an out-of-key note, the processing of pitch syntax mainly generates increased activation of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. These results suggest that the cortico–subcortical loops (especially the anterior cingulate – limbic loop) may play an important role in the processing of musical syntax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Gorzelańczyk
- Department of Theoretical Basis of Bio-Medical Sciences and Medical Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium MedicumBydgoszcz, Poland.,Non-Public Health Care Center Sue Ryder HomeBydgoszcz, Poland.,Medseven-Outpatient Addiction TreatmentBydgoszcz, Poland.,Institute of Philosophy, Kazimierz Wielki UniversityBydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlipniak
- Institute of Musicology, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Walecki
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium MedicumKrakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Karpiński
- Institute of Linguistics, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
| | - Emilia Tarnowska
- Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
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