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Ruszczak A, Poznański P, Leśniak A, Łazarczyk M, Skiba D, Nawrocka A, Gaweł K, Paszkiewicz J, Mickael ME, Sacharczuk M. Susceptibility to Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice with Distinct Activity of the Endogenous Opioid System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6978. [PMID: 39000086 PMCID: PMC11241619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, pharmacotherapy provides successful seizure control in around 70% of patients with epilepsy; however, around 30% of cases are still resistant to available treatment. Therefore, effective anti-epileptic therapy still remains a challenge. In our study, we utilized two mouse lines selected for low (LA) and high (HA) endogenous opioid system activity to investigate the relationship between down- or upregulation of the opioid system and susceptibility to seizures. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a compound commonly used for kindling of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions in animal models. Our experiments revealed that in the LA mice, PTZ produced seizures of greater intensity and shorter latency than in HA mice. This observation suggests that proper opioid system tone is crucial for preventing the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Moreover, a combination of an opioid receptor antagonist-naloxone-and a GABA receptor agonist-diazepam (DZP)-facilitates a significant DZP-sparing effect. This is particularly important for the pharmacotherapy of neurological patients, since benzodiazepines display high addiction risk. In conclusion, our study shows a meaningful, protective role of the endogenous opioid system in the prevention of epileptic seizures and that disturbances in that balance may facilitate seizure occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ruszczak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
- Laboratory of Host-Microbiota Interactions, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-697 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Łazarczyk
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Dominik Skiba
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Agata Nawrocka
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Kinga Gaweł
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Paszkiewicz
- Department of Health, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences in Biala Podlaska, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Michel-Edwar Mickael
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-697 Warsaw, Poland
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Moradi Jafari A, Hassanpourezatti M. Influence of methadone on the anticonvulsant efficacy of valproate sodium gabapentin against maximal electroshock seizure in mice by regulation of brain MDA TNF-α. Front Neurol 2022; 13:920107. [PMID: 36081867 PMCID: PMC9445582 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.920107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone is the most frequently used opioid therapy worldwide, with controversial effects on oxidative stress homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) co-administration of methadone (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) and valproate sodium (300 mg/kg) or gabapentin (50 mg/kg) in the mice maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizure model. The adverse effect of drugs was assessed using the chimney test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in mice brains after a single seizure. Administration of methadone alone resulted in a significant reduction in the duration of hind limb extension (HLE) than that in the control group. Methadone pretreatment at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg i.p. decreased, and at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. had an increasing effect on anticonvulsant efficacy of gabapentin. Pretreatment with all doses of methadone significantly decreased the valproate anticonvulsive efficacy. At doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg i.p. methadone per se increased brain MDA levels after MES-induced seizure. Administration of methadone (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) enhanced and at 3 mg/kg decreased gabapentin effect on brain MDA level, but their co-treatment did not lead to further increase in MDA. Methadone at 0.3–3 mg/kg enhanced the effect of sodium valproate on MDA levels in the brain, but at all doses significantly potentiated its effect on brain TNF-α levels. The drugs did not produce any side effects on motor coordination in experimental animals. In conclusion, methadone showed different effects on anticonvulsant actions of gabapentin and valproate through regulation of brain levels of MDA and TNF-α.
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Rashan S, Panahi Y, Khalilzadeh E. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of morphine on pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic activity in rat. Int J Neurosci 2021; 131:885-893. [PMID: 32315568 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1759591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study attempts to evaluate the effects of different doses of morphine on experimental epileptiform activity caused by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in rats. METHODS Thirty adult male rats were assigned to saline (n = 5), morphine (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg, n = 15), naloxone (1 mg/kg, n = 5), and pre-treated with naloxone+morphine (1 + 10 mg/kg, n = 5) groups. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine + xylazine (80 + 8 mg/kg), and then a bipolar electrode was implanted into the CA1 (AP: -2.76 mm, ML: -1.4 mm and DV: 3 mm). To evaluate the effects of drugs on spike count and their amplitudes by elab amplifier, after drug administration for 25 min, PTZ (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected to induce epileptiform activity. Finally, diazepam (10 mg/kg) was used to suppress epileptic activity. RESULTS The results revealed that morphine at a dose of 2 mg/kg decreased, and at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg had an increasing effect on seizure-like events (SLEs). Nevertheless, morphine at a dose of 10 mg/kg enhanced SLEs significantly (p < 0.01). Naloxone at a dose of 1 mg/kg had no significant effect on the spike count but increased amplitude of them (p < 0.001). Moreover, being pretreatment with naloxone at a dose of 1 mg/kg, the morphine group showed significantly increased in the spike count (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Morphine has biphasic effects on PTZ-induced epileptiform activities that way at a low dose has an inhibitory effect, but if the dose is increased, it will intensify the desired event and that the stimulatory effects of morphine appear not to be via opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrand Rashan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Panahi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emad Khalilzadeh
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Sturgeon ML, Langton R, Sharma S, Cornell RA, Glykys J, Bassuk AG. The opioid antagonist naltrexone decreases seizure-like activity in genetic and chemically induced epilepsy models. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:528-538. [PMID: 34664432 PMCID: PMC8408599 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant number of epileptic patients fail to respond to available anticonvulsive medications. To find new anticonvulsive medications, we evaluated FDA-approved drugs not known to be anticonvulsants. Using zebrafish larvae as an initial model system, we found that the opioid antagonist naltrexone exhibited an anticonvulsant effect. We validated this effect in three other epilepsy models and present naltrexone as a promising anticonvulsive candidate. METHODS Candidate anticonvulsant drugs, determined by our prior transcriptomics analysis of hippocampal tissue, were evaluated in a larval zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome (scn1Lab mutants), in wild-type zebrafish larvae treated with the pro-convulsant drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), in wild-type C57bl/6J acute brain slices exposed to PTZ, and in wild-type mice treated with PTZ in vivo. Abnormal locomotion was determined behaviorally in zebrafish and mice and by field potential in neocortex layer IV/V and CA1 stratum pyramidale in the hippocampus. RESULTS The opioid antagonist naltrexone decreased abnormal locomotion in the larval zebrafish model of human Dravet syndrome (scn1Lab mutants) and wild-type larvae treated with the pro-convulsant drug PTZ. Naltrexone also decreased seizure-like events in acute brain slices of wild-type mice, and the duration and number of seizures in adult mice injected with PTZ. SIGNIFICANCE Our data reveal that naltrexone has anticonvulsive properties and is a candidate drug for seizure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Langton
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Robert A. Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Joseph Glykys
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Child NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Iowa Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
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Kaur J, Famta P, Famta M, Mehta M, Satija S, Sharma N, Vyas M, Khatik GL, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Khurana N. Potential anti-epileptic phytoconstituents: An updated review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113565. [PMID: 33166627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epilepsy is one of the most commonly occurring non-communicable neurological disorder that affects people of all age groups. Around 50 million people globally are epileptic, with 80% cases in developing countries due to lack of access to treatments determined by high cost and poor availability or it can be defined by the fraction of active epileptic patients who are not appropriately being treated. The availability of antiepileptic drugs and their adjuvant therapy in such countries is less than 50% and these are highly susceptible to drug interactions and severe adverse effects. As a result, the use of herbal medicine is increasingly becoming popular. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide pharmacological information on the active constituents evaluated in the preclinical study to treat epilepsy with potential to be used as an alternative therapeutic option in future. It also provides affirmation for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs derived from medicinal plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information on the antiepileptic potential of phytoconstituents in the preclinical study (in-vitro, in-vivo) is provided based on their effect on screening parameters. Besides, relevant information on pharmacology of phytoconstituents, the traditional use of their medicinal plants related to epilepsy and status of phytoconstituents in the clinical study were derived from online databases, including PubMed, Clinicaltrial. gov, The Plant List (TPL, www.theplantlist.org), Science Direct. Articles identified using preset searching syntax and inclusion criteria are presented. RESULTS More than 70% of the phytoconstituents reviewed in this paper justified the traditional use of their medicinal plant related to epilepsy by primarily acting on the GABAergic system. Amongst the phytoconstituents, only cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol have been explored for clinical application in epilepsy. CONCLUSION The preclinical and clinical data of the phytoconstituents to treat epilepsy and its associated comorbidities provides evidence for the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic drugs from medicinal plants. In terms of efficacy and safety, further randomized and controlled clinical studies are required to understand the complete pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic picture of phytoconstituents. Also, specific botanical source evaluation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskiran Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Mani Famta
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), Vidya Vihar Campus, Street Number 41, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Gopal Lal Khatik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Meskinimood S, Rahimi N, Faghir-Ghanesefat H, Gholami M, Sharifzadeh M, Dehpour AR. Modulatory effect of opioid ligands on status epilepticus and the role of nitric oxide pathway. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106563. [PMID: 31675604 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that causes unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Morphine has been the cornerstone of pain controlling medicines for a long time. In addition to the analgesic and opioid responses, morphine has also revealed anticonvulsant effects in different epilepsy models including pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures threshold. Some authors suggest that nitric oxide (NO) pathway interactions of morphine explain the reason for its pro or anticonvulsant activities. To induce SE, injection of a single dose of lithium chloride (127 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) 20 h before pilocarpine (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was used. Administration of morphine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the SE and decreased the mortality in rats when injected 30 min before pilocarpine. On the other hand, injection of L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nonselective NO synthase (NOS) blocker; 10 mg/kg, i.p.), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a neuronal NOS (nNOS) blocker; 30 mg/kg, i.p.), and aminoguanidine (AG, an inducible NOS (iNOS) blocker; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before morphine, significantly reversed inhibitory effect of morphine on SE. Subsequently, measurement of nitrite metabolite levels in the hippocampus of SE-induced rats displayed high levels of nitrite metabolite for the control group. However, after injection of morphine in SE-induced rats, nitrite metabolite levels reduced. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that NO pathway (both nNOS and iNOS) interactions are involved in the anticonvulsant effects of morphine on the SE signs and mortality rate induced by lithium-pilocarpine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Meskinimood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Faghir-Ghanesefat
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholami
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kazemi Roodsari S, Bahramnejad E, Rahimi N, Aghaei I, Dehpour AR. Methadone's effects on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice: NMDA/opioid receptors and nitric oxide signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1449:25-35. [PMID: 30957236 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methadone is a synthetic opioid used to treat opiate withdrawal and addiction. Studies have demonstrated the impact of methadone on seizure susceptibility. This study investigated the modulatory impacts of acute and subchronic (three times daily for 5 days) intraperitoneal methadone treatment on pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizure threshold (CST) in mice, as well as the involvement of the nitric oxide, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), and µ-opioid pathways. Acute administration of different doses of methadone (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg) 45 min before CST significantly decreased the seizure threshold. Additionally, pretreatment with noneffective doses of an opioid receptor antagonist (naltrexone) and NMDA receptor antagonists (ketamine and MK-801) inhibited methadone's proconvulsive activity in the acute phase, while l-NAME (a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor) did not affect that activity. In the subchronic phase, methadone (3 mg/kg) demonstrated an anticonvulsive effect. Although subchronic pretreatment with noneffective doses of l-NAME and 7-nitroindazole (a specific neuronal NOS inhibitor) reversed methadone's anticonvulsive activity, aminoguanidine (a specific inducible NOS inhibitor), naltrexone, MK-801, and ketamine did not change methadone's anticonvulsive characteristic. Our results suggest that NMDA and µ-opioid receptors may be involved in methadone's proconvulsive activity in the acute phase, while methadone's anticonvulsive activity may be modulated by neuronal NOS in the subchronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Kazemi Roodsari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Bahramnejad
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Aghaei
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Panahi Y, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Drafshpoor L, Rasmi Y, Rassouli A, Sadeghi-Hashjin G. Acute and chronic effects of morphine on Low-Mg 2+ ACSF-induced epileptiform activity during infancy in mice hippocampal slices. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:46-54. [PMID: 30936932 PMCID: PMC6407340 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.251852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of morphine and seizure is complex. Mouse brain hippocampal slices were used to estimate how acute and chronic morphine treatment alters the low-magnesium artificial cerebrospinal fluid (LM-ACSF)-induced seizure activity. Hippocampal slices were taken from the normal and morphine-treated mice. The normal mice received saline while the other group (morphine-treated mice) received morphine daily for 5 consecutive days. Saline/morphine administration was performed subcutaneously (s.c, 0.1 mL) at postnatal days 14-18. Hippocampal slices of all animals were perfused with LM-ACSF followed by different morphine concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 1000 μM) or naloxone (10 μM). Changes in the spike count were considered as indices for quantifying the seizure activity in the slices. In hippocampus of both groups perfused with 10 or 1000 μM morphine, epileptiform activity was suppressed while it was potentiated at 100 μM morphine. The excitatory effect of morphine at 100 μM was stronger in normal mice (acute exposure) than in dependent mice (chronic exposure). Naloxone suppressed the epileptiform activities in both groups. Suppressive effect of naloxone was more significant in morphine-treated mice than in normal mice. The seizure activity in morphine-dependent mice was more labile than that of normal mice. It can be concluded that morphine had a biphasic effect on LM-ACSF-induced epileptiform activities in both groups. The occurrence of seizure was comparable in acute and chronic exposure of morphine but strength of the effect was considerably robust in normal mice. The down regulation of opioid receptors in chronic exposure is likely to be responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Panahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Leila Drafshpoor
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Rassouli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Goudarz Sadeghi-Hashjin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Shirzadian A, Ostadhadi S, Hassanipour M, Shafaroodi H, Khoshnoodi M, Haj-Mirzaian A, Sharifzadeh M, Amiri S, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Acute foot-shock stress decreased seizure susceptibility against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: Interaction between endogenous opioids and cannabinoids. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:25-31. [PMID: 30170259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stressful conditions affect the brain's neurotransmission and neural pathways that are involved in seizure susceptibility. Stress alters the intensity and/or frequency of seizures. Although evidence indicates that chronic stress exerts proconvulsant effects and acute stress has anticonvulsant properties, the underlying mechanisms which mediate these effects are not well understood. In the present study, we assessed the role of endogenous opioids, endocannabinoids, as well as functional interaction between opioid and cannabinoid systems in the anticonvulsant effects of acute foot-shock stress (FSS) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. METHODS Prolonged intermittent FSS was chosen as an acute stress model. Seizure threshold was determined after 30 min of stress induction in male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (20-30 g). Opioid and cannabinoid receptor antagonists were administered before animal placement in the FSS apparatus. RESULTS Acute FSS significantly decreased seizure susceptibility in animals. The administration of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist, AM251, completely blocked the anticonvulsant effect of acute FSS at the doses of 1 pg/kg-100 μg/kg but not at 1 fg/kg. Pretreatment with the nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (NTX), significantly inhibited the anticonvulsant effects of acute FSS at 1 and 2 mg/kg but not at 0.3 mg/kg. However, coadministration of the subeffective doses of AM251 (1 fg/kg) and NTX (0.3 mg/kg) reversed the anticonvulsant effects of acute FSS. CONCLUSIONS Opioid and cannabinoid systems are involved in the anticonvulsant effects of acute FSS, and these neurotransmission systems interact functionally in response to acute FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Shirzadian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Ostadhadi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hassanipour
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khoshnoodi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102871. [PMID: 30248927 PMCID: PMC6213774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications.
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Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V, Giordano J. The role of hormesis in the functional performance and protection of neural systems. Brain Circ 2017; 3:1-13. [PMID: 30276298 PMCID: PMC6126232 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.203257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper addresses how hormesis, a biphasic dose response, can protect and affect performance of neural systems. Particular attention is directed to the potential role of hormesis in mitigating age-related neurodegenerative diseases, genetically based neurological diseases, as well as stroke, traumatic brain injury, seizure, and stress-related conditions. The hormetic dose response is of particular significance since it mediates the magnitude and range of neuroprotective processes. Consideration of hormetic dose-response concepts can also enhance the quality of study designs, including sample size/statistical power strategies, selection of treatment groups, dose spacing, and temporal/repeat measures’ features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, Catania, Italy
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Lynch JJ, Van Vleet TR, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG. Potential functional and pathological side effects related to off-target pharmacological activity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:108-126. [PMID: 28216264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most pharmaceutical companies test their discovery-stage proprietary molecules in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to try to determine off-target interactions. During all phases of drug discovery and development, various questions arise regarding potential side effects associated with such off-target pharmacological activity. Here we present a scientific literature curation effort undertaken to determine and summarize the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interactions at 70 receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters with established links to adverse effects. To that end, the scientific literature was reviewed using an on-line database, and the most commonly reported effects were summarized in tabular format. The resultant table should serve as a practical guide for research scientists and clinical investigators for the prediction and interpretation of adverse side effects associated with molecules interacting with components of this screening battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lynch
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | - Eric A G Blomme
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Hassanipour M, Shirzadian A, Boojar MMA, Abkhoo A, Abkhoo A, Delazar S, Amiri S, Rahimi N, Ostadhadi S, Dehpour AR. Possible involvement of nitrergic and opioidergic systems in the modulatory effect of acute chloroquine treatment on pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in mice. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Efficacy and Safety of Opioids for the Prevention of Etomidate-Induced Myoclonus: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Ther 2016; 25:e517-e523. [PMID: 26840341 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Etomidate is a widely used hypnotic drug for induction of general anesthesia and sedation, especially in elderly patients and hemodynamically unstable patients. Myoclonus, however, is the most prominent problem during induction of anesthesia with etomidate. Many agents have been used to prevent it and opioid is one of them. This meta-analysis was to evaluate effects of opioids pretreatment for preventing etomidate-induced myoclonus. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases and published studies in English updated to September 2015. Randomized controlled trials of opioids versus placebo/control in patients were included. We evaluated the prophylactic effect of opioids on etomidate-induced myoclonus. All statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Nine randomized controlled trials involving 604 participants were included. The results indicated that compared with placebo/control, opioids allow more patients to experience no myoclonic movements after etomidate injection [risk ratio (RR) 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75-4.37, P < 0.0001]. The numbers of patients with mild myoclonus [(RR) 0.53, 95% (CI) 0.36-0.78, P = 0.001], moderate myoclonus [(RR) 0.36, 95% (CI) 0.23-0.55, P < 0.00001], and severe myoclonus [(RR) 0.20, 95% (CI) 0.08-0.52, P = 0.0009] after etomidate injection were significantly decreased with the pretreatment of opioids. This meta-analysis suggests that pretreatment with opioids before injecting etomidate was effective for preventing etomidate-induced myoclonus and can reduce the intensity of myoclonus without any adverse effects.
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Amini-Khoei H, Rahimi-Balaei M, Amiri S, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hassanipour M, Shirzadian A, Gooshe M, Alijanpour S, Mehr SE, Dehpour AR. Morphine modulates the effects of histamine H1 and H3 receptors on seizure susceptibility in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Moezi L, Akbarian R, Niknahad H, Shafaroodi H. The interaction of adenosine and morphine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:1-8. [PMID: 23624288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine agonists or low doses of morphine exert anti-convulsant effects in different models of seizures. On the other hand, a tight interaction has been reported between morphine and adenosine in various paradigms. This study investigated the effect of the interaction of adenosine and morphine on seizure susceptibility in the intravenous mouse model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced clonic seizures. The researchers used acute systemic administration of morphine, N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) (a selective A1 receptor agonist), naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) and 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (8-CPT) (a selective A1 receptor antagonist). Acute administration of morphine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) or CHA (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) raised the threshold of seizures induced by PTZ. Non-effective dose of 8-CPT (2 mg/kg) inhibited the anticonvulsant effects of CHA (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Combination of sub-effective doses of morphine (0.125 mg/kg) and CHA (0.125 mg/kg) increased clonic seizure latency showing the additive effect of morphine and CHA. The enhanced latency induced by combination of low doses of morphine and CHA completely reversed by 8-CPT (2 mg/kg) or naltrexone (1 mg/kg). Moreover, 8-CPT (2 mg/kg) inhibited anticonvulsant effects of morphine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and naltrexone (1 mg/kg) inhibited anticonvulsant effects of CHA (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Combination of low doses of 8-CPT (1 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.5 mg/kg) inhibited the anticonvulsant effect of CHA (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). In conclusion, adenosine and morphine exhibit an additive effect on the enhancement of the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice, probably through A1 or μ receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Moezi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Gholami M, Saboory E. Morphine exposure induces age-dependent alterations in pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptic behaviors in prepubertal rats. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 55:881-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; University of Urmia; Urmia Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center; Urmia University of Medical Sciences; Urmia Iran
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18
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Feng Y, He X, Yang Y, Chao D, Lazarus LH, Xia Y. Current research on opioid receptor function. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:230-46. [PMID: 22204322 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799201612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent studies have generated fresh insights into opioid receptor-mediated functions and their underlying mechanisms. Three major opioid receptors (μ-opioid receptor, MOR; δ-opioid receptor, DOR; and κ-opioid receptor, KOR) have been cloned in many species. Each opioid receptor is functionally sub-classified into several pharmacological subtypes, although, specific gene corresponding each of these receptor subtypes is still unidentified as only a single gene has been isolated for each opioid receptor. In addition to pain modulation and addiction, opioid receptors are widely involved in various physiological and pathophysiological activities, including the regulation of membrane ionic homeostasis, cell proliferation, emotional response, epileptic seizures, immune function, feeding, obesity, respiratory and cardiovascular control as well as some neurodegenerative disorders. In some species, they play an essential role in hibernation. One of the most exciting findings of the past decade is the opioid-receptor, especially DOR, mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection. The upregulation of DOR expression and DOR activation increase the neuronal tolerance to hypoxic/ischemic stress. The DOR signal triggers (depending on stress duration and severity) different mechanisms at multiple levels to preserve neuronal survival, including the stabilization of homeostasis and increased pro-survival signaling (e.g., PKC-ERK-Bcl 2) and antioxidative capacity. In the heart, PKC and KATP channels are involved in the opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection. The DOR-mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection have the potential to significantly alter the clinical pharmacology in terms of prevention and treatment of life-threatening conditions like stroke and myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this article is to review the recent work done on opioids and their receptor functions. It shall provide an informative reference for better understanding the opioid system and further elucidation of the opioid receptor function from a physiological and pharmacological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Montaser-Kouhsari L, Payandemehr B, Gholipour T, Ziai P, Nabavizadeh P, Ghasemi A, Bahremand A, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. A role for opioid system in the proconvulsant effects of sildenafil on the pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizure in mice. Seizure 2011; 20:409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Sauriyal DS, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Extending pharmacological spectrum of opioids beyond analgesia: multifunctional aspects in different pathophysiological states. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:175-88. [PMID: 21208657 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are well known to exert potent central analgesic actions. In recent years, the numerous studies have unfolded the critical role of opioids in the pathophysiology of various diseases as well as in biological phenomenon of therapeutic interest. The endogenous ligands of opioid receptors are derived from three independent genes and their appropriate processing yields the major representative opioid peptides beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin and dynorphin, respectively. These peptides and their derivatives exhibit different affinity and selectivity for the mu-, delta- and kappa-receptors located on the central and the peripheral neurons, neuroendocrine, immune, and mucosal cells and on many other organ systems. The present review article highlights the role of these peptides in central nervous system disorders such as depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and stress; gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, postoperative ileus, ulceration, and irritable bowel syndrome; immune system and related inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; and others including respiratory, alcoholism and obesity/binge eating. Furthermore, the key role of opioids in different forms of pre- and post-conditioning including ischemic and pharmacological along with in remote preconditioning has also been described.
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Abstract
To find appropriate and effective treatment options for chronic pain syndromes is a challenging task. Multimodal treatment approach has been gaining acceptance for chronic pain. However, combining treatments, such as acupuncture, with rational pharmacology is still in its infancy. Acupuncture influences the opioid and cannabinoid system through releasing endogenous receptor ligands. Low dose naltrexone also acts on both these systems, and upregulates the opioid and cannabinoid receptors. The authors hypothesise that low dose naltrexone could enhance the pain-relieving effect of acupuncture.
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Ghasemi M, Shafaroodi H, Nazarbeiki S, Meskar H, Ghasemi A, Bahremand A, Ziai P, Dehpour AR. Inhibition of NMDA receptor/NO signaling blocked tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Epilepsy Res 2010; 91:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Biphasic effect of a primary tumor on the growth of secondary tumor implants. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1605-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Roshanpour M, Ghasemi M, Riazi K, Rafiei-Tabatabaei N, Ghahremani MH, Dehpour AR. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of morphine in mice: Blockage by ultra-low dose naltrexone. Epilepsy Res 2009; 83:261-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Hormesis and Pharmacology. Pharmacology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-369521-5.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Abstract
Evidence is presented which supports the conclusion that the hormetic dose-response model is the most common and fundamental in the biological and biomedical sciences, being highly generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class and physical agent. The paper provides a broad spectrum of applications of the hormesis concept for clinical medicine including anxiety, seizure, memory, stroke, cancer chemotherapy, dermatological processes such as hair growth, osteoporosis, ocular diseases, including retinal detachment, statin effects on cardiovascular function and tumour development, benign prostate enlargement, male sexual behaviours/dysfunctions, and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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27
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Voss LJ, Sleigh JW, Barnard JPM, Kirsch HE. The Howling Cortex: Seizures and General Anesthetic Drugs. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1689-703. [PMID: 18931234 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181852595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Calabrese EJ. Modulation of the Epileptic Seizure Threshold: Implications of Biphasic Dose Responses. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:543-56. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802014261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Calabrese EJ. An Assessment of Anxiolytic Drug Screening Tests: Hormetic Dose Responses Predominate. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:489-542. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440802014238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Bahremand A, Shafaroodi H, Ghasemi M, Nasrabady SE, Gholizadeh S, Dehpour AR. The cannabinoid anticonvulsant effect on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure is potentiated by ultra-low dose naltrexone in mice. Epilepsy Res 2008; 81:44-51. [PMID: 18502613 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid compounds are anticonvulsant since they have inhibitory effects at micromolar doses, which are mediated by activated receptors coupling to G(i/o) proteins. Surprisingly, both the analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of opioids are enhanced by ultra-low doses (nanomolar to picomolar) of the opioid antagonist naltrexone and as opioid and cannabinoid systems interact, it has been shown that ultra-low dose naltrexone also enhances cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Thus, concerning the seizure modulating properties of both classes of receptors this study investigated whether the ultra-low dose opioid antagonist naltrexone influences cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects. The clonic seizure threshold was tested in separate groups of male NMRI mice following injection of vehicle, the cannabinoid selective agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) and ultra-low doses of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone and a combination of ACEA and naltrexone doses in a model of clonic seizure induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Systemic injection of ultra-low doses of naltrexone (1pg/kg to 1ng/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of ACEA (1mg/kg, i.p.). Moreover, the very low dose of naltrexone (500pg/kg) unmasked a strong anticonvulsant effect for very low doses of ACEA (10 and 100microg/kg). A similar potentiation by naltrexone (500pg/kg) of anticonvulsant effects of non-effective dose of ACEA (1mg/kg) was also observed in the generalized tonic-clonic model of seizure. The present data indicate that the interaction between opioid and cannabinoid systems extends to ultra-low dose levels and ultra-low doses of opioid receptor antagonist in conjunction with very low doses of cannabinoids may provide a potent strategy to modulate seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Saboory E, Derchansky M, Ismaili M, Jahromi SS, Brull R, Carlen PL, El Beheiry H. Mechanisms of Morphine Enhancement of Spontaneous Seizure Activity. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1729-35, table of contents. [PMID: 18042875 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000287675.15225.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Gholizadeh S, Shafaroodi H, Ghasemi M, Bahremand A, Sharifzadeh M, Dehpour AR. Ultra-low dose cannabinoid antagonist AM251 enhances cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:763-70. [PMID: 17870135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that cannabinoid compounds are anticonvulsant since they have inhibitory effects at micromolar doses, which are mediated by activated receptors coupling to Gi/o proteins. Surprisingly, both the analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of opioids are enhanced by ultra-low doses (nanomolar to picomolar) of the opioid antagonist naltrexone and as opioid and cannabinoid systems interact, it has been shown that ultra-low dose naltrexone also enhances cannabinoid-induced antinociception. However, regarding the seizure modulating properties of both classes of receptors this study investigated whether ultra-low dose cannabinoid antagonist AM251 influences cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects. The clonic seizure threshold (CST) was tested in separate groups of male NMRI mice following injection of vehicle, the cannabinoid selective agonist arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA) and ultra-low doses of the cannabinoid CB1 antagonist AM251 and a combination of ACEA and AM251 doses in a model of clonic seizure induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Systemic administration of ultra-low doses of AM251 (10 fg/kg-100 ng/kg) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant effect of ACEA at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. Moreover, inhibition of cannabinoid induced excitatory signaling by AM251 (100 pg/kg) unmasked a strong anticonvulsant effect for very low doses of ACEA (100 ng/kg-100 microg/kg), suggesting that a presumed inhibitory component of cannabinoid receptor signaling can exert strong seizure-protective effects even at very low levels of cannabinoid receptor activation. A similar potentiation by AM251 (100 pg/kg and 1 ng/kg) of anticonvulsant effects of non-effective dose of ACEA (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) was also observed in the generalized tonic-clonic model of seizure. The present data suggest that ultra-low doses of cannabinoid receptor antagonists may provide a potent strategy to modulate seizure susceptibility, especially in conjunction with very low doses of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Riazi K, Roshanpour M, Rafiei-Tabatabaei N, Homayoun H, Ebrahimi F, Dehpour AR. The proconvulsant effect of sildenafil in mice: role of nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 147:935-43. [PMID: 16474413 PMCID: PMC1760711 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that sildenafil may exert some central effects through enhancement of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated effects. NO is known to have modulatory effects on seizure threshold, raising the possibility that sildenafil may alter seizure susceptibility through NO-mediated mechanisms. This study was performed to examine whether sildenafil influences the threshold of clonic and/or generalized tonic seizures through modulation of nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway. The effect of sildenafil (1-40 mg kg(-1)) was investigated on clonic seizures induced by intravenous administration of GABA antagonists pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and bicuculine and on generalized tonic seizures induced by intraperitoneal administration of high dose PTZ in male Swiss mice. The interaction of sildenafil-induced effects with NO-cGMP pathway was examined using nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), NOS substrate L-arginine, NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and guanylyl cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (MB). Sildenafil induced a dose-dependent proconvulsant effect in both models of clonic, but not generalized tonic type of seizures. Pretreatment with either MB or L-NAME inhibited the proconvulsant effect of sildenafil, indicating the mediation of this effect by NO-cGMP pathway. In addition, a subeffective dose of sildenafil induced an additive proconvulsant effect when combined with either L-arginine or SNP. Sildenafil induces a proconvulsant effect on clonic seizure threshold that interacts with both exogenously and endogenously released NO and may be linked to activation of NO-cGMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Riazi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Roshanpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Rafiei-Tabatabaei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houman Homayoun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Author for correspondence:
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Sabelnikov A, Zhukov V, Kempf CR. Airborne exposure limits for chemical and biological warfare agents: is everything set and clear? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2006; 16:241-53. [PMID: 16854669 DOI: 10.1080/09603120600734105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Emergency response strategies (guidelines) for biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological terrorist events should be based on scientifically established exposure limits for all the agents or materials involved. In the case of a radiological terrorist event, emergency response guidelines (ERG) have been worked out. In the case of a terrorist event with the use of chemical warfare (CW) agents the situation is not that clear, though the new guidelines and clean-up values are being generated based on re-evaluation of toxicological and risk data. For biological warfare (BW) agents, such guidelines do not yet exist. In this paper the current status of airborne exposure limits (AELs) for chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agents are reviewed. Particular emphasis is put on BW agents that lack such data. An efficient, temporary solution to bridge the gap in experimental infectious data and to set provisional AELs for BW agents is suggested. It is based on mathematically generated risks of infection for BW agents grouped by their alleged ID50 values in three categories: with low, intermediate and high ID50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sabelnikov
- Center for Security Studies and Research, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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Abstract
This paper is the 27th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over 30 years of research. It summarizes papers published during 2004 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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