1
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Guo X, Li J, Wu Y, Xu L. Recent advancements in hydrogels as novel tissue engineering scaffolds for dental pulp regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130708. [PMID: 38460622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Although conventional root canal treatment offers an effective therapeutic solution, it negatively affects the viability of the affected tooth. In recent years, pulp regeneration technology has emerged as a novel method for treating irreversible pulpitis due to its ability to maintain tooth vitality. The successful implementation of this technique depends on scaffolds and transplantation of exogenous stem cells or recruitment of endogenous stem cells. Accordingly, the three-dimensional structure and viscoelastic characteristics of hydrogel scaffolds, which parallel those of the extracellular matrix, have generated considerable interest. Furthermore, hydrogels support the controlled release of regenerative drugs and to load a wide variety of bioactive molecules. By integrating antibacterial agents into the hydrogel matrix and stimulating an immune response, root canal disinfection can be significantly improved and the rate of pulp regeneration can be accelerated. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical applications of hydrogels that have been reported in the last 5 years, and offer a comprehensive summary of the different approaches that have been utilized for the optimization of hydrogel scaffolds for pulp regeneration. Advancements and challenges in pulp regeneration using hydrogels treating aged teeth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Guo
- Xiangya Shool of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Laijun Xu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; School of Stomatology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China.
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2
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Li WY, Li ZG, Fu XM, Wang XY, Lv ZX, Sun P, Zhu XF, Wang Y. Transgenic Schwann cells overexpressing POU6F1 promote sciatic nerve regeneration within acellular nerve allografts. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36317259 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Acellular nerve allograft (ANA) is an effective surgical approach used to bridge the sciatic nerve gap. The molecular regulators of post-surgical recovery are not well-known. Here, we explored the effect of transgenic Schwann cells (SCs) overexpressing POU domain class 6, transcription factor 1 (POU6F1) on sciatic nerve regeneration within ANAs. We explored the functions of POU6F1 in nerve regeneration by using a cell model of H2O2-induced SCs injury and transplanting SCs overexpressing POU6F1 into ANA to repair sciatic nerve gaps.Approach.Using RNA-seq, Protein-Protein Interaction network analysis, gene ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, we identified a highly and differentially expressed transcription factor, POU6F1, following ANA treatment of sciatic nerve gap. Expressing a high degree of connectivity, POU6F1 was predicted to play a role in peripheral nervous system myelination.Main results.To test the role of POU6F1 in nerve regeneration after ANA, we infected SCs with adeno-associated virus-POU6F1, demonstrating that POU6F1 overexpression promotes proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and migration of SCsin vitro. We also found that POU6F1 significantly upregulated JNK1/2 and c-Jun phosphorylation and that selective JNK1/2 inhibition attenuated the effects of POU6F1 on proliferation, survival, migration, and JNK1/2 and c-Jun phosphorylation. The direct interaction of POU6F1 and activated JNK1/2 was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. In rat sciatic nerve injury model with a 10 mm gap, we confirmed the pattern of POU6F1 upregulation and co-localization with transplanted SCs. ANAs loaded with POU6F1-overexpressing SCs demonstrated the enhanced survival of transplanted SCs, axonal regeneration, myelination, and functional motor recovery compared to the ANA group loaded by SCs-only in line within vitrofindings.Significance.This study identifies POU6F1 as a novel regulator of post-injury sciatic nerve repair, acting through JNK/c-Jun signaling in SCs to optimize therapeutic outcomes in the ANA surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Mei Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Nerve Injury and Repair, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xiao Lv
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neural Tissue Engineering, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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3
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Reed CB, Feltri ML, Wilson ER. Peripheral glia diversity. J Anat 2022; 241:1219-1234. [PMID: 34131911 PMCID: PMC8671569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an evolving appreciation for the role of glial cells in the nervous system. As we move away from the typical neurocentric view of neuroscience, the complexity and variability of central nervous system glia is emerging, far beyond the three main subtypes: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Yet the diversity of the glia found in the peripheral nervous system remains rarely discussed. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin, morphology, and function of the different populations of glia found in the peripheral nervous system, including: myelinating Schwann cells, Remak Schwann cells, repair Schwann cells, satellite glia, boundary cap-derived glia, perineurial glia, terminal Schwann cells, glia found in the skin, olfactory ensheathing cells, and enteric glia. The morphological and functional heterogeneity of glia found in the periphery reflects the diverse roles the nervous system performs throughout the body. Further, it highlights a complexity that should be appreciated and considered when it comes to a complete understanding of the peripheral nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey B Reed
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - M Laura Feltri
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emma R Wilson
- Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State, University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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4
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Yim AKY, Wang PL, Bermingham JR, Hackett A, Strickland A, Miller TM, Ly C, Mitra RD, Milbrandt J. Disentangling glial diversity in peripheral nerves at single-nuclei resolution. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:238-251. [PMID: 35115729 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nerve contains diverse cell types that support its proper function and maintenance. In this study, we analyzed multiple peripheral nerves using single-nuclei RNA sequencing, which allowed us to circumvent difficulties encountered in analyzing cells with complex morphologies via conventional single-cell methods. The resultant mouse peripheral nerve cell atlas highlights a diversity of cell types, including multiple subtypes of Schwann cells (SCs), immune cells and stromal cells. We identified a distinct myelinating SC subtype that expresses Cldn14, Adamtsl1 and Pmp2 and preferentially ensheathes motor axons. The number of these motor-associated Pmp2+ SCs is reduced in both an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) SOD1G93A mouse model and human ALS nerve samples. Our findings reveal the diversity of SCs and other cell types in peripheral nerve and serve as a reference for future studies of nerve biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin K Y Yim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter L Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John R Bermingham
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amber Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy Strickland
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Ly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Jeong Y, Choi W, Kim JH, Eun S. Histomorphometric Analysis of Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in a Rat Hindlimb Allotransplantation Model. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:503-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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von Guionneau N, Sarhane KA, Brandacher G, Hettiaratchy S, Belzberg AJ, Tuffaha S. Mechanisms and outcomes of the supercharged end-to-side nerve transfer: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:1590-1598. [PMID: 32470926 DOI: 10.3171/2020.3.jns191429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proximal peripheral nerve injuries often result in poor functional outcomes, chiefly because of the long time period between injury and the reinnervation of distal targets, which leads to muscle and Schwann cell atrophy. The supercharged end-to-side (SETS) nerve transfer is a recent technical innovation that introduces donor axons distally into the side of an injured nerve to rapidly innervate and support end organs while allowing for additional reinnervation after a proximal repair at the injury site. However, the mechanisms by which donor axons grow within the recipient nerve, contribute to muscle function, and impact the regeneration of native recipient axons are poorly understood. This uncertainty has slowed the transfer's clinical adoption. The primary objective of this article is to comprehensively review the mechanisms underpinning axonal regeneration and functional recovery after a SETS nerve transfer. A secondary objective is to report current clinical applications in the upper limb and their functional outcomes. The authors also propose directions for future research with the aim of maximizing the clinical utility of the SETS transfer for peripheral nerve surgeons and their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas von Guionneau
- Departments of1Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and
- 3Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London; and
| | | | | | - Shehan Hettiaratchy
- 4Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan J Belzberg
- 2Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sami Tuffaha
- Departments of1Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and
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7
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Xie Y, Fang F, Su P, Xiao J, Zheng H, Zhuang Y. Quantification of axonal ingrowth and functional recovery in a myocutaneous flap model in rats with strong clinical implications. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 28:823-833. [PMID: 32902063 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The process of reinnervation, an important component of functional restoration after flap transfer, is understudied, making it necessary to carry out a further investigation for delineation of the exact timeline. Seventy-six Sprague-Dawley rats were used as the experimental animals. An anatomic study was first conducted to clarify the pattern of nerve distribution in the dorsal skin of 16 rats. Afterward, a myocutaneous flap was harvested on the right flanks of 40 rats, which were then assigned into seven time points. At each time point, skin samples were harvested and immunofluorescent staining was performed using α-Bungarotoxin, and antibodies against NF-200, p75, α-SMA, and TH. One-way analysis of variance was adopted for comparison of nerve density after surgery. For evaluation of functional return, cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (CTMr) test was performed on 10 additional rats, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison of reflex intensity among six time points after surgery. The outcomes revealed that the cutaneous branches from the intercostal nerves and the dorsothoracic nerve from the brachial plexus could be found entering the dorsal skin, distributed in the skin proper and the panniculus carnosus, respectively. After flap surgery, full spontaneous reinnervation of the skin proper and vessels within the flaps could be achieved at day 180. However, if the stumps of cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves were damaged, the nerve density in the skin proper underwent a 2/3 decline. The panniculus carnosus in the cranial part had a much better reinnervation than that in the caudal part. The CTMr test showed that the flap could regain most of its sensate and motor activity. Our study shows that strong spontaneous reinnervation could be expected after flap surgery. The pattern of the original nerve distribution in both the recipient and donor sites may have a big impact on the reinnervation of the flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Orthopedic Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ping Su
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiting Xiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Clinical Applied Anatomy, School of Basic Medicines, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haibo Zheng
- Department of Medical Physics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Zhuang
- Orthopedic Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Clinical Applied Anatomy, School of Basic Medicines, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Schwann Cell Role in Selectivity of Nerve Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092131. [PMID: 32962230 PMCID: PMC7563640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries result in the loss of the motor, sensory and autonomic functions of the denervated segments of the body. Neurons can regenerate after peripheral axotomy, but inaccuracy in reinnervation causes a permanent loss of function that impairs complete recovery. Thus, understanding how regenerating axons respond to their environment and direct their growth is essential to improve the functional outcome of patients with nerve lesions. Schwann cells (SCs) play a crucial role in the regeneration process, but little is known about their contribution to specific reinnervation. Here, we review the mechanisms by which SCs can differentially influence the regeneration of motor and sensory axons. Mature SCs express modality-specific phenotypes that have been associated with the promotion of selective regeneration. These include molecular markers, such as L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate, which is differentially expressed in motor and sensory SCs, or the neurotrophic profile after denervation, which differs remarkably between SC modalities. Other important factors include several molecules implicated in axon-SC interaction. This cell–cell communication through adhesion (e.g., polysialic acid) and inhibitory molecules (e.g., MAG) contributes to guiding growing axons to their targets. As many of these factors can be modulated, further research will allow the design of new strategies to improve functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries.
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9
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Stewart CE, Kan CFK, Stewart BR, Sanicola HW, Jung JP, Sulaiman OAR, Wang D. Machine intelligence for nerve conduit design and production. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:25. [PMID: 32944070 PMCID: PMC7487837 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have emerged from recent advances within tissue engineering as a promising alternative to autografts for peripheral nerve repair. NGCs are tubular structures with engineered biomaterials, which guide axonal regeneration from the injured proximal nerve to the distal stump. NGC design can synergistically combine multiple properties to enhance proliferation of stem and neuronal cells, improve nerve migration, attenuate inflammation and reduce scar tissue formation. The aim of most laboratories fabricating NGCs is the development of an automated process that incorporates patient-specific features and complex tissue blueprints (e.g. neurovascular conduit) that serve as the basis for more complicated muscular and skin grafts. One of the major limitations for tissue engineering is lack of guidance for generating tissue blueprints and the absence of streamlined manufacturing processes. With the rapid expansion of machine intelligence, high dimensional image analysis, and computational scaffold design, optimized tissue templates for 3D bioprinting (3DBP) are feasible. In this review, we examine the translational challenges to peripheral nerve regeneration and where machine intelligence can innovate bottlenecks in neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb E. Stewart
- Current Affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin Fung Kelvin Kan
- Current Affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Brody R. Stewart
- Current Affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Henry W. Sanicola
- Current Affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport Louisiana, USA
| | - Jangwook P. Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Olawale A. R. Sulaiman
- Ochsner Neural Injury & Regeneration Laboratory, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, 70121 USA
| | - Dadong Wang
- Quantitative Imaging Research Team, Data 61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Marsfield, NSW 2122 Australia
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10
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Muangsanit P, Day A, Dimiou S, Ataç AF, Kayal C, Park H, Nazhat SN, Phillips JB. Rapidly formed stable and aligned dense collagen gels seeded with Schwann cells support peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046036. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abaa9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Heinzel JC, Hercher D, Redl H. The course of recovery of locomotor function over a 10-week observation period in a rat model of femoral nerve resection and autograft repair. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01580. [PMID: 32097542 PMCID: PMC7177579 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A great extent of knowledge on peripheral nerve regeneration has been gathered using the rat sciatic nerve model. The femoral nerve model of the rat offers an interesting alternative, as it lacks disadvantageous features such as automutilation. For the analysis of locomotor behavior in rats after sciatic nerve injury, the CatWalk™ XT Gait Analysis System is often used. However, lesions of the femoral nerve in the rat have yet remained unstudied with this method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten male Sprague Dawley rats were evaluated with the CatWalk XT to study their gait after a 6-mm resection of the right femoral nerve and reconstruction with an autologous nerve graft. Animals were observed for 10 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Print Area, Print Length, Swing Speed, and Duty Cycle decreased to a minimum of 40% of baseline 2 weeks after surgery. Swing Time was elevated more than twofold at this time point. However, all these parameters recovered back to >90% of baseline values at 10 weeks after surgery. This degree of functional recovery has not been reported after sciatic nerve resection and autograft repair. Base of support varied minimally postoperatively in contrast to a strong decrement after sciatic nerve resection and repair. CONCLUSION We hereby provide a comprehensive in-depth analysis of how to study functional recovery after injury of the femoral nerve in the rat via the CatWalk XT. We place special emphasis on highlighting the differences between the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve injury model in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Christoph Heinzel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Trauma Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Sala-Jarque J, Mesquida-Veny F, Badiola-Mateos M, Samitier J, Hervera A, del Río JA. Neuromuscular Activity Induces Paracrine Signaling and Triggers Axonal Regrowth after Injury in Microfluidic Lab-On-Chip Devices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020302. [PMID: 32012727 PMCID: PMC7072511 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, including motor neuron axonal injury, often lead to functional impairments. Current therapies are mostly limited to surgical intervention after lesion, yet these interventions have limited success in restoring functionality. Current activity-based therapies after axonal injuries are based on trial-error approaches in which the details of the underlying cellular and molecular processes are largely unknown. Here we show the effects of the modulation of both neuronal and muscular activity with optogenetic approaches to assess the regenerative capacity of cultured motor neuron (MN) after lesion in a compartmentalized microfluidic-assisted axotomy device. With increased neuronal activity, we observed an increase in the ratio of regrowing axons after injury in our peripheral-injury model. Moreover, increasing muscular activity induces the liberation of leukemia inhibitory factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a paracrine fashion that in turn triggers axonal regrowth of lesioned MN in our 3D hydrogel cultures. The relevance of our findings as well as the novel approaches used in this study could be useful not only after axotomy events but also in diseases affecting MN survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sala-Jarque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maider Badiola-Mateos
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
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13
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Dingle AM, Ness JP, Novello J, Israel JS, Sanchez R, Millevolte AXT, Brodnick S, Krugner-Higby L, Nemke B, Lu Y, Suminski AJ, Markel MD, Williams JC, Poore SO. Methodology for creating a chronic osseointegrated neural interface for prosthetic control in rabbits. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 331:108504. [PMID: 31711884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stability and high degrees of selectivity are both essential but somewhat juxtaposed components for creating an implantable bi-directional PNI capable of controlling of a prosthetic limb. While the more invasive implantable electrode arrays provide greater specificity, they are less stable over time due to compliance mismatch with the dynamic soft tissue environment in which the interface is created. NEW METHOD This paper takes the surgical approach of transposing nerves into bone to create neural interface within the medullary canal of long bones, an osseointegrated neural interface, to provide greater stability for implantable electrodes. In this context, we describe the surgical model for transfemoral amputation with transposition of the sciatic nerve into the medullary canal in rabbits. We investigate the capacity to create a neural interface within the medullary canal histolomorphologically. In a separate proof of concept experiment, we quantify the chronic physiological capacity of transposed nerves to conduct compound nerve action potentials evoked via an Osseointegrated Neural Interface. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) The rabbit serves as an important animal model for both amputation neuroma and osseointegration research, but is underutilized for the exploration neural interfacing in an amputation setting. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that transposed nerves remain stable over 12 weeks. Creating a neural interface within the medullary canal is possible and does not impede nerve regeneration or physiological capacity. CONCLUSIONS This article represents the first evidence that an Osseointegrated Neural Interface can be surgically created, capable of chronic stimulation/recording from amputated nerves required for future prosthetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Dingle
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jared P Ness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joseph Novello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jacqueline S Israel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ruston Sanchez
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Augusto X T Millevolte
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sarah Brodnick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lisa Krugner-Higby
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brett Nemke
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aaron J Suminski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark D Markel
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Justin C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel O Poore
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Madison RD, Robinson GA. Muscle-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Influence Motor Neuron Regeneration Accuracy. Neuroscience 2019; 419:46-59. [PMID: 31454553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer-enclosed extracellular structures. Although the term extracellular vesicles is quite inclusive, it generally refers to exosomes (<200 nm), and microvesicles (~100-1000 nm). Such vesicles are resistant to degradation and can contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Although it was previously thought that the primary purpose of such vesicles was to rid cells of unwanted components, it is now becoming increasingly clear that they can function as intercellular messengers, sometimes operating over long distances. As such, there is now intense interest in extracellular vesicles in fields as diverse as immunology, cell biology, cancer, and more recently, neuroscience. The influence that such extracellular vesicles might exert on peripheral nerve regeneration is just beginning to be investigated. In the current studies we show that muscle-derived extracellular vesicles significantly influence the anatomical accuracy of motor neuron regeneration in the rat femoral nerve. These findings suggest a basic cellular mechanism by which target end-organs could guide their own reinnervation following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Madison
- Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Grant A Robinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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GDNF pretreatment overcomes Schwann cell phenotype mismatch to promote motor axon regeneration via sensory graft. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:258-266. [PMID: 31100319 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the clinic, severe motor nerve injury is commonly repaired by autologous sensory nerve bridging, but the ability of Schwann cells (SCs) in sensory nerves to support motor neuron axon growth is poor due to phenotype mismatch. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that sensory-derived SCs overcome phenotypic mismatch-induced growth inhibition after pretreatment with exogenous glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and induce motor neuron axonal growth. Thus, we introduced a novel staging surgery: In the first stage of surgery, the denervated sensory nerve was pretreated with sustained-release GDNF, which was encapsulated into a self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS) RADA-16I in the donor area in vivo. In the second stage of surgery, the pretreated sensory grafts were transplanted to repair motor nerve injury. Motor axon regeneration and remyelination and muscle functional recovery after the second surgery was compared to those in the control groups. The expression of genes previously shown to be differently expressed in motor and sensory SCs was also analyzed in pretreated sensory grafts by qRT-PCR to explore possible changes after exogenous GDNF application. Exogenous GDNF acted directly on the denervated sensory nerve graft in vivo, increasing the expression of endogenous GDNF and sensory SC-derived marker brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). After transplantation to repair motor nerve injury, exogenous GDNF pretreatment promoted the regeneration and remyelination of proximal motor axons and the recovery of muscle function. Further research into how phenotype, gene expression and changes in neurotrophic factors in SCs are affected by GDNF will help us design more effective methods to treat peripheral nerve injury.
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Bendella H, Rink S, Grosheva M, Sarikcioglu L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Putative roles of soluble trophic factors in facial nerve regeneration, target reinnervation, and recovery of vibrissal whisking. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:100-110. [PMID: 29104116 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that, after nerve transection and surgical repair, misdirected regrowth of regenerating motor axons may occur in three ways. The first way is that the axons enter into endoneurial tubes that they did not previously occupy, regenerate through incorrect fascicles and reinnervate muscles that they did not formerly supply. Consequently the activation of these muscles results in inappropriate movements. The second way is that, in contrast with the precise target-directed pathfinding by elongating motor nerves during embryonic development, several axons rather than a single axon grow out from each transected nerve fiber. The third way of misdirection occurs by the intramuscular terminal branching (sprouting) of each regenerating axon to culminate in some polyinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, i.e. reinnervation of junctions by more than a single axon. Presently, "fascicular" or "topographic specificity" cannot be achieved and hence target-directed nerve regeneration is, as yet, unattainable. Nonetheless, motor and sensory reinnervation of appropriate endoneurial tubes does occur and can be promoted by brief nerve electrical stimulation. This review considers the expression of neurotrophic factors in the neuromuscular system and how this expression can promote functional recovery, with emphasis on the whisking of vibrissae on the rat face in relationship to the expression of the factors. Evidence is reviewed for a role of neurotrophic factors as short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli in promoting complete functional recovery of vibrissal whisking in blind Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS rats but not in SD rats with normal vision, after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. Briefly, a complicated time course of growth factor expression in the nerves and denervated muscles include (1) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2, (2) reduced NGF between 2 and 14days after nerve transection and surgical repair, (3) a late rise in BDNF and (4) reduced IGF1 protein in the denervated muscles at 28days. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of nerve injury-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines at the neuromuscular junctions of denervated muscles. In particular, the increase of FGF2 and concomittant decrease of NGF during the first week after facial nerve-nerve anastomosis in SD/RCS blind rats may prevent intramuscular axon sprouting and, in turn, reduce poly-innervation of the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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17
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A Schwanncentric View of Axon Arborization in Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) Formation. J Neurosci 2016; 36:9760-2. [PMID: 27656015 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2047-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Grosheva M, Nohroudi K, Schwarz A, Rink S, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Klimaschewski L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Comparison of trophic factors' expression between paralyzed and recovering muscles after facial nerve injury. A quantitative analysis in time course. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:137-148. [PMID: 26940083 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, recovery of motor performance negatively correlates with the poly-innervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) due to excessive sprouting of the terminal Schwann cells. Denervated muscles produce short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli, of which some are neurotrophic factors. Based on recent data that vibrissal whisking is restored perfectly during facial nerve regeneration in blind rats from the Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS strain, we compared the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), insulin growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) and nerve growth factor (NGF) between SD/RCS and SD-rats with normal vision but poor recovery of whisking function after facial nerve injury. To establish which trophic factors might be responsible for proper NMJ-reinnervation, the transected facial nerve was surgically repaired (facial-facial anastomosis, FFA) for subsequent analysis of mRNA and proteins expressed in the levator labii superioris muscle. A complicated time course of expression included (1) a late rise in BDNF protein that followed earlier elevated gene expression, (2) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2 protein after 2 days with sustained gene expression, (3) reduced IGF1 protein at 28 days coincident with decline of raised mRNA levels to baseline, and (4) reduced NGF protein between 2 and 14 days with maintained gene expression found in blind rats but not the rats with normal vision. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of lesion-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines in denervated muscles. The increase of FGF-2 protein and concomittant decrease of NGF (with no significant changes in BDNF or IGF levels) during the first week following FFA in SD/RCS blind rats possibly prevents the distal branching of regenerating axons resulting in reduced poly-innervation of motor endplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Alisa Schwarz
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Merheim, University of Witten-Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Johnson BN, Lancaster KZ, Zhen G, He J, Gupta MK, Kong YL, Engel EA, Krick KD, Ju A, Meng F, Enquist LW, Jia X, McAlpine MC. 3D Printed Anatomical Nerve Regeneration Pathways. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2015; 25:6205-6217. [PMID: 26924958 PMCID: PMC4765385 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201501760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An imaging-coupled 3D printing methodology for the design, optimization, and fabrication of a customized nerve repair technology for complex injuries is presented. The custom scaffolds are deterministically fabricated via a microextrusion printing principle which enables the simultaneous incorporation of anatomical geometries, biomimetic physical cues, and spatially controlled biochemical gradients in a one-pot 3D manufacturing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake N. Johnson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Karen Z. Lancaster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gehua Zhen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maneesh K. Gupta
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yong Lin Kong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Esteban A. Engel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kellin D. Krick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Alex Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Fanben Meng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Gonzalez-Perez F, Alé A, Santos D, Barwig C, Freier T, Navarro X, Udina E. Substratum preferences of motor and sensory neurons in postnatal and adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:431-42. [PMID: 26332537 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injuries, damaged axons can regenerate but functional recovery is limited by the specific reinnervation of targets. In this study we evaluated if motor and sensory neurites have a substrate preference for laminin and fibronectin in postnatal and adult stages. In postnatal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants, sensory neurons extended longer neurites on collagen matrices enriched with laminin (~50%) or fibronectin (~35%), whereas motoneurons extended longer neurites (~100%) in organotypic spinal cord slices embedded in fibronectin-enriched matrix. An increased percentage of parvalbumin-positive neurites (presumptive proprioceptive) vs. neurofilament-positive neurites was also found in DRG in fibronectin-enriched matrix. To test if the different preference of neurons for extracellular matrix components was maintained in vivo, these matrices were used to fill a chitosan guide to repair a 6-mm gap in the sciatic nerve of adult rats. However, the number of regenerating motor and sensory neurons after 1 month was similar between groups. Moreover, none of the retrotraced sensory neurons in DRG was positive for parvalbumin, suggesting that presumptive proprioceptive neurons had poor regenerative capabilities compared with other peripheral neurons. Using real-time PCR we evaluated the expression of α5β1 (receptor for fibronectin) and α7β1 integrin (receptor for laminin) in spinal cord and DRG 2 days after injury. Postnatal animals showed a higher increase of α5β1 integrin, whereas both integrins were similarly expressed in adult neurons. Therefore, we conclude that motor and sensory axons have a different substrate preference at early postnatal stages but this difference is lost in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Alé
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Santos
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERNED, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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Wood MD, Mackinnon SE. Pathways regulating modality-specific axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:171-5. [PMID: 25681572 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, the distal nerve is primed for regenerating axons by generating a permissive environment replete with glial cells, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors to encourage axonal growth. However, increasing evidence demonstrates that regenerating axons within peripheral nerves still encounter axonal-growth inhibitors, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Given the generally poor clinical outcomes following peripheral nerve injury and reconstruction, the use of pharmacological therapies to augment axonal regeneration and overcome inhibitory signals has gained considerable interest. Joshi et al. (2014) have provided evidence for preferential or modality-specific (motor versus sensory) axonal growth and regeneration due to inhibitory signaling from Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway regulation. By providing inhibition to the ROCK signaling pathway through Y-27632, they demonstrate that motor neurons regenerating their axons are impacted to a greater extent compared to sensory neurons. In light of this evidence, we briefly review the literature regarding modality-specific axonal regeneration to provide context to their findings. We also describe potential and novel barriers, such as senescent Schwann cells, which provide additional axonal-growth inhibitory factors for future consideration following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8238, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 280:73-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jesuraj NJ, Marquardt LM, Kwasa JA, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes increased phenotypic marker expression in femoral sensory and motor-derived Schwann cell cultures. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:10-8. [PMID: 24731946 PMCID: PMC4065822 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) secrete growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules that promote neuronal survival and help guide axons during regeneration. Transplantation of SCs is a promising strategy for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration. However, we and others have shown that after long-term in vitro expansion, SCs revert to a de-differentiated state similar to the phenotype observed after injury. In vivo, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may guide the differentiation of SCs to remyelinate regenerating axons. Therefore, we hypothesized that exogenous GDNF may guide the differentiation of SCs into their native phenotypes in vitro through stimulation of GDNF family receptor (GFR)α-1. When activated in SCs, GFRα-1 promotes phosphorylation of Fyn, a Src family tyrosine kinase responsible for mediating downstream signaling for differentiation and proliferation. In this study, SCs harvested from the sensory and motor branches of rat femoral nerve were expanded in vitro and then cultured with 50 or 100ng/mL of GDNF. The exogenous GDNF promoted differentiation of sensory and motor-derived SCs back to their native phenotypes, as demonstrated by decreased proliferation after 7days and increased expression of S100Ββ and phenotype-specific markers. Furthermore, inhibiting Fyn with Src family kinase inhibitors, PP2 and SU6656, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fyn reduced GDNF-stimulated differentiation of sensory and motor-derived SCs. These results demonstrate that activating Fyn is necessary for GDNF-stimulated differentiation of femoral nerve-derived SCs into their native phenotypes in vitro. Therefore GDNF could be incorporated into SC-based therapies to promote differentiation of SCs into their native phenotype to improve functional nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya J Jesuraj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Laura M Marquardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jasmine A Kwasa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Madison RD, Robinson GA. Accuracy of regenerating motor neurons: influence of diffusion in denervated nerve. Neuroscience 2014; 273:128-40. [PMID: 24846614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following injury to a peripheral nerve the denervated distal nerve segment undergoes remarkable changes including loss of the blood-nerve barrier, Schwann cell proliferation, macrophage invasion, and the production of many cytokines and neurotrophic factors. The aggregate consequence of such changes is that the denervated nerve becomes a permissive and even preferred target for regenerating axons from the proximal nerve segment. The possible role that an original end-organ target (e.g. muscle) may play in this phenomenon during the regeneration period is largely unexplored. We used the rat femoral nerve as an in vivo model to begin to address this question. We also examined the effects of disrupting communication with muscle in terms of accuracy of regenerating motor neurons as judged by their ability to correctly project to their original terminal nerve branch. Our results demonstrate that the accuracy of regenerating motor neurons is dependent upon the denervated nerve segment remaining in uninterrupted continuity with muscle. We hypothesized that this influence of muscle on the denervated nerve might be via diffusion-driven movement of biomolecules or the active axonal transport that continues in severed axons for several days in the rat, so we devised experiments to separate these two possibilities. Our data show that disrupting ongoing diffusion-driven movement in a denervated nerve significantly reduces the accuracy of regenerating motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Madison
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Biological Laboratory Research and Development Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, United States.
| | - G A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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Madison RD, McGee C, Rawson R, Robinson GA. Extracellular vesicles from a muscle cell line (C2C12) enhance cell survival and neurite outgrowth of a motor neuron cell line (NSC-34). J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:22865. [PMID: 24563732 PMCID: PMC3930942 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is renewed interest in extracellular vesicles over the past decade or 2 after initially being thought of as simple cellular garbage cans to rid cells of unwanted components. Although there has been intense research into the role of extracellular vesicles in the fields of tumour and stem cell biology, the possible role of extracellular vesicles in nerve regeneration is just in its infancy. Background When a peripheral nerve is damaged, the communication between spinal cord motor neurons and their target muscles is disrupted and the result can be the loss of coordinated muscle movement. Despite state-of-the-art surgical procedures only approximately 10% of adults will recover full function after peripheral nerve repair. To improve upon such results will require a better understanding of the basic mechanisms that influence axon outgrowth and the interplay between the parent motor neuron and the distal end organ of muscle. It has previously been shown that extracellular vesicles are immunologically tolerated, display targeting ligands on their surface, and can be delivered in vivo to selected cell populations. All of these characteristics suggest that extracellular vesicles could play a significant role in nerve regeneration. Methods We have carried out studies using 2 very well characterized cell lines, the C2C12 muscle cell line and the motor neuron cell line NSC-34 to ask the question: Do extracellular vesicles from muscle influence cell survival and/or neurite outgrowth of motor neurons? Conclusion Our results show striking effects of extracellular vesicles derived from the muscle cell line on the motor neuron cell line in terms of neurite outgrowth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Madison
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA ; Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher McGee
- Research Service of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Renee Rawson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Grant A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Jesuraj NJ, Santosa KB, Macewan MR, Moore AM, Kasukurthi R, Ray WZ, Flagg ER, Hunter DA, Borschel GH, Johnson PJ, Mackinnon SE, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Schwann cells seeded in acellular nerve grafts improve functional recovery. Muscle Nerve 2013; 49:267-76. [PMID: 23625513 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated whether Schwann cells (SCs) from different nerve sources transplanted into cold-preserved acellular nerve grafts (CP-ANGs) would improve functional regeneration compared with nerve isografts. METHODS SCs isolated and expanded from motor and sensory branches of rat femoral and sciatic nerves were seeded into 14mm CP-ANGs. Growth factor expression, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery were evaluated in a 14-mm rat sciatic injury model and compared with isografts. RESULTS At 14 days, motor or sensory-derived SCs increased expression of growth factors in CP-ANGs versus isografts. After 42 days, histomorphometric analysis found CP-ANGs with SCs and isografts had similar numbers of regenerating nerve fibers. At 84 days, muscle force generation was similar for CP-ANGs with SCs and isografts. SC source did not affect nerve fiber counts or muscle force generation. CONCLUSIONS SCs transplanted into CP-ANGs increase functional regeneration to isograft levels; however SC nerve source did not have an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya J Jesuraj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
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Robinson GA, Madison RD. Motor neuron target selectivity and survival after prolonged axotomy. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2013; 31:451-60. [PMID: 23648674 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE After a cut peripheral nerve is repaired, motor neurons usually regenerate across the lesion site, however they often enter an inappropriate Schwann cell tube and may be directed to an inappropriate target organ such as skin, resulting in continued loss of function. In fact, only about 10% of adults who receive a peripheral nerve repair display full functional recovery. The reasons for this are many and complex, however one aspect is whether the motor neuron has undergone a prolonged period of axotomy prior to nerve repair. Previous studies have suggested a deleterious effect of prolonged axotomy. METHODS We examined the influence of prolonged axotomy on target selectivity using a cross-reinnervation model of rat obturator motor neurons regrowing into the distal femoral nerve, with its normal bifurcating pathways to muscle and skin. RESULTS Surprisingly, we found that a prolonged period of axotomy resulted in an increase in motor neuron regeneration accuracy. In addition, we found that regeneration accuracy could be increased even further by a simple surgical manipulation of the distal terminal nerve pathway to skin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that under certain conditions prolonged axotomy may not be detrimental to the final accuracy of motor neuron regeneration and highlight that a simple manipulation of terminal nerve pathways may be one approach to increase such regeneration accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Functional recovery of regenerating motor axons is delayed in mice heterozygously deficient for the myelin protein P(0) gene. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1266-77. [PMID: 23564290 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice with a heterozygous knock-out of the myelin protein P0 gene (P0+/-) develop a neuropathy similar to human Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. They are indistinguishable from wild-types (WT) at birth and develop a slowly progressing demyelinating neuropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the regeneration capacity of early symptomatic P0+/- is impaired as compared to age matched WT. Right sciatic nerves were lesioned at the thigh in 7-8 months old mice. Tibial motor axons at ankle were investigated by conventional motor conduction studies and axon excitability studies using threshold tracking. To evaluate regeneration we monitored the recovery of motor function after crush, and then compared the fiber distribution by histology. The overall motor performance was investigated using Rotor-Rod. P0+/- had reduced compound motor action potential amplitudes and thinner myelinated axons with only a borderline impairment in conduction and Rotor-Rod. Plantar muscle reinnervation occurred within 21 days in all mice. Shortly after reinnervation the conduction of P0+/- regenerated axons was markedly slower than WT, however, this difference decayed with time. Nevertheless, after 1 month, regenerated P0+/- axons had longer strength-duration time constant, larger threshold changes during hyperpolarizing electrotonus and longer relative refractory period. Their performance at Rotor-Rod remained also markedly impaired. In contrast, the number and diameter distribution of regenerating myelinated fibers became similar to regenerated WT. Our data suggest that in the presence of heterozygously P0 deficient Schwann cells, regenerating motor axons retain their ability to reinnervate their targets and remyelinate, though their functional recovery is delayed.
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Raslan A, Ernst P, Werle M, Thieme H, Szameit K, Finkensieper M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Reduced cholinergic and glutamatergic synaptic input to regenerated motoneurons after facial nerve repair in rats: potential implications for recovery of motor function. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:891-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Robinson GA, Madison RD. Polysialic acid expression is not necessary for motor neuron target selectivity. Muscle Nerve 2012; 47:364-71. [PMID: 23169481 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recovery after peripheral nerve lesions depends on guiding axons back to their targets. Polysialic acid upregulation by regrowing axons has been proposed recently as necessary for this target selectivity. METHODS We reexamined this proposition using a cross-reinnervation model whereby axons from obturator motor neurons that do not upregulate polysialic acid regenerated into the distal femoral nerve. Our aim was to assess their target selectivity between pathways to muscle and skin. RESULTS After simple cross-repair, obturator motor neurons showed no pathway preference, but the same repair with a shortened skin pathway resulted in selective targeting of these motor neurons to muscle by a polysialic acid-independent mechanism. CONCLUSION The intrinsic molecular differences between motor neuron pools can be overcome by manipulation of their access to different peripheral nerve pathways such that obturator motor neurons preferentially project to a terminal nerve branch to muscle despite not upregulating the expression of polysialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Robinson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Cooperative roles of BDNF expression in neurons and Schwann cells are modulated by exercise to facilitate nerve regeneration. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5002-9. [PMID: 22492055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1411-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury, neurotrophins play a key role in the regeneration of damaged axons that can be augmented by exercise, although the distinct roles played by neurons and Schwann cells are unclear. In this study, we evaluated the requirement for the neurotrophin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in neurons and Schwann cells for the regeneration of peripheral axons after injury. Common fibular or tibial nerves in thy-1-YFP-H mice were cut bilaterally and repaired using a graft of the same nerve from transgenic mice lacking BDNF in Schwann cells (BDNF(-/-)) or wild-type mice (WT). Two weeks postrepair, axonal regeneration into BDNF(-/-) grafts was markedly less than WT grafts, emphasizing the importance of Schwann cell BDNF. Nerve regeneration was enhanced by treadmill training posttransection, regardless of the BDNF content of the nerve graft. We further tested the hypothesis that training-induced increases in BDNF in neurons allow regenerating axons to overcome a lack of BDNF expression in cells in the pathway through which they regenerate. Nerves in mice lacking BDNF in YFP(+) neurons (SLICK) were cut and repaired with BDNF(-/-) and WT nerves. SLICK axons lacking BDNF did not regenerate into grafts lacking Schwann cell BDNF. Treadmill training could not rescue the regeneration into BDNF(-/-) grafts if the neurons also lacked BDNF. Both Schwann cell- and neuron-derived BDNF are thus important for axon regeneration in cut peripheral nerves.
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Transgenic techniques for cell ablation or molecular deletion to investigate functions of astrocytes and other GFAP-expressing cell types. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 814:531-44. [PMID: 22144330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic tools are enabling the molecular dissection of the functions and mechanisms of many biological processes. Transgenic manipulations provide powerful tools with which to test hypotheses regarding functions of specific cell types and molecules in vivo in combination with different types of experimental models. Various techniques are available that can target genetic manipulations specifically to astrocytes and that are enabling the molecular dissection of astrocyte biology in vivo. This article summarizes procedures and experience from our laboratory using transgenic strategies that enable either the ablation of proliferating astrocytes and related cells, or the deletion of specific molecules selectively from astrocytes, to study the functions of astrocytes and related cell types in health and disease in vivo using different experimental mouse models.
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Jesuraj NJ, Nguyen PK, Wood MD, Moore AM, Borschel GH, Mackinnon SE, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Differential gene expression in motor and sensory Schwann cells in the rat femoral nerve. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:96-104. [PMID: 21932366 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic differences in Schwann cells (SCs) may help to guide axonal regeneration down motor or sensory specific pathways following peripheral nerve injury. The goal of this study was to identify phenotypic markers for SCs harvested from the cutaneous (sensory) and quadriceps (motor) branches of the rat femoral nerve and to study the effects of expansion culture on the expression patterns of these motor or sensory phenotypic markers. RNA was extracted from SCs harvested from the motor and sensory branches of the rat femoral nerve and analyzed using Affymetrix Gene Chips (Rat Genome 230 v2.0 Array A). Genes that were upregulated in motor SCs compared with the sensory SCs or vice versa were identified, and the results were verified for a subset of genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression levels of the "phenotype-specific" genes were then evaluated in SC expansion cultures at various time points over 30 days by qRT-PCR to determine the effect of expansion on SC phenotype. Expression levels of the phenotype-specific genes were significantly altered after expansion culture for both the motor and the sensory markers compared with fresh nerve tissue. These results indicate that both motor and sensory SC gene expression patterns are disrupted during expansion in vitro and may affect the ability of SCs to express phenotype-specific genes after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya J Jesuraj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Dubový P, Raška O, Klusáková I, Stejskal L, Celakovský P, Haninec P. Ciliary neurotrophic factor promotes motor reinnervation of the musculocutaneous nerve in an experimental model of end-to-side neurorrhaphy. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:58. [PMID: 21696588 PMCID: PMC3224149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to repair nerve if proximal stump is unavailable or autogenous nerve grafts are insufficient for reconstructing extensive nerve damage. Therefore, alternative methods have been developed, including lateral anastomosis based on axons' ability to send out collateral sprouts into denervated nerve. The different capacity of a sensory or motor axon to send a sprout is controversial and may be controlled by cytokines and/or neurotrophic factors like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess collateral sprouts sent out by intact motor and sensory axons in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy model following intrathecal administration of CNTF in comparison with phosphate buffered saline (vehiculum) and Cerebrolysin. The distal stump of rat transected musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) was attached in an end-to-side fashion with ulnar nerve. CNTF, Cerebrolysin and vehiculum were administered intrathecally for 2 weeks, and all animals were allowed to survive for 2 months from operation. Numbers of spinal motor and dorsal root ganglia neurons were estimated following their retrograde labeling by Fluoro-Ruby and Fluoro-Emerald applied to ulnar and musculocutaneous nerve, respectively. Reinnervation of biceps brachii muscles was assessed by electromyography, behavioral test, and diameter and myelin sheath thickness of regenerated axons. Results Vehiculum or Cerebrolysin administration resulted in significantly higher numbers of myelinated axons regenerated into the MCN stumps compared with CNTF treatment. By contrast, the mean diameter of the myelinated axons and their myelin sheath thickness in the cases of Cerebrolysin- or CNTF-treated animals were larger than were those for rats treated with vehiculum. CNTF treatment significantly increased the percentage of motoneurons contributing to reinnervation of the MCN stumps (to 17.1%) when compared with vehiculum or Cerebrolysin treatments (at 9.9 or 9.6%, respectively). Reduced numbers of myelinated axons and simultaneously increased numbers of motoneurons contributing to reinnervation of the MCN improved functional reinnervation of the biceps brachii muscle after CNTF treatment. Conclusion The present experimental study confirms end-to-side neurorrhaphy as an alternative method for reconstructing severed peripheral nerves. CNTF promotes motor reinnervation of the MCN stump after its end-to-side neurorrhaphy with ulnar nerve and improves functional recovery of the biceps brachii muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, and Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Seitz M, Grosheva M, Skouras E, Angelova SK, Ankerne J, Jungnickel J, Grothe C, Klimaschewski L, Hübbers CU, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN. Poor functional recovery and muscle polyinnervation after facial nerve injury in fibroblast growth factor-2-/- mice can be improved by manual stimulation of denervated vibrissal muscles. Neuroscience 2011; 182:241-7. [PMID: 21440044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional recovery following facial nerve injury is poor. Adjacent neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are "bridged" by terminal Schwann cells and numerous regenerating axonal sprouts. We have recently shown that manual stimulation (MS) restores whisking function and reduces polyinnervation of NMJs. Furthermore, MS requires both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Here, we investigated whether fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) was also required for the beneficial effects of MS. Following transection and suture of the facial nerve (facial-facial anastomisis, FFA) in homozygous mice lacking FGF-2 (FGF-2(-/-)), vibrissal motor performance and the percentage of poly-innervated NMJ were quantified. In intact FGF-2(-/-) mice and their wildtype (WT) counterparts, there were no differences in amplitude of vibrissal whisking (about 50°) or in the percentage of polyinnervated NMJ (0%). After 2 months FFA and handling alone (i.e. no MS), the amplitude of vibrissal whisking in WT-mice decreased to 22±3°. In the FGF-2(-/-) mice, the amplitude was reduced further to 15±4°, that is, function was significantly poorer. Functional deficits were mirrored by increased polyinnervation of NMJ in WT mice (40.33±2.16%) with polyinnervation being increased further in FGF-2(-/-) mice (50.33±4.33%). However, regardless of the genotype, MS increased vibrissal whisking amplitude (WT: 33.9°±7.7; FGF-2(-/-): 33.4°±8.1) and concomitantly reduced polyinnervation (WT: 33.9%±7.7; FGF-2(-/-): 33.4%±8.1) to a similar extent. We conclude that, whereas lack of FGF-2 leads to poor functional recovery and target reinnervation, MS can nevertheless confer some functional benefit in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seitz
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Irintchev A. Potentials and limitations of peripheral nerve injury models in rodents with particular reference to the femoral nerve. Ann Anat 2011; 193:276-85. [PMID: 21481575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of function after peripheral nerve repair in humans is unsatisfactory. Various causes of poor recovery have been proposed. Still, we do not understand which of these potential factors are indeed detrimental and do not know how to manipulate them experimentally in a clinically feasible way. Future success largely depends on methodological improvement in rodent models. An example of recent progress is the introduction of new functional and anatomical outcome measures in the facial nerve injury paradigm which led to novel insights into facial nerve regeneration and a new therapeutic concept. Less success can be ascribed to the use of the classical spinal nerve model, the sciatic nerve paradigm, not least because of its anatomical and functional complexity making assessment of recovery challenging. A simpler alternative to the sciatic nerve is the femoral nerve model. It offers, alongside with its known usefulness for studies on precision of motor reinnervation, the possibility of reliable functional assessments and a straightforward search of anatomical substrates of dysfunction. The structure-function approach in the femoral nerve paradigm has been useful for testing of novel therapeutic means and analyses of regeneration in mutant mice. The potential of the method has still not been really exploited and its more extensive use may contribute to better understanding of nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Irintchev
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 2, Jena, Germany.
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Recovery of whisking function after manual stimulation of denervated vibrissal muscles requires brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor tyrosine kinase B. Neuroscience 2010; 170:372-80. [PMID: 20600640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional recovery following facial nerve injury is poor. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are "bridged" by terminal Schwann cells and numerous regenerating axonal sprouts. We have shown that this poly-innervation of NMJs can be reduced by manual stimulation (MS) with restoration of whisking function. In addition, we have recently reported that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is required to mediate the beneficial effects of MS. Here we extend our findings to brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We then examined the effect of MS after facial-facial anastomosis (FFA) in heterozygous mice deficient in BDNF (BDNF(+/-)) or in its receptor TrkB (TrkB(+/-)). We quantified vibrissal motor performance and the percentage of NMJ bridged by S100-positive terminal Schwann cells. In intact BDNF(+/-) or TrkB(+/-) mice and their wild type (WT) littermates, there were no differences in vibrissal whisking nor in the percentage of bridged NMJ (0% in each genotype). After FFA and handling alone (i.e. no MS) in WT animals, vibrissal whisking amplitude was reduced (60% lower than intact) and the percentage of bridged NMJ increased (27% more than intact). MS improved both the amplitude of vibrissal whisking (not significantly different from intact) and the percentage of bridged NMJ (11% more than intact). After FFA and handling in BDNF(+/-) or TrkB(+/-) mice, whisking amplitude was again reduced (53% and 60% lower than intact) and proportion of bridged NMJ increased (24% and 29% more than intact). However, MS failed to improve outcome in both heterozygous strains (whisking amplitude 55% and 58% lower than intact; proportion of bridged NMJ 27% and 18% more than intact). We conclude that BDNF and TRkB are required to mediate the effects of MS on target muscle reinnervation and recovery of whisking function.
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Kawamura DH, Johnson PJ, Moore AM, Magill CK, Hunter DA, Ray WZ, Tung THH, Mackinnon SE. Matching of motor-sensory modality in the rodent femoral nerve model shows no enhanced effect on peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:496-504. [PMID: 20122927 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of peripheral nerve injuries with nerve gaps largely consists of autologous nerve grafting utilizing sensory nerve donors. Underlying this clinical practice is the assumption that sensory autografts provide a suitable substrate for motoneuron regeneration, thereby facilitating motor endplate reinnervation and functional recovery. This study examined the role of nerve graft modality on axonal regeneration, comparing motor nerve regeneration through motor, sensory, and mixed nerve isografts in the Lewis rat. A total of 100 rats underwent grafting of the motor or sensory branch of the femoral nerve with histomorphometric analysis performed after 5, 6, or 7 weeks. Analysis demonstrated similar nerve regeneration in motor, sensory, and mixed nerve grafts at all three time points. These data indicate that matching of motor-sensory modality in the rat femoral nerve does not confer improved axonal regeneration through nerve isografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kawamura
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
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Kiryakova S, Söhnchen J, Grosheva M, Schuetz U, Marinova T, Dzhupanova R, Sinis N, Hübbers CU, Skouras E, Ankerne J, Fries JWU, Irintchev A, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN. Recovery of whisking function promoted by manual stimulation of the vibrissal muscles after facial nerve injury requires insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Exp Neurol 2010; 222:226-34. [PMID: 20067789 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that manual stimulation (MS) of denervated vibrissal muscles enhanced functional recovery following facial nerve cut and suture (FFA) by reducing poly-innervation at the neuro-muscular junctions (NMJ). Although the cellular correlates of poly-innervation are established, with terminal Schwann cells (TSC) processes attracting axon sprouts to "bridge" adjacent NMJ, molecular correlates are poorly understood. Since quantitative RT-PCR revealed a rapid increase of IGF-1 mRNA in denervated muscles, we examined the effect of daily MS for 2 months after FFA in IGF-1(+/-) heterozygous mice; controls were wild-type (WT) littermates including intact animals. We quantified vibrissal motor performance and the percentage of NMJ bridged by S100-positive TSC. There were no differences between intact WT and IGF-1(+/-) mice for vibrissal whisking amplitude (48 degrees and 49 degrees ) or the percentage of bridged NMJ (0%). After FFA and handling alone (i.e. no MS) in WT animals, vibrissal whisking amplitude was reduced (60% lower than intact) and the percentage of bridged NMJ increased (42% more than intact). MS improved both the amplitude of vibrissal whisking (not significantly different from intact) and the percentage of bridged NMJ (12% more than intact). After FFA and handling in IGF-1(+/-) mice, the pattern was similar (whisking amplitude 57% lower than intact; proportion of bridged NMJ 42% more than intact). However, MS did not improve outcome (whisking amplitude 47% lower than intact; proportion of bridged NMJ 40% more than intact). We conclude that IGF-I is required to mediate the effects of MS on target muscle reinnervation and recovery of whisking function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kiryakova
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, D-50924 Cologne, Germany
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Hu X, Cai J, Yang J, Smith GM. Sensory axon targeting is increased by NGF gene therapy within the lesioned adult femoral nerve. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:153-65. [PMID: 19733564 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Even though peripheral nerves regenerate well, axons are often misrouted and reinnervate inappropriate distal pathways post-injury. Misrouting most likely occurs at branch points where regenerating axons make choices. Here, we show that the accuracy of sensory axon reinnervation is enhanced by overexpression of the guidance molecule nerve growth factor (NGF) distal to the bifurcation. We used the femoral nerve as a model, which contains both sensory and motor axons that intermingle in the parent trunk and distally segregate into the saphenous (SB) and motor branches (MB). Transection of the parent trunk resulted in misrouting of axon reinnervation to SB and MB. To enhance sensory axon targeting, recombinant adenovirus encoding NGF was injected along the SB close to the bifurcation 1 week post-injury. The accuracy of axon reinnervation was assessed by retrograde tracing at 3 or 8 weeks after nerve injury. NGF overexpression significantly increased the accuracy of SB axon reinnervation to the appropriate nerve branch, in a manner independent of enhancing axon regeneration. This novel finding provides in vivo evidence that gradient expression of neurotrophin can be used to enhance targeting of distal peripheral pathways to increase axon regeneration into the appropriate nerve branch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Hu
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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