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Hettiarachchi P, Niyangoda SS, Jarosova R, Johnson MA. Dopamine Release Impairments Accompany Locomotor and Cognitive Deficiencies in Rotenone-Treated Parkinson's Disease Model Zebrafish. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1974-1982. [PMID: 36178476 PMCID: PMC10127151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we carried out neurochemical and behavioral analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) treated with rotenone, an agent used to chemically induce a syndrome resembling Parkinson's disease (PD). Dopamine release, measured with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber electrodes in acutely harvested whole brains, was about 30% of that found in controls. Uptake, represented by the first order rate constant (k) and the half-life (t1/2) determined by nonlinear regression modeling of the stimulated release plots, was also diminished. Behavioral analysis revealed that rotenone treatment increased the time required for zebrafish to reach a reward within a maze by more than 50% and caused fish to select the wrong pathway, suggesting that latent learning was impaired. Additionally, zebrafish treated with rotenone suffered from diminished locomotor activity, swimming shorter distances with lower mean velocity and acceleration. Thus, the neurochemical and behavioral approaches, as applied, were able to resolve rotenone-induced differences in key parameters. This approach may be effective for screening therapies in this and other models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanka Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Sayuri S. Niyangoda
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic 12843
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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Jarosova R, Niyangoda SS, Hettiarachchi P, Johnson MA. Impaired Dopamine Release and Latent Learning in Alzheimer's Disease Model Zebrafish. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2924-2931. [PMID: 36113115 PMCID: PMC10127145 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, fatal, neurodegenerative disorder for which only treatments of limited efficacy are available. Despite early mentions of dementia in the ancient literature and the first patient diagnosed in 1906, the underlying causes of AD are not well understood. This study examined the possible role of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in cognitive and motor function, in AD. We treated adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) with okadaic acid (OKA) to model AD and assessed the resulting behavioral and neurochemical changes. We then employed a latent learning paradigm to assess cognitive and motor function followed by neurochemical analysis with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon fiber microelectrodes to measure the electrically stimulated dopamine release. The behavioral assay showed that OKA treatment caused fish to have lower motivation to reach the goal chamber, resulting in impeded learning and decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Our voltammetric measurements revealed that the peak dopamine overflow in OKA-treated fish was about one-third of that measured in controls. These findings highlight the profound neurochemical changes that may occur in AD. Furthermore, they demonstrate that applying the latent learning paradigm and FSCV to zebrafish is a promising tool for future neurochemical studies and may be useful for screening drugs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic 12843
| | - Sayuri S. Niyangoda
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Piyanka Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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3
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Jarosova R, Douglass AD, Johnson MA. Optimized Sawhorse Waveform for the Measurement of Oxytocin Release in Zebrafish. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2942-2949. [PMID: 35107979 PMCID: PMC9087480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a nonapeptide hormone involved in numerous physiological functions. Real-time electrochemical measurements of oxytocin in living tissue are challenging due to electrode fouling and the large potentials needed to oxidize the tyrosine residue. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes and flow injection analysis to optimize a waveform for the measurement of oxytocin. This optimized waveform employed an accumulation potential of -0.6 V, multiple scan rates, and a 3 ms holding potential at a positive, oxidizing potential of +1.4 V before linearly scanning the potential back to -0.6 V (versus Ag/AgCl). We obtained a limit of quantitation of 0.34 ± 0.02 μM, and our electrodes did not foul upon multiple injections. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility of our method, we measured the release of oxytocin, evoked by light application and mechanical perturbation, in whole brains from genetically engineered adult zebrafish that express channelrhodopsin-2 selectively on oxytocinergic neurons. Collectively, this work expands the toolkit for the measurement of peptides in living tissue preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045,Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic 12843
| | - Adam D. Douglass
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045,Corresponding author: , Tel. 785-864-4269
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Jarosova R, Kaplan SV, Field TM, Givens RS, Senadheera SN, Johnson MA. In Situ Electrochemical Monitoring of Caged Compound Photochemistry: An Internal Actinometer for Substrate Release. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2776-2784. [PMID: 33492927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds are molecules that release a protective substrate to free a biologically active substrate upon treatment with light of sufficient energy and duration. A notable limitation of this approach is difficulty in determining the degree of photoactivation in tissues or opaque solutions because light reaching the desired location is obstructed. Here, we have addressed this issue by developing an in situ electrochemical method in which the amount of caged molecule photorelease is determined by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Using p-hydroxyphenyl glutamate (pHP-Glu) as our model system, we generated a linear calibration curve for oxidation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA), the group from which the glutamate molecule leaves, up to a concentration of 1000 μM. Moreover, we are able to correct for the presence of residual pHP-Glu in solution as well as the light artifact that is produced. A corrected calibration curve was constructed by photoactivation of pHP-Glu in a 3 μL photoreaction vessel and subsequent analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. This approach has yielded a linear relationship between 4HPAA concentration and oxidation current, allowing the determination of released glutamate independent of the amount of light reaching the chromophore. Moreover, we have successfully validated the newly developed method by in situ measurement in a whole, intact zebrafish brain. This work demonstrates for the first time the in situ electrochemical monitoring of caged compound photochemistry in brain tissue with FSCV, thus facilitating analyses of neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Jarosova
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Sam V Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas M Field
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Richard S Givens
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Sanjeewa N Senadheera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Vitor T, Kozasa EH, Bressan RA, Lacerda SS, Campos Neto GC, Batista IR, Gebrim LH, Cohen L, Amaro E, Felicio AC. Impaired brain dopamine transporter in chemobrain patients submitted to brain SPECT imaging using the technetium-99m labeled tracer TRODAT-1. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:269-279. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Kaplan SV, Limbocker RA, Levant B, Johnson MA. Regional differences in dopamine release in the R6/2 mouse caudate putamen. ELECTROANAL 2018; 30:1066-1072. [PMID: 29955208 PMCID: PMC6016844 DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by degeneration of the striatum. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to uncover regional differences in dopamine (DA) release in the caudate putamen of R6/2 and wild-type control mice. We found a decreasing ventral-to-dorsal gradient in DA release, evoked by a single electrical stimulus pulse, in aged R6/2 mice. Moreover, under more intense stimulation conditions (120 pulses), DA release was significantly attenuated in the dorsal, but not in the ventral caudate. Autoradiography measurements using [3H]WIN 35,428 revealed that the overall density of DA transporter (DAT) protein molecules was significantly less in R6/2 mice compared to WT control mice; however, quadrants of the caudate putamen were not differentially altered in the R6/2 mice. These data collectively suggest that DA release in the dorsal caudate region is more vulnerable with age progression compared to the ventral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam V. Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Ryan A. Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
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7
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Shin M, Field TM, Stucky CS, Furgurson MN, Johnson MA. Ex Vivo Measurement of Electrically Evoked Dopamine Release in Zebrafish Whole Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1880-1888. [PMID: 28617576 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have recently emerged as useful model organism for the study of neuronal function. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to measure locally evoked dopamine release and uptake in zebrafish whole brain preparations and results were compared with those obtained from brain slices. Evoked dopamine release ([DA]max) was similar in whole brain and sagittal brain slice preparations (0.49 ± 0.13 μM in whole brain and 0.59 ± 0.28 μM in brain slices). Treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester (αMPT), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, diminished release and the electrochemical signal reappeared after subsequent drug washout. No observed change in stimulated release current occurred after treatment with desipramine or fluoxetine in the whole brain. Treatment with the uptake inhibitors, nomifensine or GBR 12909 increased [DA]max, while treatment with sulpiride, a D2 dopamine autoreceptor antagonist, resulted in increased stimulated dopamine release in whole brain, but had no effect on release in slices. Dopamine release in whole brains increased progressively up to an electrical stimulation frequency of 25 Hz, while release in slices increased up to a frequency of only 10 Hz and then plateaued, highlighting another key difference between these preparations. We observed a lag in peak dopamine release following stimulation, which we address using diffusion models and pharmacological treatments. Collectively, these results demonstrate the electrochemical determination of dopamine release in the whole, intact brain of a vertebrate species ex vivo and are an important step for carrying out further experiments in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Thomas M. Field
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Chase S. Stucky
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mia N. Furgurson
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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8
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Real-time measurement of small molecules directly in awake, ambulatory animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:645-650. [PMID: 28069939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613458114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a technology capable of tracking the levels of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in the body continuously and in real time would advance our understanding of health and our ability to detect and treat disease. It would, for example, enable therapies guided by high-resolution, patient-specific pharmacokinetics (including feedback-controlled drug delivery), opening new dimensions in personalized medicine. In response, we demonstrate here the ability of electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors to support continuous, real-time, multihour measurements when emplaced directly in the circulatory systems of living animals. Specifically, we have used E-AB sensors to perform the multihour, real-time measurement of four drugs in the bloodstream of even awake, ambulatory rats, achieving precise molecular measurements at clinically relevant detection limits and high (3 s) temporal resolution, attributes suggesting that the approach could provide an important window into the study of physiology and pharmacokinetics.
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9
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Kaplan SV, Limbocker RA, Gehringer RC, Divis JL, Osterhaus GL, Newby MD, Sofis MJ, Jarmolowicz DP, Newman BD, Mathews TA, Johnson MA. Impaired Brain Dopamine and Serotonin Release and Uptake in Wistar Rats Following Treatment with Carboplatin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:689-99. [PMID: 27145395 PMCID: PMC4911621 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Chemotherapy-induced
cognitive impairment, known also as “chemobrain”,
is a medical complication of cancer treatment that is characterized
by a general decline in cognition affecting visual and verbal memory,
attention, complex problem solving skills, and motor function. It
is estimated that one-third of patients who undergo chemotherapy treatment
will experience cognitive impairment. Alterations in the release and
uptake of dopamine and serotonin, central nervous system neurotransmitters
that play important roles in cognition, could potentially contribute
to impaired intellectual performance in those impacted by chemobrain.
To investigate how chemotherapy treatment affects these systems, fast-scan
cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used
to measure dopamine and serotonin release and uptake in coronal brain
slices containing the striatum and dorsal raphe nucleus, respectively.
Measurements were taken from rats treated weekly with selected doses
of carboplatin and from control rats treated with saline. Modeling
the stimulated dopamine release plots revealed an impairment of dopamine
release per stimulus pulse (80% of saline control at 5 mg/kg and 58%
at 20 mg/kg) after 4 weeks of carboplatin treatment. Moreover, Vmax, the maximum uptake rate of dopamine, was
also decreased (55% of saline control at 5 mg/kg and 57% at 20 mg/kg).
Nevertheless, overall dopamine content, measured in striatal brain
lysates by high performance liquid chromatography, and reserve pool
dopamine, measured by FSCV after pharmacological manipulation, did
not significantly change, suggesting that chemotherapy treatment selectively
impairs the dopamine release and uptake processes. Similarly, serotonin
release upon electrical stimulation was impaired (45% of saline control
at 20 mg/kg). Measurements of spatial learning discrimination were
taken throughout the treatment period and carboplatin was found to
alter cognition. These studies support the need for additional neurochemical
and behavioral analyses to identify the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced
cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brooke D. Newman
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 United States
| | - Tiffany A. Mathews
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202 United States
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10
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Mahdy HM, Mohamed MR, Emam MA, Karim AM, Abdel-Naim AB, Khalifa AE. Puerarin Ameliorates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Possible Neuromodulation and Antioxidant Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:321-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Wood KM, Hashemi P. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry analysis of dynamic serotonin reponses to acute escitalopram. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:715-20. [PMID: 23597074 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, is important to study on a neurochemical level because of the therapeutic variability experienced by many depressed patients. We employed the rapid temporal capabilities of fast scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon fiber microelectrodes to study the effects of a popular SSRI, escitalopram (ESCIT), marketed as Lexapro, on serotonin in mice. We report novel, dynamic serotonin behavior after acute ESCIT doses, characterized by a rapid increase in stimulated serotonin release and a gradual rise in serotonin clearance over 120 min. Dynamic changes after acute SSRI doses may be clinically relevant to the pathology of increased depression or suicidality after onset of antidepressant treatment. Due to the short-term variability of serotonin responses after acute ESCIT, we outline difficulties in creating dose response curves and we suggest effective means to visualize dynamic serotonin changes after SSRIs. Correlating chemical serotonin patterns to clinical findings will allow a finer understanding of SSRI mechanisms, ultimately providing a platform for reducing therapeutic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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12
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Intracerebroventricular administration of ouabain alters synaptic plasticity and dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-0973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Ghiglieri V, Bagetta V, Calabresi P, Picconi B. Functional interactions within striatal microcircuit in animal models of Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 2012; 211:165-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Ortiz AN, Osterhaus GL, Lauderdale K, Mahoney L, Fowler SC, von Hörsten S, Riess O, Johnson MA. Motor function and dopamine release measurements in transgenic Huntington's disease model rats. Brain Res 2012; 1450:148-56. [PMID: 22418060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, genetic, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by deficits in motor and cognitive function. Here, we have quantitatively characterized motor deficiencies and dopamine release dynamics in transgenic HD model rats. Behavioral analyses were conducted using a newly-developed force-sensing runway and a previously-developed force-plate actometer. Gait disturbances were readily observed in transgenic HD rats at 12 to 15months of age. Additionally, dopamine system challenge by ip injection of amphetamine also revealed that these rats were resistant to the expression of focused stereotypy compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, dopamine release, evoked by the application of single and multiple electrical stimulus pulses applied at different frequencies, and measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes, was diminished in transgenic HD rats compared to age-matched wild-type control rats. Collectively, these results underscore the potential contribution of dopamine release alterations to the expression of motor impairments in transgenic HD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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15
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Raymond LA, André VM, Cepeda C, Gladding CM, Milnerwood AJ, Levine MS. Pathophysiology of Huntington's disease: time-dependent alterations in synaptic and receptor function. Neuroscience 2011; 198:252-73. [PMID: 21907762 PMCID: PMC3221774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, fatal neurological condition caused by an expansion of CAG (glutamine) repeats in the coding region of the Huntington gene. To date, there is no cure but great strides have been made to understand pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, genetic animal models of HD have been instrumental in elucidating the progression of behavioral and physiological alterations, which had not been possible using classic neurotoxin models. Our groups have pioneered the use of transgenic HD mice to examine the excitotoxicity hypothesis of striatal neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, as well as alterations in excitation and inhibition in striatum and cerebral cortex. In this review, we focus on synaptic and receptor alterations of striatal medium-sized spiny (MSNs) and cortical pyramidal neurons in genetic HD mouse models. We demonstrate a complex series of alterations that are region-specific and time-dependent. In particular, many changes are bidirectional depending on the degree of disease progression, that is, early vs. late, and also on the region examined. Early synaptic dysfunction is manifested by dysregulated glutamate release in striatum followed by progressive disconnection between cortex and striatum. The differential effects of altered glutamate release on MSNs originating the direct and indirect pathways is also elucidated, with the unexpected finding that cells of the direct striatal pathway are involved early in the course of the disease. In addition, we review evidence for early N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction leading to enhanced sensitivity of extrasynaptic receptors and a critical role of GluN2B subunits. Some of the alterations in late HD could be compensatory mechanisms designed to cope with early synaptic and receptor dysfunctions. The main findings indicate that HD treatments need to be designed according to the stage of disease progression and should consider regional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A. Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Véronique M. André
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clare M. Gladding
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Austen J. Milnerwood
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael S. Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Howard CD, Keefe KA, Garris PA, Daberkow DP. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity decreases phasic, but not tonic, dopaminergic signaling in the rat striatum. J Neurochem 2011; 118:668-76. [PMID: 21668447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine (METH) are known to cause depletions in striatal dopamine (DA) tissue content. However, the effects of METH-induced insults on dopaminergic neurotransmission are not fully understood. Here, we employed fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at a carbon-fiber microelectrode in the anesthetized rat striatum to assess the effects of a neurotoxic regimen of METH on phasic and tonic modes of dopaminergic signaling and underlying mechanisms of DA release and uptake. Extracellular DA was electrically evoked by stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle mimicking tonic and phasic firing patterns for dopaminergic cells and was monitored simultaneously in both the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum. Kinetic analysis of evoked recordings determined parameters describing DA release and uptake. Striatal DA tissue content was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. METH-pretreatment (four doses of 7.5 or 10.0 mg/kg s.c.) induced DA depletions of ∼ 40% on average, which are reported in both striatal subregions. METH pre-treatment significantly decreased the amplitude of signals evoked by phasic, but not tonic, stimulation. Parameters for DA release and uptake were also similarly reduced by ∼ 40%, consistent with effects on evoked phasic-like responses and DA tissue content. Taken together, these results suggest that METH-pretreatment selectively diminishes phasic, but not tonic, dopaminergic signaling in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Howard
- Cell Biology, Physiology and Development Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120, USA
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17
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Li J, Liu Y, Wei W, Luo S. Fabrication of Tiron Doped Poly-Pyrrole/Carbon Nanotubes on Low Resistance Monolayer-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Selective Determination of Dopamine. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.511744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Impaired dopamine release and uptake in R6/1 Huntington's disease model mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 492:11-4. [PMID: 21256185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative movement disorder. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure dopamine release and uptake in striatal brain slices from R6/1 HD model mice. Peak dopamine release ([DA](max)) was significantly diminished in R6/1 mice (52% of wild-type at 24 weeks of age). Similarly, dopamine released per locally applied electrical stimulus pulse ([DA](p)), which is [DA](max) corrected for uptake and electrode performance, was also diminished in R6/1 mice (43% of wild-type by 24 weeks of age). Moreover, V(max), the maximum rate of dopamine uptake, obtained by modeling the stimulated release plots, was decreased at 16 and 24 weeks of age in R6/1 mice (51 and 48% of wild-type, respectively). Thus, impairments in both dopamine release and uptake appear to progress in an age-dependent manner in R6/1 mice.
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Ortiz AN, Oien DB, Moskovitz J, Johnson MA. Quantification of reserve pool dopamine in methionine sulfoxide reductase A null mice. Neuroscience 2011; 177:223-9. [PMID: 21219974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout (MsrA-/-) mice, which serve as a potential model for neurodegeneration, suffer from increased oxidative stress and have previously been found to have chronically elevated brain dopamine (DA) content levels relative to control mice. Additionally, these high levels parallel the increased presynaptic DA release. In this study, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to quantify striatal reserve pool DA in knockout mice and wild-type control mice. Reserve pool DA efflux, induced by amphetamine (AMPH), was measured in brain slices from knockout and wild type (WT) mice in the presence of α-methyl-p-tyrosine, a DA synthesis inhibitor. Additionally, the stimulated release of reserve pool DA, mobilized by cocaine (COC), was measured. Both efflux and stimulated release measurements were enhanced in slices from knockout mice, suggesting that these mice have greater reserve pool DA stores than wild-type and that these stores are effectively mobilized. Moreover, dopamine transporter (DAT) labeling data indicate that the difference in measured DA efflux was likely not caused by altered DAT protein expression. Additionally, slices from MsrA-/- and wild-type mice were equally responsive to increasing extracellular calcium concentrations, suggesting that potential differences in either calcium entry or intracellular calcium handling are not responsible for increased reserve pool DA release. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MsrA-/- knockout mice maintain a larger DA reserve pool than wild-type control mice, and that this pool is readily mobilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Fulks JL, O’Bryhim BE, Wenzel SK, Fowler SC, Vorontsova E, Pinkston JW, Ortiz AN, Johnson MA. Dopamine Release and Uptake Impairments and Behavioral Alterations Observed in Mice that Model Fragile X Mental Retardation Syndrome. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:679-690. [PMID: 21116467 PMCID: PMC2992329 DOI: 10.1021/cn100032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the relationship between amphetamine-induced behavioral alterations and dopamine release and uptake characteristics in Fmr1 knockout (Fmr1 KO) mice, which model fragile X syndrome. The behavioral analyses, obtained at millisecond temporal resolution and 2 mm spatial resolution using a force-plate actometer, revealed that Fmr1 KO mice express a lower degree of focused stereotypy compared to wild type (WT) control mice after injection with 10 mg/kg (ip) amphetamine. To identify potentially related neurochemical mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we measured electrically-evoked dopamine release and uptake using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes in striatal brain slices. At 10 weeks of age, dopamine release per pulse, which is dopamine release corrected for differences in uptake, was unchanged. However, at 15 (the age of behavioral testing) and 20 weeks of age, dopamine per pulse and the maximum rate of dopamine uptake was diminished in Fmr1 KO mice compared to WT mice. Dopamine uptake measurements, obtained at different amphetamine concentrations, indicated that dopamine transporters in both genotypes have equal affinities for amphetamine. Moreover, dopamine release measurements from slices treated with quinpirole, a D2-family receptor agonist, rule out enhanced D2 autoreceptor sensitivity as a mechanism of release inhibition. However, dopamine release, uncorrected for uptake and normalized against the corresponding pre-drug release peaks, increased in Fmr1 KO mice, but not in WT mice. Collectively, these data are consistent with a scenario in which a decrease in extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum result in diminished expression of focused stereotypy in Fmr1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L. Fulks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
- Ralph N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Bliss E. O’Bryhim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Sara K. Wenzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Stephen C. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
- Neuroscience Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Elena Vorontsova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Jonathan W. Pinkston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Andrea N. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
- Ralph N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
- Ralph N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
- Neuroscience Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582
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Evaluating the effects of immunotoxicants using carbon fiber microelectrode amperometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Crawford CA, Akopian G, Ring J, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM, Andersen JK, Vittozzi-Wong P, Wang K, Farley CM, Charntikov S, Mitroi D, Beal MF, Chow R, Walsh JP. Acute and long-term response of dopamine nigrostriatal synapses to a single, low-dose episode of 3-nitropropionic acid-mediated chemical hypoxia. Synapse 2010; 65:339-50. [PMID: 20730800 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present investigation was to determine the persistence of striatal (DA) dopaminergic dysfunction after a mild chemically induced hypoxic event in Fisher 344 rats. To this end, we gave a single injection of the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP; 16.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to 2-month old male F344 rats and measured various indices of striatal DA functioning and lipid peroxidation over a 3-month span. Separate groups of rats were used to measure rod walking, evoked DA release, DA content, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, DA receptor binding, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. The results showed that 3-NP exposure reduced most measures of DA functioning including motoric ability, DA release, and D(2) receptor densities for 1 to 3 months postdrug administration. Interestingly, DA content was reduced 1 week after 3-NP exposure, but rose to 147% of control values 1 month after 3-NP treatment. MDA accumulation, a measure of lipid peroxidation activity, was increased 24 h and 1 month after 3-NP treatment. 3-NP did not affect TH activity, suggesting that alterations in DA functioning were not the result of nigrostriatal terminal loss. These data demonstrate that a brief mild hypoxic episode caused by 3-NP exposure has long-term detrimental effects on the functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, California 92407, USA.
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the HD gene resulting in a long polyglutamine tract in the N-terminus of the protein huntingtin. Patients carrying the mutation display chorea in early stages followed by akinesia and sometimes dystonia in late stages. Other major symptoms include depression, anxiety, irritability or aggressive behavior, and apathy. Although many neuronal systems are affected, dysfunction and subsequent neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia and cortex are the most apparent pathologies. In HD, the primary hypothesis has been that there is an initial overactivity of glutamate neurotransmission that produces excitotoxicity followed by a series of complex changes that are different in the striatum and in the cortex. This review will focus on evidence for alterations in dopamine (DA)-glutamate interactions in HD, concentrating on the striatum and cortex. The most recent evidence points to decreases in DA and glutamate neurotransmission as the HD phenotype develops. However, there is some evidence for increased DA and glutamate functions that could be responsible for some of the early HD phenotype. Significant evidence indicates that glutamate and dopamine neurotransmission is affected in HD, compromising the fine balance in which DA modulates glutamate-induced excitation in the basal ganglia and cortex. Restoring the balance between glutamate and dopamine could be helpful to treat HD symptoms.
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Oien DB, Ortiz AN, Rittel AG, Dobrowsky RT, Johnson MA, Levant B, Fowler SC, Moskovitz J. Dopamine D(2) receptor function is compromised in the brain of the methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout mouse. J Neurochem 2010; 114:51-61. [PMID: 20374422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that brain oxidative stress and altered rodent locomotor behavior are linked. We observed bio-behavioral changes in methionine sulfoxide reductase A knockout mice associated with abnormal dopamine signaling. Compromised ability of these knockout mice to reduce methionine sulfoxide enhances accumulation of sulfoxides in proteins. We examined the dopamine D(2)-receptor function and expression, which has an atypical arrangement and quantity of methionine residues. Indeed, protein expression levels of dopamine D(2)-receptor were higher in knockout mice compared with wild-type. However, the binding of dopamine D(2)-receptor agonist was compromised in the same fractions of knockout mice. Coupling efficiency of dopamine D(2)-receptors to G-proteins was also significantly reduced in knockout mice, supporting the compromised agonist binding. Furthermore, pre-synaptic dopamine release in knockout striatal sections was less responsive than control sections to dopamine D(2)-receptor ligands. Behaviorally, the locomotor activity of knockout mice was less responsive to the inhibitory effect of quinpirole than wild-type mice. Involvement of specific methionine residue oxidation in the dopamine D(2)-receptor third intracellular loop is suggested by in vitro studies. We conclude that ablation of methionine sulfoxide reductase can affect dopamine signaling through altering dopamine D(2)-receptor physiology and may be related to symptoms associated with neurological disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B Oien
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Túnez I, Tasset I, Pérez-De La Cruz V, Santamaría A. 3-Nitropropionic acid as a tool to study the mechanisms involved in Huntington's disease: past, present and future. Molecules 2010; 15:878-916. [PMID: 20335954 PMCID: PMC6263191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15020878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inheritable autosomal-dominant disorder whose causal mechanisms remain unknown. Experimental models have begun to uncover these pathways, thus helping to understand the mechanisms implicated and allowing for the characterization of potential targets for new therapeutic strategies. 3-Nitropropionic acid is known to produce in animals behavioural, biochemical and morphologic changes similar to those occurring in HD. For this reason, this phenotypic model is gaining attention as a valuable tool to mimick this disorder and further developing new therapies. In this review, we will focus on the past and present research of this molecule, to finally bring a perspective on what will be next in this promising field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Ortiz AN, Kurth BJ, Osterhaus GL, Johnson MA. Dysregulation of intracellular dopamine stores revealed in the R6/2 mouse striatum. J Neurochem 2009; 112:755-61. [PMID: 19929911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential and extensive striatal degeneration. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to study the mobilization and efflux of reserve pool dopamine (DA) in striatal brain slices from HD model R6/2 mice. When applying stimulus trains of 120 pulses, evoked DA release in wild-type (WT) slices was greater than that in R6/2 slices at the higher frequencies (50 and 60 Hz). To quantify cytosolic and reserve pool DA levels, amphetamine-induced DA efflux was measured after pre-treatment with either tetrabenazine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Slices from 12-week-old R6/2 mice released less DA than slices from WT mice, while no difference was noted in slices from 6-week old mice. The vesicular release of reserve pool DA, mobilized by treatment with cocaine, was shorter lived in R6/2 slices compared with WT slices even though peak DA release was the same. Moreover, the number of DA reserve pool vesicles in R6/2 mice was less than half of that in WT. Therefore, our data suggest that the same number of DA molecules are present in each reserve pool vesicle in WT and R6/2 mice and that these vesicles are readily mobilized in both genotypes; however, R6/2 mice have fewer DA reserve pool vesicles available for mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and R. N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047-7572, USA
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