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Broncel A, Bocian R, Konopacki J. Vagal Nerve Stimulation: The Effect on the Brain Oscillatory Field Potential. Neuroscience 2021; 483:127-138. [PMID: 34952159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
More than thirty years of medical treatment with the use of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has shown that this therapeutic procedure works in a number of homeostatic disturbances. Although the clinical usage of VNS has a long history, our knowledge about the central mechanisms underlying this treatment is still limited. In the present paper we review the effects of VNS on brain oscillations as a possible electrophysiological bio-marker of VNS efficacy. The review was prepared mainly on the basis of data delivered from clinical observations and the outcomes of electrophysiological experiments conducted on laboratory animals that are available in PubMed. We consciously did not focus on epileptiform activity understood as a pathologic oscillatory activity, which was widely discussed in the numerous previously published reviews. The main conclusion of the present paper is that further, well-designed experiments on laboratory animals are absolutely necessary to address the electrophysiological issues. These will fill a number of gaps in our present knowledge of the central mechanisms underlying VNS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Broncel
- Medical Technology Centre, Natolin 15, 92-701 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Renata Bocian
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Lodz, Pomorska St. No. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Konopacki
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Lodz, Pomorska St. No. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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2
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da Silva Fiorin F, de Araújo E Silva M, Rodrigues AC. Electrical stimulation in animal models of epilepsy: A review on cellular and electrophysiological aspects. Life Sci 2021; 285:119972. [PMID: 34560081 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating condition, primarily refractory individuals, leading to the search for new efficient therapies. Electrical stimulation is an important method used for years to treat several neurological disorders. Currently, electrical stimulation is used to reduce epileptic crisis in patients and shows promising results. Even though the use of electricity to treat neurological disorders has grown worldwide, there are still many caveats that must be clarified, such as action mechanisms and more efficient stimulation treatment parameters. Thus, this review aimed to explore the comprehension of the main stimulation methods in animal models of epilepsy using rodents to develop new experimental protocols and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Brazil.
| | - Mariane de Araújo E Silva
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Brazil
| | - Abner Cardoso Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Brazil
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Dibué-Adjei M, Kamp MA, Vonck K. 30 years of vagus nerve stimulation trials in epilepsy: Do we need neuromodulation-specific trial designs? Epilepsy Res 2019; 153:71-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yaghouby F, Shafer B, Vasudevan S. A rodent model for long-term vagus nerve stimulation experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/bem-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Investigations into the benefits of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) using rodents have led to promising findings for treating clinical disorders. However, the majority of research has been limited to acute timelines. We developed a rodent model for longitudinal assessment of VNS and validated it with a long-term experiment incorporating continuous physiological monitoring. While the primary aim was not to investigate the effects of VNS on the cardiovascular system, we analyzed cardiovascular parameters to demonstrate the model's capabilities in a long-term stimulation-and-recording setup. Materials & methods: Rats were implanted with a cuff electrode around the cervical vagus nerve and electrocardiogram monitoring devices were implanted in the peritoneal cavity. We also designed a connector mount for seamless access to the cuff electrode for VNS in awake-behaving rats. Results & conclusion: Results signified easy-to-interface VNS system, electrode robustness and discernible physiological signals in a long-term setup. Analysis of the cardiovascular parameters revealed some transient effects during VNS. Our proposed model enables long-term VNS experiments along with physiological monitoring in unanesthetized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Yaghouby
- US Food & Drug Administration, Center for Devices & Radiological Health (CDRH), Office of Science & Engineering Laboratory (OSEL), Division of Biomedical Physics (DBP), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Benjamin Shafer
- US Food & Drug Administration, Center for Devices & Radiological Health (CDRH), Office of Science & Engineering Laboratory (OSEL), Division of Biomedical Physics (DBP), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Srikanth Vasudevan
- US Food & Drug Administration, Center for Devices & Radiological Health (CDRH), Office of Science & Engineering Laboratory (OSEL), Division of Biomedical Physics (DBP), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Cavarsan CF, Malheiros J, Hamani C, Najm I, Covolan L. Is Mossy Fiber Sprouting a Potential Therapeutic Target for Epilepsy? Front Neurol 2018; 9:1023. [PMID: 30555406 PMCID: PMC6284045 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) caused by hippocampal sclerosis is one of the most frequent focal epilepsies in adults. It is characterized by focal seizures that begin in the hippocampus, sometimes spread to the insulo-perisylvian regions and may progress to secondary generalized seizures. Morphological alterations in hippocampal sclerosis are well defined. Among them, hippocampal sclerosis is characterized by prominent cell loss in the hilus and CA1, and abnormal mossy fiber sprouting (granular cell axons) into the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer. In this review, we highlight the role of mossy fiber sprouting in seizure generation and hippocampal excitability and discuss the response of alternative treatment strategies in terms of MFS and spontaneous recurrent seizures in models of TLE (temporal lobe epilepsy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa F Cavarsan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Malheiros
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imad Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Pelot NA, Grill WM. Effects of vagal neuromodulation on feeding behavior. Brain Res 2018; 1693:180-187. [PMID: 29425906 PMCID: PMC6003853 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Implanted vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for obesity was recently approved by the FDA. However, its efficacy and mechanisms of action remain unclear. Herein, we synthesize clinical and preclinical effects of VNS on feeding behavior and energy balance and discuss engineering considerations for understanding and improving the therapy. Clinical cervical VNS (≤30 Hz) to treat epilepsy or depression has produced mixed effects on weight loss as a side effect, albeit in uncontrolled, retrospective studies. Conversely, preclinical studies (cervical and subdiaphragmatic VNS) mostly report decreased food intake and either decreased weight gain or weight loss. More recent clinical studies report weight loss in response to kilohertz frequency VNS applied to the subdiaphragmatic vagi, albeit with a large placebo effect. Rather than eliciting neural activity, this therapy putatively blocks conduction in the vagus nerves. Overall, stimulation parameters lack systematic exploration, optimization, and justification based on target nerve fibers and therapeutic outcomes. The vagus nerve transduces, transmits, and integrates important neural (efferent and afferent), humoral, energetic, and inflammatory information between the gut and brain. Thus, improved understanding of the biophysics, electrophysiology, and (patho)physiology has the potential to advance VNS as an effective therapy for a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Room 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Room 130, Hudson Hall, Campus Box 90291, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Room 101B, Bryan Research Building, 311 Research Drive, Campus Box 3209, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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7
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Safi S, Ellrich J, Neuhuber W. Myelinated Axons in the Auricular Branch of the Human Vagus Nerve. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1184-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Safi
- Institute of Anatomy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Ellrich
- Sapiens Steering Brain Stimulation GmbH; Erlangen Germany
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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Fisher RS, Eggleston KS, Wright CW. Vagus nerve stimulation magnet activation for seizures: a critical review. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:1-8. [PMID: 25145652 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some patients receiving VNS Therapy report benefit from manually activating the generator with a handheld magnet at the time of a seizure. A review of 20 studies comprising 859 subjects identified patients who reported on-demand magnet mode stimulation to be beneficial. Benefit was reported in a weighted average of 45% of patients (range 0-89%) using the magnet, with seizure cessation claimed in a weighted average of 28% (range 15-67%). In addition to seizure termination, patients sometimes reported decreased intensity or duration of seizures or the post-ictal period. One study reported an isolated instance of worsening with magnet stimulation (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 157, 2003 and 560). All of the reviewed studies assessed adjunctive magnet use. No studies were designed to provide Level I evidence of efficacy of magnet-induced stimulation. Retrospective analysis of one pivotal randomized trial of VNS therapy showed significantly more seizures terminated or improved in the active stimulation group vs the control group. Prospective, controlled studies would be required to isolate the effect and benefit of magnet mode stimulation and to document that the magnet-induced stimulation is the proximate cause of seizure reduction. Manual application of the magnet to initiate stimulation is not always practical because many patients are immobilized or unaware of their seizures, asleep or not in reach of the magnet. Algorithms based on changes in heart rate at or near the onset of the seizure provide a methodology for automated responsive stimulation. Because literature indicates additional benefits from on-demand magnet mode stimulation, a potential role exists for automatic activation of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Fisher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
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Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on electrical kindling in different stages of seizure severity in freely moving cats. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vijgen GHEJ, Bouvy ND, Leenen L, Rijkers K, Cornips E, Majoie M, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Vagus nerve stimulation increases energy expenditure: relation to brown adipose tissue activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77221. [PMID: 24194874 PMCID: PMC3806746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is inversely related to obesity and positively related to energy expenditure. BAT is highly innervated and it is suggested the vagus nerve mediates peripheral signals to the central nervous system, there connecting to sympathetic nerves that innervate BAT. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used for refractory epilepsy, but is also reported to generate weight loss. We hypothesize VNS increases energy expenditure by activating BAT. METHODS AND FINDINGS Fifteen patients with stable vns therapy (age: 45 ± 10 yrs; body mass index; 25.2 ± 3.5 kg/m(2)) were included between January 2011 and June 2012. Ten subjects were measured twice, once with active and once with inactivated VNS. Five other subjects were measured twice, once with active VNS at room temperature and once with active VNS under cold exposure in order to determine maximal cold-induced BAT activity. BAT activity was assessed by 18-Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose-Positron-Emission-Tomography-and-Computed-Tomography. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was significantly higher when VNS was turned on (mean change; +2.2%). Mean BAT activity was not significantly different between active VNS and inactive VNS (BAT SUV(Mean); 0.55 ± 0.25 versus 0.67 ± 0.46, P = 0.619). However, the change in energy expenditure upon VNS intervention (On-Off) was significantly correlated to the change in BAT activity (r = 0.935, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS VNS significantly increases energy expenditure. The observed change in energy expenditure was significantly related to the change in BAT activity. This suggests a role for BAT in the VNS increase in energy expenditure. Chronic VNS may have a beneficial effect on the human energy balance that has potential application for weight management therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered in the Clinical Trial Register under the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01491282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Leenen
- Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Cornips
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Majoie
- Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rocha L. Interaction between electrical modulation of the brain and pharmacotherapy to control pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:211-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits seizure activity and protects blood–brain barrier integrity in kindled rats with cortical dysplasia. Life Sci 2013; 92:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang X, Cao B, Yan N, Liu J, Wang J, Tung VOV, Li Y. RETRACTED: Vagus nerve stimulation modulates visceral pain-related affective memory. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Rat vagus nerve stimulation model of seizure suppression: nNOS and ΔFos B changes in the brainstem. J Chem Neuroanat 2012; 46:1-9. [PMID: 23022956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a moderately effective treatment for intractable epilepsy. However, the mechanism of action is poorly understood. The effect of left VNS in amygdala kindled rats was investigated by studying changes in nNOS and ΔFos B expression in primary and secondary vagus nerve projection nuclei: the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV), parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and locus coeruleus (LC). Rats were fully kindled by stimulation of the amygdala. Subsequently, when the fully kindled state was reached and then maintained for ten days, rats received a single 3-min train of VNS starting 1min prior to the kindling stimulus and lasting for 2min afterwards. In control animals the vagus nerve was not stimulated. Animals were sacrificed 48h later. The brainstems were stained for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and ΔFos B. VNS decreased seizure duration with more than 25% in 21% of rats. No VNS associated changes in nNOS immunoreactivity were observed in the NTS and no changes in ΔFos B were observed in the NTS, PBN, or LC. High nNOS immunopositive cell densities of >300cells/mm(2) were significantly more frequent in the left DMV than in the right (χ(2)(1)=26.2, p<0.01), independent of whether the vagus nerve was stimulated. We conclude that the observed nNOS immunoreactivity in the DMV suggests surgery-induced axonal damage. A 3-min train of VNS in fully kindled rats does not affect ΔFos B expression in primary and secondary projection nuclei of the vagus nerve.
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Alexander GM, McNamara JO. Vagus nerve stimulation elevates seizure threshold in the kindling model. Epilepsia 2012; 53:2043-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Functional recovery and neuronal regeneration of a rat model of epilepsy by transplantation of Hes1-down regulated bone marrow stromal cells. Neuroscience 2012; 212:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Aalbers M, Vles J, Klinkenberg S, Hoogland G, Majoie M, Rijkers K. Animal models for vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:167-75. [PMID: 21565191 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a moderately effective adjunctive treatment for patients suffering from medically refractory epilepsy and is explored as a treatment option for several other disorders. The present review provides a critical appraisal of the studies on VNS in animal models of seizures and epilepsy. So far, these studies mostly applied short-term VNS in seizure models, demonstrating that VNS can suppress and prevent seizures and affect epileptogenesis. However, the mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Moreover, studies with a clinically more relevant setup where VNS is chronically applied in epilepsy models are scarce. Future directions for research and the application of this technology in animal models of epilepsy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlien Aalbers
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sun Z, Baker W, Hiraki T, Greenberg JH. The effect of right vagus nerve stimulation on focal cerebral ischemia: an experimental study in the rat. Brain Stimul 2011; 5:1-10. [PMID: 22037134 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on infarct size after transient and after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats and to test the hypothesis that VNS-induced neuroprotection is due to changes in cerebral blood flow. METHODS Ischemia was produced by either temporary proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion (TMCAO) or permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO). Stimulating electrodes were implanted on the cervical part of the right vagus nerve, and electrical stimulation was initiated 30 minutes after the induction of ischemia and delivered for 30 seconds every 5 minutes for 1 hour. All the procedures were duplicated but no stimulus was delivered in control groups. Cerebral blood flow in the MCA territory was continuously monitored with laser speckle contrast imaging. A neurologic evaluation was undertaken after 24 hours of ischemia, and animals were euthanized and neuronal damage evaluated. RESULTS Ischemic lesion volume was smaller in VNS-treated animals in both the temporary and permanent ischemic groups (P<.01). VNS-treated animals in TMCAO had better functional scores at 24 hours as compared with control animals (P<.01), but there were no statistically significant differences in the neurobehavioral scores in PMCAO (P=.089). Cerebral blood flow changes in the MCA territory during ischemia did not differ between the VNS-treated animals and control animals in either group. CONCLUSIONS VNS offers neuroprotection against stroke in both temporary and permanent ischemia. Although the precise mechanism of this effect remains to be determined, alterations in cerebral blood flow do not appear to play a role. VNS could readily be translated to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6063, USA
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Rijkers K, Aalbers M, Hoogland G, van Winden L, Vles J, Steinbusch H, Majoie M. Acute seizure-suppressing effect of vagus nerve stimulation in the amygdala kindled rat. Brain Res 2010; 1319:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Martínez-Vargas D, Valdés-Cruz A, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM, Almazán-Alvarado S, Fernández-Mas R. Effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve on the development of visual habituation in the cat. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:45-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Polo G, Bouvard S, Le Cavorsin M, Sindou M, Bezin L, Ryvlin P. Efficacité de la stimulation chronique du nerf vague dans le kindling amygdalien par l’intermédiaire de neurotransmission noradrenergique. Neurochirurgie 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2008.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Raedt R, Van Dycke A, Vonck K, Boon P. Cell therapy in models for temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2007; 16:565-78. [PMID: 17566770 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with refractory epilepsy it is important to search for alternative treatments. One of these potential treatments could be introducing new cells or modulating endogenous neurogenesis to reconstruct damaged epileptic circuits or to bring neurotransmitter function back into balance. In this review the scientific basis of these cell therapy strategies is discussed and the results are critically evaluated. Research on cell transplantation strategies has mainly been performed in animal models for temporal lobe epilepsy, in which seizure foci or seizure propagation pathways are targeted. Promising results have been obtained, although there remains a lot of debate about the relevance of the animal models, the appropriate target for transplantation, the suitable cell source and the proper time point for transplantation. From the presented studies it should be evident that transplanted cells can survive and sometimes even integrate in an epileptic brain and in a brain that is subjected to epileptogenic interventions. There is evidence that transplanted cells can partially restore damaged structures and/or release substances that modulate existent or induced hyperexcitability. Even though several studies show encouraging results, more studies need to be done in animal models with spontaneous seizures in order to have a better comparison to the human situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 145, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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