1
|
Park DJ, Kang JB, Koh PO. Epigallocatechin gallate improves neuronal damage in animal model of ischemic stroke and glutamate-exposed neurons via modulation of hippocalcin expression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299042. [PMID: 38427657 PMCID: PMC10906901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic component of green tea that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in neurons. Ischemic stroke is a major neurological disease that causes irreversible brain disorders. It increases the intracellular calcium concentration and induces apoptosis. The regulation of intracellular calcium concentration is important to maintain the function of the nervous system. Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that controls intracellular calcium concentration. We investigated whether EGCG treatment regulates the expression of hippocalcin in stroke animal model and glutamate-induced neuronal damage. We performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce cerebral ischemia. EGCG (50 mg/kg) or phosphate buffered saline was injected into the abdominal cavity just before MCAO surgery. The neurobehavioral tests were performed 24 h after MCAO surgery and cerebral cortex tissue was collected. MCAO damage induced severe neurobehavioral disorders, increased infarct volume, and decreased the expression of hippocalcin in the cerebral cortex. However, EGCG treatment improved these deficits and alleviated the decrease in hippocalcin expression in cerebral cortex. In addition, EGCG dose-dependently alleviated neuronal cell death and intracellular calcium overload in glutamate-exposed neurons. Glutamate exposure reduced hippocalcin expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression, and increased Bax expression. However, EGCG treatment mitigated these changes caused by glutamate toxicity. EGCG also attenuated the increase in caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 expressions caused by glutamate exposure. The effect of EGCG was more pronounced in non-transfected cells than in hippocalcin siRNA-transfected cells. These findings demonstrate that EGCG protects neurons against glutamate toxicity through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-3. It is known that hippocalcin exerts anti-apoptotic effect through the modulation of apoptotic pathway. Thus, we can suggest evidence that EGCG has a neuroprotective effect by regulating hippocalcin expression in ischemic brain damage and glutamate-exposed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tamnanloo F, Ochoa-Sanchez R, Oliveira MM, Lima C, Lépine M, Dubois K, Bosoi C, Tremblay M, Sleno L, Rose CF. Multiple ammonia-induced episodes of hepatic encephalopathy provoke neuronal cell loss in bile-duct ligated rats. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100904. [PMID: 37942225 PMCID: PMC10628859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is defined as a reversible syndrome and therefore should resolve following liver transplantation (LT). However, neurological complications have been reported in up to 47% of LT recipients, which have been documented to be associated with a history of overt HE pre-LT. We hypothesise that multiple episodes of HE lead to permanent cell injury and exacerbate neurological dysfunction. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of cumulative HE episodes on neurological status and brain integrity in rats with chronic liver disease. Methods Episodes of overt HE (loss of righting reflex) were induced following injection of ammonium acetate in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats (BDL-Ammonia) every 4 days starting at week 3 post-BDL. Neurobehaviour was evaluated after the last episode. Upon sacrifice, plasma ammonia, systemic oxidative stress, and inflammation markers were assessed. Neuronal markers including neuron-specific nuclear antigen and SMI311 (anti-neurofilament marker) and apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2) were measured. Total antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress marker (4-hydroxynonenal), and proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β) were measured in brain (hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum). Proteomic analysis was conducted in the hippocampus. Results In hippocampus of BDL-Ammonia rats, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio were significantly increased, whereas NeuN and SMI311 were significantly decreased compared with BDL-Vehicle rats. Higher levels of oxidative stress-induced post-translational modified proteins were found in hippocampus of BDL-Ammonia group which were associated with a lower total antioxidant capacity. Conclusions Ammonia-induced episodes of overt HE caused neuronal cell injury/death in BDL rats. These results suggest that multiple bouts of HE can be detrimental on the integrity of the brain, translating to irreversibility and hence neurological complications post-LT. Impact and implications Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is defined as a reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome resolving following liver transplantation (LT); however, ∼47% of patients demonstrate neurological impairments after LT, which are associated with a previous history of overt HE pre-LT. Our study indicates that multiple episodes of overt HE can cause permanent neuronal damage which may lead to neurological complications after LT. Nevertheless, preventing the occurrence of overt HE episodes is critical for reducing the risk of irreversible neuronal injury in patients with cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Tamnanloo
- Hepato-Neuro Lab, CRCHUM, Montréal, Canada
- Medicine Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Carina Lima
- Chemistry Department/CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maggy Lépine
- Chemistry Department/CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department/CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christopher F. Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Lab, CRCHUM, Montréal, Canada
- Medicine Department, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Masuo Y, Satou T, Takemoto H, Koike K. Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092571. [PMID: 33924992 PMCID: PMC8124235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress-suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. The transfer of volatile components into the brain is also discussed while using the results of thyme linalool as an example. These studies may provide a good opportunity to connect chemical research at the molecular level with neuropharmacological approaches in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masuo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257
| | - Tadaaki Satou
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; (H.T.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park DJ, Jeon SJ, Kang JB, Koh PO. Quercetin Reduces Ischemic Brain Injury by Preventing Ischemia-induced Decreases in the Neuronal Calcium Sensor Protein Hippocalcin. Neuroscience 2020; 430:47-62. [PMID: 31982469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium acts as a second messenger that mediates physiologic functions, such as metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that regulates intracellular calcium concentration. Moreover, it prevents neuronal cell death from oxidative stress. Quercetin has excellent antioxidant properties and preventative effects. We studied modulation of hippocalcin expression by quercetin treatment in cerebral ischemic injury and glutamate-induced neuronal cell damage. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with vehicle or quercetin (10 mg/kg) 1 h prior to pMCAO, and cerebral cortical tissues were isolated 24 h after pMCAO. Quercetin improved pMCAO-induced neuronal movement deficit and infarction. pMCAO induced a decrease in hippocalcin expression in the cerebral cortex. However, quercetin treatment attenuated this pMCAO-induced decrease. In cultured hippocampal cells, glutamate excitotoxicity dramatically increased the intracellular calcium concentration, whereas quercetin alleviated intracellular calcium overload. Moreover, Western blot and immunocytochemical studies showed reduction of hippocalcin expression in glutamate-exposed cells. Quercetin prevented this glutamate-induced decrease. Furthermore, caspase-3 expression in hippocalcin siRNA transfection conditions is higher than caspase-3 expression in un-transfection conditions. Quercetin treatment attenuated the increase of caspase-3. Taken together, these results suggest that quercetin exerts a preventative effect through attenuation of intracellular calcium overload and restoration of down-regulated hippocalcin expression during ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudaero, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park SY, Han JS. Phospholipase D1 Signaling: Essential Roles in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:333-340. [PMID: 29478139 PMCID: PMC5874277 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is generally accepted as playing an important role in the regulation of multiple cell functions, such as cell growth, survival, differentiation, membrane trafficking, and cytoskeletal organization. Recent findings suggest that PLD1 also plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal differentiation of neuronal cells. Moreover, PLD1-mediated signaling molecules dynamically regulate the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Rho family GTPases and Ca2+-dependent signaling, in particular, are closely involved in PLD1-mediated neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Moreover, PLD1 has a significant effect on the neurogenesis of NSCs via the regulation of SHP-1/STAT3 activation. Therefore, PLD1 has now attracted significant attention as an essential neuronal signaling molecule in the nervous system. In the current review, we summarize recent findings on the regulation of PLD1 in neuronal differentiation and discuss the potential role of PLD1 in the neurogenesis of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park SY, Yoon SN, Kang MJ, Lee Y, Jung SJ, Han JS. Hippocalcin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation and Inhibits Astrocytic Differentiation in Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 8:95-111. [PMID: 28017654 PMCID: PMC5233403 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocalcin (HPCA) is a calcium-binding protein that is restricted to nervous tissue and contributes to neuronal activity. Here we report that, in addition to inducing neurogenesis, HPCA inhibits astrocytic differentiation of neural stem cells. It promotes neurogenesis by regulating protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activation by translocating to the membrane and binding to phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), which induces PKCα phosphorylation. We also found that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is implicated in the HPCA-mediated neurogenesis pathway; this enzyme promotes dephosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3[Y705]), which is necessary for astrocytic differentiation. Moreover, we found that the SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) acts upstream of STAT3. Importantly, this SHP-1-dependent STAT3-inhibitory mechanism is closely involved in neurogenesis and suppression of gliogenesis by HPCA. Taken together, these observations suggest that HPCA promotes neuronal differentiation through activation of the PKCα/PLD1 cascade followed by activation of SHP-1, which dephosphorylates STAT3(Y705), leading to inhibition of astrocytic differentiation. Hippocalcin is required for neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells PKCα/PLD1 activation is required for hippocalcin-mediated neuronal differentiation Blocking of STAT3(Y705) activity by hippocalcin decreases astrocytic differentiation Hippocalcin promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting gliogenesis in neural stem cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Nyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - YunYoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Zha J, Wang Z. Brain quantitative proteomic responses reveal new insight of benzotriazole neurotoxicity in female Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 181:67-75. [PMID: 27816759 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BT) is a high-production volume chemical which has been ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. Although adverse effects from acute and chronic exposure to BT have been reported, the neurotoxic effect of BT and the mechanisms of toxicity are not well documented. In this study, adult female Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.05, 0.5, and 5mg/L BT for 28days. The brain proteome showed that BT exposure mainly involved in metabolic process, signal transduction, stress response, cytoskeleton, and transport. Pathway analysis revealed that cellular processes affected by BT included cellular respiration, G-protein signal cascades, Ca2+-dependent signaling, cell cycle and apoptosis. Moreover, data on relative mRNA levels demonstrated that genes related to these toxic pathways were also significantly affected by BT. Furthermore, proteins affected by BT such as CKBB, GS, HPCA, VDAC1, and FLOT1A are associated with neurological disorders. Therefore, our finding suggested that BT induced molecular responses in the brain and could provide new insight into BT neurotoxicity in Chinese rare minnow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choi HS, Lee CH. Time-course changes of hippocalcin expression in the mouse hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:137-44. [PMID: 26435544 PMCID: PMC4921661 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocalcin participates in the maintenance of neuronal calcium homeostasis. In the present study, we examined the time-course changes of neuronal degeneration and hippocalcin protein level in the mouse hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Marked neuronal degeneration was observed in the hippocampus after SE in a time-dependent manner, although neuronal degeneration differed according to the hippocampal subregions. Almost no hippocalcin immunoreactivity was detected in the pyramidal neurons of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region from 6 h after SE. However, many pyramidal neurons in the CA2 region showed hippocalcin immunoreactivity until 24 h after SE. In the CA3 region, only a few hippocalcin immunoreactive cells were observed at 12 h after SE, and almost no hippocalcin immunoreactivity was observed in the pyramidal neurons from 24 h after SE. Hippocalcin immunoreactivity in the polymorphic cells of the dentate gyrus was markedly decreased from 6 h after SE. In addition, hippocalcin protein level in the hippocampus began to decrease from 6 h after SE, and was significantly decreased at 24 h and 48 h after pilocarpine-induced SE. These results indicate that marked reduction of hippocalcin level may be closely related to neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced SE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han L, Tian R, Yan H, Pei L, Hou Z, Hao S, Li YV, Tian Q, Liu B, Zhang Q. Hydrogen-rich water protects against ischemic brain injury in rats by regulating calcium buffering proteins. Brain Res 2015; 1615:129-138. [PMID: 25920370 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has anti-oxidant activities, and it exerts neuroprotective effects during ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Parvalbumin and hippocalcin are two calcium buffering proteins, which are involved in neuronal differentiation, maturation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HRW could moderate parvalbumin and hippocalcin expression during ischemic brain injury and glutamate toxicity-induced neuronal cell death. Focal brain ischemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were treated with H2O or HRW (6 ml/kg per rat) before and after MCAO, and cerebral cortical tissues were collected 1, 7 and 14 days after MCAO. Based on our results, HRW treatment was able to reduce brain infarct volume and improve neurological function following ischemic brain injury. In addition, HRW prevented the ischemia-induced reduction of parvalbumin and hippocalcin levels in vivo and also reduced the glutamate toxicity-induced death of neurons, including the dose-dependent reduction of glutamate toxicity-associated proteins in vitro. Moreover, HRW attenuated the glutamate toxicity-induced elevate in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. All these results suggest that HRW could protect against ischemic brain injury and that the maintenance of parvalbumin and hippocalcin levels by HRW during ischemic brain injury might contribute to the neuroprotective effects against neuron damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Runfa Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili 6, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Zonggang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili 6, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili 6, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yang V Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China; Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili 6, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100050, PR China; Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Estradiol alleviates the ischemic brain injury-induced decrease of neuronal calcium sensor protein hippocalcin. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
11
|
Francelle L, Galvan L, Brouillet E. Possible involvement of self-defense mechanisms in the preferential vulnerability of the striatum in Huntington's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:295. [PMID: 25309327 PMCID: PMC4176035 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HD is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene that consists in a CAG repeat expansion translated into an abnormal poly-glutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. The most striking neuropathological finding in HD is the atrophy of the striatum. The regional expression of mutant Htt (mHtt) is ubiquitous in the brain and cannot explain by itself the preferential vulnerability of the striatum in HD. mHtt has been shown to produce an early defect in transcription, through direct alteration of the function of key regulators of transcription and in addition, more indirectly, as a result of compensatory responses to cellular stress. In this review, we focus on gene products that are preferentially expressed in the striatum and have down- or up-regulated expression in HD and, as such, may play a crucial role in the susceptibility of the striatum to mHtt. Many of these striatal gene products are for a vast majority down-regulated and more rarely increased in HD. Recent research shows that some of these striatal markers have a pro-survival/neuroprotective role in neurons (e.g., MSK1, A2A, and CB1 receptors) whereas others enhance the susceptibility of striatal neurons to mHtt (e.g., Rhes, RGS2, D2 receptors). The down-regulation of these latter proteins may be considered as a potential self-defense mechanism to slow degeneration. For a majority of the striatal gene products that have been identified so far, their function in the striatum is unknown and their modifying effects on mHtt toxicity remain to be experimentally addressed. Focusing on these striatal markers may contribute to a better understanding of HD pathogenesis, and possibly the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Francelle
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurie Galvan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JS, Heo RW, Kim H, Yi CO, Shin HJ, Han JW, Roh GS. Salubrinal, ER stress inhibitor, attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal cell death. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1233-43. [PMID: 24728926 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal death is closely linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that mediates the ubiquitination of the Bcl-2 family of proteins and its mutations are associated with neuronal apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the effect of salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor, on the regulation of ER stress and mitochondrial apoptosis induced by KA, in particular, by controlling parkin expression. We showed that salubrinal significantly reduced seizure activity and increased survival rates of mice with KA-induced seizures. We found that salubrinal protected neurons against apoptotic death by reducing expression of mitochondrial apoptotic factors and elF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling proteins. Interestingly, we showed that salubrinal decreased the KA-induced parkin expression and inhibited parkin translocation to mitochondria, which suggests that parkin may regulate a cross-talk between ER and mitochondria. Collectively, inhibition of ER stress attenuates mitochondrial apoptotic and ER stress pathways and controls parkin-mediated neuronal death following KA-induced seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun D, McGinn M, Hankins JE, Mays KM, Rolfe A, Colello RJ. Aging- and injury-related differential apoptotic response in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in rats following brain trauma. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:95. [PMID: 24385964 PMCID: PMC3866524 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly are among the most vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI) with poor functional outcomes and impaired cognitive recovery. Of the pathological changes that occur following TBI, apoptosis is an important contributor to the secondary insults and subsequent morbidity associated with TBI. The current study investigated age-related differences in the apoptotic response to injury, which may represent a mechanistic underpinning of the heightened vulnerability of the aged brain to TBI. This study compared the degree of TBI-induced apoptotic response and changes of several apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of juvenile and aged animals following injury. Juvenile (p28) and aged rats (24 months) were subjected to a moderate fluid percussive injury or sham injury and sacrificed at 2 days post-injury. One group of rats in both ages was sacrificed and brain sections were processed for TUNEL and immunofluorescent labeling to assess the level of apoptosis and to identify cell types which undergo apoptosis. Another group of animals was subjected to proteomic analysis, whereby proteins from the ipsilateral DG were extracted and subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. Histological studies revealed age- and injury-related differences in the number of TUNEL-labeled cells in the DG. In sham animals, juveniles displayed a higher number of TUNEL+ apoptotic cells located primarily in the subgranular zone of the DG as compared to the aged brain. These apoptotic cells expressed the early neuronal marker PSA-NCAM, suggestive of newly generated immature neurons. In contrast, aged rats had a significantly higher number of TUNEL+ cells following TBI than injured juveniles, which were NeuN-positive mature neurons located predominantly in the granule cell layer. Fluorescent triple labeling revealed that microglial cells were closely associated to the apoptotic cells. In concert with these cellular changes, proteomic studies revealed both age-associated and injury-induced changes in the expression levels of three apoptotic-related proteins: hippocalcin, leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein and heat shock protein 27. Taken together, this study revealed distinct apoptotic responses following TBI in the juvenile and aged brain which may contribute to the differential cognitive recovery observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melissa McGinn
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeanette E Hankins
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katherine M Mays
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Rolfe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Raymond J Colello
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bandara S, Malmersjö S, Meyer T. Regulators of calcium homeostasis identified by inference of kinetic model parameters from live single cells perturbed by siRNA. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra56. [PMID: 23838183 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Assigning molecular functions and revealing dynamic connections between large numbers of partially characterized proteins in regulatory networks are challenges in systems biology. We showed that functions of signaling proteins can be discovered with a differential equations model of the underlying signaling process to extract specific molecular parameter values from single-cell, time-course measurements. By analyzing the effects of 250 small interfering RNAs on Ca(2+) signals in single cells over time, we identified parameters that were specifically altered in the Ca(2+) regulatory system. Analysis of the screen confirmed known functions of the Ca(2+) sensors STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) and calmodulin and of Ca(2+) channels and pumps localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or plasma membrane. Furthermore, we showed that the Alzheimer's disease-linked protein presenilin-2 and the channel protein ORAI2 prevented overload of ER Ca(2+) and that feedback from Ca(2+) to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and PLCδ (phospholipase Cδ) may regulate the abundance of the plasma membrane lipid PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to control Ca(2+) extrusion. Thus, functions of signaling proteins and dynamic regulatory connections can be identified by extracting molecular parameter values from single-cell, time-course data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bandara
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kobayashi M, Hamanoue M, Masaki T, Furuta Y, Takamatsu K. Hippocalcin mediates calcium-dependent translocation of brain-type creatine kinase (BB-CK) in hippocampal neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 429:142-7. [PMID: 23142228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hippocalcin (Hpca) is a Ca(2+)-binding protein that is expressed in neurons and contributes to neuronal plasticity. We purified a 48 kDa Hpca-associated protein from rat brain and identified it to be the creatine kinase B (CKB) subunit, which constitutes brain-type creatine kinase (BB-CK). Hpca specifically bound to CKB in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, but not to the muscle-type creatine kinase M subunit. The N-terminal region of Hpca was required for binding to CKB. Hpca mediated Ca(2+)-dependent partial translocation of CKB (approximately 10-15% of total creatine kinase activity) to membranes. N-myristoylation of Hpca was critical for membrane translocation, but not for binding to CKB. In cultured hippocampal neurons, ionomycin treatment led to colocalization of Hpca and CKB adjacent to the plasma membrane. These results indicate that Hpca associates with BB-CK and that together they translocate to membrane compartments in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ohmori-nishi 5-21-16, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Melatonin has anti-oxidant activity and it exerts a neuroprotective effects during ischemic brain injury. Calcium-buffering proteins including parvalbumin and hippocalcin are involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation through calcium signaling. This study investigated whether melatonin moderates parvalbumin and hippocalcin expression in cerebral ischemia and glutamate toxicity-induced neuronal cell death. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or melatonin (5 mg/kg) prior to MCAO, and cerebral cortical tissues were collected 24 hr after MCAO. Parvalbumin and hippocalcin levels were decreased in vehicle-treated animal with MCAO, whereas melatonin prevented the ischemic injury-induced reduction in these proteins. In cultured hippocampal cells, glutamate toxicity decreased parvalbumin and hippocalcin levels, while melatonin treatment prevented the glutamate exposure-induced diminished in these proteins levels. Melatonin also attenuated the glutamate toxicity-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. These results suggest that the maintenance of parvalbumin and hippocalcin levels by melatonin in ischemic injury contributes to the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against neuronal cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lim YA, Giese M, Shepherd C, Halliday G, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu K, Staufenbiel M, Eckert A, Götz J. Role of hippocalcin in mediating Aβ toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1247-57. [PMID: 22542901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau-containing tangles are its histopathological hallmark lesions. These do not occur at random; rather, the neurodegenerative process is stereotyped in that it is initiated in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation. Interestingly, it is the latter brain area where the calcium-sensing enzyme hippocalcin is highly expressed. Because calcium deregulation is a well-established pathomechanism in AD, we aimed to address the putative role of hippocalcin in human AD brain and transgenic mouse models. We found that hippocalcin levels are increased in human AD brain and in Aβ plaque-forming APP23 transgenic mice compared to controls. To determine the role of hippocalcin in Aβ toxicity, we treated primary cultures derived from hippocalcin knockout (HC KO) mice with Aβ and found them to be more susceptible to Aβ toxicity than controls. Likewise, treatment with either thapsigargin or ionomycin, both known to deregulate intracellular calcium levels, caused an increased toxicity in hippocampal neurons from HC KO mice compared to wild-type. We found further that mitochondrial complex I activity increased from 3 to 6months in hippocampal mitochondria from wild-type and HC KO mice, but that the latter exhibited a significantly stronger aging phenotype than wild-type. Aβ treatment induced significant toxicity on hippocampal mitochondria from HC KO mice already at 3months of age, while wild-type mitochondria were spared. Our data suggest that hippocalcin has a neuroprotective role in AD, presenting it as a putative biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-An Lim
- Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Disease Laboratory, Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 100 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Braunewell KH. The visinin-like proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 in Alzheimer's disease-old wine in new bottles. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 22375104 PMCID: PMC3284765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal Ca2+-sensor (NCS) proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 have been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show association of genetic variants of VILIP-1 (VSNL1) and VILIP-3 (HPCAL1) with AD+P (+psychosis) and late onset AD (LOAD), respectively. In AD brains the expression of VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 protein and mRNA is down-regulated in cortical and limbic areas. In the hippocampus, for instance, reduced VILIP-1 mRNA levels correlate with the content of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques, the pathological characteristics of AD, and with the mini mental state exam (MMSE), a test for cognitive impairment. More recently, VILIP-1 was evaluated as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker and a prognostic marker for cognitive decline in AD. In CSF increased VILIP-1 levels correlate with levels of Aβ, tau, ApoE4, and reduced MMSE scores. These findings tie in with previous results showing that VILIP-1 is involved in pathological mechanisms of altered Ca2+-homeostasis leading to neuronal loss. In PC12 cells, depending on co-expression with the neuroprotective Ca2+-buffer calbindin D28K, VILIP-1 enhanced tau phosphorylation and cell death. On the other hand, VILIP-1 affects processes, such as cyclic nucleotide signaling and dendritic growth, as well as nicotinergic modulation of neuronal network activity, both of which regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition. Similar to VILIP-1, its interaction partner α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is severely reduced in AD, causing severe cognitive deficits. Comparatively little is known about VILIP-3, but its interaction with cytochrome b5, which is part of an antioxidative system impaired in AD, hint toward a role in neuroprotection. A current hypothesis is that the reduced expression of visinin-like protein (VSNLs) in AD is caused by selective vulnerability of subpopulations of neurons, leading to the death of these VILIP-1-expressing neurons, explaining its increased CSF levels. While the Ca2+-sensor appears to be a good biomarker for the detrimental effects of Aβ in AD, its early, possibly Aβ-induced, down-regulation of expression may additionally attenuate neuronal signal pathways regulating the functions of dendrites and neuroplasticity, and as a consequence, this may contribute to cognitive decline in early AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl H Braunewell
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagel S, Papadakis M, Pfleger K, Grond-Ginsbach C, Buchan AM, Wagner S. Microarray analysis of the global gene expression profile following hypothermia and transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2012; 208:109-22. [PMID: 22366221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is one of the most robust experimental neuroprotective interventions against cerebral ischemia. Identification of molecular pathways and gene networks together with single genes or gene families that are significantly associated with neuroprotection might help unravel the mechanisms of therapeutic hypothermia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a microarray analysis of ischemic rat brains that underwent 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 48 h of reperfusion. Hypothermia was induced for 4 h, starting 1 h after MCAO in male Wistar rats. At 48 h, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for infarct volumetry, and functional outcome was determined by a neuroscore. The brain gene expression profile of sham (S), ischemia (I), and ischemia plus hypothermia (HI) treatment were compared by analyzing changes of individual genes, pathways, and networks. Real-time reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on selected genes to validate the data. RESULTS Rats treated with HI had significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neuroscores at 48 h compared with I. Of 4067 genes present on the array chip, HI compared with I upregulated 50 (1.23%) genes and downregulated 103 (3.20%) genes equal or greater than twofold. New genes potentially mediating neuroprotection by hypothermia were HNRNPAB, HIG-1, and JAK3. On the pathway level, HI globally suppressed the ischemia-driven gene response. Twelve gene networks were identified to be significantly altered by HI compared with I. The most significantly altered network contained genes participating in apoptosis suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that although hypothermia at the pathway level restored gene expression to sham levels, it selectively regulated the expression of several genes implicated in protein synthesis and folding, calcium homeostasis, cellular and synaptic integrity, inflammation, cell death, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rudinskiy N, Kaneko YA, Beesen AA, Gokce O, Régulier E, Déglon N, Luthi-Carter R. Diminished hippocalcin expression in Huntington's disease brain does not account for increased striatal neuron vulnerability as assessed in primary neurons. J Neurochem 2009; 111:460-72. [PMID: 19686238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein previously implicated in regulating neuronal viability and plasticity. Hippocalcin is the most highly expressed neuronal calcium sensor in the medium spiny striatal output neurons that degenerate selectively in Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously shown that decreased hippocalcin expression occurs in parallel with the onset of disease phenotype in mouse models of HD. Here we show by in situ hybridization histochemistry that hippocalcin RNA is also diminished by 63% in human HD brain. These findings lead us to hypothesize that diminished hippocalcin expression might contribute to striatal neurodegeneration in HD. We tested this hypothesis by assessing whether restoration of hippocalcin expression would decrease striatal neurodegeneration in cellular models of HD comprising primary striatal neurons exposed to mutant huntingtin, the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid or an excitotoxic concentration of glutamate. Counter to our hypothesis, hippocalcin expression did not improve the survival of striatal neurons under these conditions. Likewise, expression of hippocalcin together with interactor proteins including the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein did not increase the survival of striatal cells in cellular models of HD. These results indicate that diminished hippocalcin expression does not contribute to HD-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rudinskiy
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mixed lineage kinase 2 and hippocalcin are localized in Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2009; 281:51-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Visinin-like proteins (VSNLs): interaction partners and emerging functions in signal transduction of a subfamily of neuronal Ca2+ -sensor proteins. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:301-16. [PMID: 18989702 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The visinin-like protein (VSNL) subfamily, including VILIP-1 (the founder protein), VILIP-2, VILIP-3, hippocalcin, and neurocalcin delta, constitute a highly homologous subfamily of neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins. Comparative studies have shown that VSNLs are expressed predominantly in the brain with restricted expression patterns in various subsets of neurons but are also found in peripheral organs. In addition, the proteins display differences in their calcium affinities, in their membrane-binding kinetics, and in the intracellular targets to which they associate after calcium binding. Even though the proteins use a similar calcium-myristoyl switch mechanism to translocate to cellular membranes, they show calcium-dependent localization to various subcellular compartments when expressed in the same neuron. These distinct calcium-myristoyl switch properties might be explained by specificity for defined phospholipids and membrane-bound targets; this enables VSNLs to modulate various cellular signal transduction pathways, including cyclic nucleotide and MAPK signaling. An emerging theme is the direct or indirect effect of VSNLs on gene expression and their interaction with components of membrane trafficking complexes, with a possible role in membrane trafficking of different receptors and ion channels, such as glutamate receptors of the kainate and AMPA subtype, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and Ca(2+)-channels. One hypothesis is that the highly homologous VSNLs have evolved to fulfil specialized functions in membrane trafficking and thereby affect neuronal signaling and differentiation in defined subsets of neurons. VSNLs are involved in differentiation processes showing a tumor-invasion-suppressor function in peripheral organs. Finally, VSNLs play neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles and have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hippocalcin signaling via site-specific translocation in hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:152-7. [PMID: 18634855 PMCID: PMC2572729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hippocalcin is a Ca(2+)-binding protein, which belongs to the family of neuronal Ca(2+) sensors. It is highly expressed in the hippocampus but molecular mechanisms underlying its action in this part of the brain have not been investigated in detail. To study whether intrinsic neuronal activity could result in hippocalcin-mediated signal transduction we examined spontaneous and action potential (AP)-dependent changes in fluorescence of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged hippocalcin (HPCA-YFP) in transiently transfected hippocampal cultured neurons. In 6-12 DIV neurons HPCA-YFP spontaneously translocated longitudinally to specific sites within diffusionally confined domains of neuronal processes. The translocations to these sites were expressed as fast, reversible increases in HPCA-YFP fluorescence coincided with a decrease in adjacent sites indicating genuine protein translocation. Physiologically relevant neuronal stimulation with short trains of action potentials also resulted in fast, simultaneous, reversible, and [Ca(2+)](i)-dependent translocations of HPCA-YFP to several sites synchronizing hippocalcin signaling in different parts of neuronal processes. The amount of translocated protein increased with the number of action potentials in a train decoding the number of APs into the amount of translocated protein. We conclude that hippocalcin may signal within diffusionally restricted domains of neuronal processes in which it might play a physiological role in Ca(2+)-dependent local activation of specific molecular targets.
Collapse
|