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Qiang F, Xuan D, Li Z, Chen L, Wang L, Sheng J. Causal association between rheumatoid arthritis and risk of stroke: A Mendelian randomization study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 244:108465. [PMID: 39059285 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may damage vascular endothelial cells, thereby increasing the likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events. However, it is not yet clearly established whether RA also increases the risk of adverse cerebrovascular events, particularly stroke. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the likelihood of a causal association between RA and stroke. METHOD A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) average, weighted median, and MR-Egger regression methods. The analysis utilized publicly available summary statistics datasets from Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses for RA in individuals of European descent (total n = 484,598; case = 5427, control = 479,171) as the exposure cohort, and from GWAS meta-analyses for "vascular/heart problems diagnosed by doctor: stroke" in individuals included in the UK Biobank (total n = 461,880; case = 7055, control = 454,825, MRC-IEU consortium) as the outcome cohort. RESULTS Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms with genome-wide significance were selected from the GWASs on RA as the instrumental variables. The results of the MR-Egger and weighted median analyses showed no causal association between RA and stroke (OR = 1.081, 95 % CI [0.943-1.240], P = 0.304) vs. OR = 1.079, 95 % CI [0.988-1.179], P = 0.091), respectively. However, the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) analysis results revealed a causal association between RA and stroke (OR = 1.115, 95 % CI [1.040-1.194], P = 0.002). Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger regression revealed no evidence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSION The MR analysis results indicated that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be causally associated with an increased risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Qiang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Dan Xuan
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Lanfang Chen
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2, Zheshan West Road, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China.
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2
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Jia Y, Zhang K, Shi M, Guo D, Yang P, Bu X, Chen J, Wang A, Xu T, He J, Zhu Z, Zhang Y. Associations of Rheumatoid Factor, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Interleukin-6 Inhibitor with the Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke: a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:750-760. [PMID: 37256492 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factor (RF), an established diagnostic biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is associated with cardiovascular diseases, but its impact on clinical outcomes of ischemic stroke remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the observational associations between serum RF and prognosis of ischemic stroke, and further examined the genetic associations of RA and its therapeutic strategy, interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibitor, with prognosis of ischemic stroke. We measured serum RF levels in 3474 Chinese ischemic stroke patients from the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke. The primary outcome was the composite outcome of death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 months after stroke onset. Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to examine the associations of genetically predicted RA and IL-6 inhibition with prognosis of ischemic stroke. During 3 months of follow-up, 866 patients (25.43%) experienced death or major disability. After multivariate adjustment, RF-positive was significantly associated with a high risk of primary outcome (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.08-2.00; P =0.016) compared with RF-negative. The two-sample MR analyses suggested that genetically predicted RA was associated with an increased risk of primary outcome (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P=0.021), while genetically predicted IL-6 inhibition was associated with a decreased risk of primary outcome (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99; P=0.041). We found that positive RF was associated with increased risks of adverse outcomes after atherosclerotic ischemic stroke, and genetically predicted RA and IL-6 inhibition increased and decreased the risks of adverse outcomes after ischemic stroke, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daoxia Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Nursing, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pinni Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing Bu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhengbao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Shihui M, Shirong Y, Jing L, Jingjing H, Tongqian W, Tian T, Chenyu W, Fang Y. S100A4 reprofiles lipid metabolism in mast cells via RAGE and PPAR-γ signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111555. [PMID: 38280333 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
S100A4 is implicated in metabolic reprogramming across various cell types and is known to propel the progression of numerous diseases including allergies. Nonetheless, the influence of S100A4 on mast cell metabolic reprogramming during allergic disorders remains unexplored. Utilizing a mast cell line (C57), cells were treated with recombinant mouse S100A4 protein, with or without a PPAR-γ agonist (ROSI) or a RAGE inhibitor (FPS-ZM1). Subsequent assessments were conducted for mast cell activation and lipid metabolism. S100A4 induced mast cell activation and the release of inflammatory mediators, concurrently altering molecules involved in lipid metabolism and glycolysis over time. Furthermore, S100A4 stimulation resulted in cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Alterations in the levels of pivotal molecules within the RAGE/Src/JAK2/STAT3/PPAR-γ and NF-κB signaling pathways were noted during this stimulation, which were partially counteracted by ROSI or FPS-ZMI. Additionally, a trend of metabolic alterations was identified in patients with allergic asthma who exhibited elevated serum S100A4 levels. Correlation analysis unveiled a positive association between serum S100A4 and serum IgE, implying an indirect association with asthma. Collectively, our findings suggest that S100A4 regulates the lipid-metabolic reprogramming of mast cells, potentially via the RAGE and PPAR-γ-involved signaling pathway, offering a novel perspective in the disease management in patients with allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Shihui
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Shirong
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Jing
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - He Jingjing
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wu Tongqian
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Tian
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wang Chenyu
- School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; School for Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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4
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Di Russo S, Liberati FR, Riva A, Di Fonzo F, Macone A, Giardina G, Arese M, Rinaldo S, Cutruzzolà F, Paone A. Beyond the barrier: the immune-inspired pathways of tumor extravasation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:104. [PMID: 38331871 PMCID: PMC10851599 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extravasation is a fundamental step in the metastatic journey, where cancer cells exit the bloodstream and breach the endothelial cell barrier to infiltrate target tissues. The tactics cancer cells employ are sophisticated, closely reflecting those used by the immune system for tissue surveillance. Remarkably, tumor cells have been observed to form distinct associations or clusters with immune cells where neutrophils stand out as particularly crucial partners. These interactions are not accidental; they are critical for cancer cells to exploit the immune functions of neutrophils and successfully extravasate. In another strategy, tumor cells mimic the behavior and characteristics of immune cells. They release a suite of inflammatory mediators, which under normal circumstances, guide the processes of endothelium reshaping and facilitate the entry and movement of immune cells within tissues. In this review, we offer a new perspective on the tactics employed by cancer cells to extravasate and infiltrate target tissues. We delve into the myriad mechanisms that tumor cells borrow, adapt, and refine from the immune playbook. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Di Russo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Liberati
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Agnese Riva
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Federica Di Fonzo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Marzia Arese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Alessio Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "Alessandro Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.Le A. Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy.
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5
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Al-Ewaidat OA, Naffaa MM. Stroke risk in rheumatoid arthritis patients: exploring connections and implications for patient care. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:30. [PMID: 38294723 PMCID: PMC10830780 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can independently increase the risk of stroke, affecting both young and adult RA patients. Recent attention has been drawn to the association between stroke and RA, supported by mounting evidence. Given that stroke is a significant and an urgent public health concern, this review aims to highlight the relationship between stroke and RA, covering mechanisms, underlying risk factors, early detection tools, and treatment implications. By uncovering the connection that links RA to stroke, we can pave the way for targeted healthcare practices and the development of preventive strategies for individuals with RA. Therefore, further research is imperative to deepen our understanding of this association and, ideally, guide treatment decisions for individuals at risk of both RA and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola A Al-Ewaidat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension Saint Francis Hospital, Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
| | - Moawiah M Naffaa
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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6
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Wu YY, Li XF, Wu S, Niu XN, Yin SQ, Huang C, Li J. Role of the S100 protein family in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:35. [PMID: 35101111 PMCID: PMC8802512 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proliferation of inflammatory tissue (angiogranuloma). The destruction of joints and surrounding tissues eventually causes joint deformities and dysfunction or even loss. The S100 protein family is one of the biggest subtribes in the calcium-binding protein family and has more than 20 members. The overexpression of most S100 proteins in rheumatoid arthritis is closely related to its pathogenesis. This paper reviews the relationship between S100 proteins and the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis. It will provide insights into the development of new clinical diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xue-Ni Niu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Su-Qin Yin
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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7
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Poutoglidou F, Pourzitaki C, Manthou ME, Saitis A, Malliou F, Kouvelas D. Infliximab and tocilizumab reduce anxiety-like behavior, improve cognitive performance and reverse neuropathological alterations in juvenile rats with severe autoimmune arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107917. [PMID: 34217991 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that rheumatic diseases, including Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), are associated with anxiety-like behavior and a cognitive decline. Infliximab, a Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) inhibitor, and tocilizumab, an antibody against Interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, are commonly used in the treatment of JIA. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of infliximab and tocilizumab on anxiety symptoms and cognitive function in a juvenile model of severe autoimmune arthritis. We found that both infliximab and tocilizumab improved anxiety-like behavior in the elevated-plus and elevated-zero maze tests. Tocilizumab, also, improved cognitive performance in the passive avoidance and olfactory social memory tests. Histological examination showed that anti-cytokine treatment reversed the histopathological alterations in the brain induced by arthritis. Further, infliximab and tocilizumab treatment increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampal and amygdaloid area of rat brain. In summary, our findings provide evidence that infliximab and tocilizumab have a beneficial effect on anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function and alleviate neuropathological alterations in a juvenile rat model of severe arthritis, suggesting that inhibition of TNF-a and IL-6 in the periphery, may be associated with a mood and memory enhancement in JIA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frideriki Poutoglidou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Chryssa Pourzitaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Saitis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Foteini Malliou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouvelas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Poutoglidou F, Pourzitaki C, Manthou ME, Saitis A, Malliou F, Kouvelas D. Infliximab and Tocilizumab Reduce Anxiety-Like Behaviour and Improve Cognitive Performance in a Juvenile Collagen-Induced Arthritis Rat Model. Inflammation 2021; 45:445-459. [PMID: 34515956 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and cognitive decline are highly prevalent in rheumatic diseases, including Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term treatment with infliximab and tocilizumab on anxiety-like behaviour and cognitive performance in a juvenile collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. Forty-nine rats with established moderate arthritis were randomly allocated into 7 equal groups: negative control, vehicle, methotrexate, infliximab, tocilizumab, methotrexate + infliximab and methotrexate + tocilizumab groups. Behavioural tests were performed to evaluate anxiety-like behaviour and cognitive function. Neuropathological changes were investigated by histological examination at the level of the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Also, the expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a biomarker associated with neuronal survival and plasticity, was determined in the hippocampus and the amygdala by RT-qPCR. We found that both infliximab and tocilizumab reduced anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated-plus and elevated-zero maze tests. Tocilizumab, also, improved cognitive function in the olfactory social memory and passive avoidance tests. Anti-cytokine treatment reversed the histopathological changes in the brain induced by CIA. BDNF expression was higher in all treatment groups and especially those receiving monoclonal antibodies combined with methotrexate. Our data provide evidence that chronic infliximab and tocilizumab treatment reduces anxiety-like behaviour, improves cognitive function, reverses neuropathological changes and increases central BDNF expression in a juvenile arthritis rat model. These findings may be translated to humans to address behavioural comorbidities associated with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frideriki Poutoglidou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Chryssa Pourzitaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Saitis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Foteini Malliou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouvelas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Tomita T, Kato M, Hiratsuka S. Regulation of vascular permeability in cancer metastasis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2966-2974. [PMID: 33966313 PMCID: PMC8353911 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of vascular permeability is indispensable for cancer metastasis. Weakened endothelial barrier function enhances vascular permeability. Circulating tumor cells moving in the microvasculature tend to invade into stromal tissue at the location where vascular permeability is enhanced. Many basic studies have identified permeability factors by using gene‐modified animals and cells. These factors directly/indirectly interact with endothelial cells. Here, we review vascular permeability factors and their molecular mechanisms. Interactions between tumor cells and endothelial cells are also discussed in the process of extravasation, one of the most critical steps in tumor metastasis. In some cases, primary tumors can manipulate permeability in a remote organ by secreting permeability factors. In addition, the importance of glycocalyx, which covers the endothelial cell surface, in controlling vascular permeability and tumor metastasis is also described. Furthermore, analysis of the hyperpermeable region found in a mouse model study is introduced. It clearly showed that tumor‐bearing mouse lungs had a hyperpermeable region due to the influence of a remote primary tumor, and fibrinogen deposition was observed in that region. Given that fibrinogen was reported to be a permeability factor and a key regulator of inflammation, eliminating fibrinogen deposition may prevent future metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tomita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Sachie Hiratsuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Paouri E, Georgopoulos S. Systemic and CNS Inflammation Crosstalk: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:559-574. [PMID: 30907316 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After years of failed therapeutic attempts targeting beta-amyloid (Aβ) in AD, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that inflammation holds a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis and immune pathways can possibly comprise primary therapeutic targets. Inflammation is a key characteristic of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and thus not surprisingly suppression of inflammation frequently constitutes a major therapeutic strategy for a wide spectrum of disorders. Several brain-resident and peripherally-derived immune populations and inflammatory mediators are involved in AD pathophysiology, with microglia comprising central cellular player in the disease process. Systemic inflammation, mostly in the form of infections, has long been observed to induce behavioral alterations and cognitive dysfunction, suggesting for a close interaction of the peripheral immune system with the brain. Systemic inflammation can result in neuroinflammation, mainly exhibited as microglial activation, production of inflammatory molecules, as well as recruitment of peripheral immune cells in the brain, thus shaping a cerebral inflammatory milieu that may seriously impact neuronal function. Increasing clinical and experimental studies have provided significant evidence that acute (e.g. infections) or chronic (e.g. autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis) systemic inflammatory conditions may be associated with increased AD risk and accelerate AD progression. Here we review the current literature that links systemic with CNS inflammation and the implications of this interaction for AD in the context of acute and chronic systemic pathologies as acute infection and rheumatoid arthritis. Elucidating the mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between the peripheral and the local brain immune system may provide the ground for new therapeutic approaches that target the immune-brain interface and shed light on the understanding of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Paouri
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Georgopoulos
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest H Choy
- CREATE Centre, Section of Rheumatology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff
| | - Emma Dures
- Centre for Health and Clinical Research, University of the West of England, Bristol and Academic Rheumatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
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12
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Zhao H, Li S, Xie M, Chen R, Lu H, Wen C, Filiano AJ, Xu Z. Risk of epilepsy in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of population based studies and bioinformatics analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622319899300. [PMID: 32095225 PMCID: PMC7011323 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319899300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing number of studies support an association between rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) and brain disorders. This study aims to determine the
association between RA and epilepsy. Methods: A comprehensive search of databases in both English and Chinese was
performed. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed
independently by two authors. Genes associated with epilepsy and RA were
also collected and analyzed. Results: We included six nationwide population based studies
(n = 7,094,113 cases in total) for the meta-analysis. The
risk of epilepsy was increased in RA patients [risk ratio (RR) = 1.601; 95%
confidence interval (CI): 1.089–2.354; p = 0.017;
n = 3,803,535 cases] and children born to mothers with
RA (RR = 1.475; 95% CI: 1.333–1.633; p < 0.001,
n = 3,290,578 cases). Subgroup analysis and
meta-regression showed the RR of epilepsy in RA was negatively correlated
with age. Furthermore, we found that 433 identified genes in a coexpression
network from the hippocampi of 129 epileptic patients were enriched in the
RA and related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, while 13
genes (mainly related to inflammatory cytokines and chemokines) were
identified as potential key genes bridging the RA and epilepsy. Conclusions: Our study, utilizing meta-analysis and bioinformatical data, highlights a
close association between epilepsy and RA. Further studies are still
warranted to expand these findings, especially for a population that is
exposed to RA during fetal and childhood periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meijuan Xie
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haimei Lu
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zhenghao Xu
- Laboratory of Rheumatology & Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
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13
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Sağ S, Sağ MS, Tekeoğlu I, Kamanlı A, Nas K, Acar BA. Central nervous system involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: possible role of chronic inflammation and tnf blocker therapy. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:25-31. [PMID: 29288410 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-017-0879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease, the etiology of which has yet to be clarified, which causes activation of proinflammatory pathways that bring about joint and systemic inflammation. Although peripheral nervous system anomalies are observed widely in RA, very few case reports on changes in the central nervous system (CNS) have been published. In recent years, the pathophysiology of CNS involvement that can occur in RA has attracted a great deal of attention. Emphasis has focused on the possibility that CNS involvement occurs due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage associated with chronic inflammation. The present study was performed to investigate the possible effects of BBB dysfunction and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker therapy on BBB function, which may cause CNS damage in patients with RA. 58 RA patients [47 (81.0%) females, 11 (19.0%) males] and 34 healthy controls [24 (70.6%) females, 10 (29.4%) males] were included in the study. All RA patients were on synthetic DMARD therapy at the beginning. Thirty patients continued DMARD therapy, and 28 patients with high disease activity were started on TNF blocker therapy. All demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. Disease activity was evaluated using the Disease Activity Score 28-joint count C reactive protein. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to evaluate cognitive function, and the Fazekas scale was used to assess cranial lesions visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients' peripheral blood S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), claudin, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β levels were measured at the beginning of the study and after 6 months. Demographic characteristics (including sex, age, and body mass index) were similar in the RA and control groups. S100β and GFAP levels were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. In the group that was started on TNF blocker therapy, S100β and GFAP levels were significantly decreased 6 months after commencement of treatment. No difference was observed between the RA and control groups in terms of hyperintense lesions seen on cranial MRI. The S100β levels increased with lesions in the deep white matter seen on cranial MRI in patients with RA. In conclusion, next to decreasing disease activity and joint erosions by suppressing inflammation, anti-TNF therapy in RA can also suppress potential CNS involvement linked to BBB (blood-brain barrier) dysfunction. Further studies with broader participation and longer patient follow-up are needed to reinforce this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Sağ
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Serdar Sağ
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Research and Training Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Tekeoğlu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kamanlı
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Nas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
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14
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No evidence of abnormal metabolic or inflammatory activity in the brains of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a preliminary study using whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:1765-1774. [PMID: 32002761 PMCID: PMC7237391 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction/objectives Many individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) report persistent fatigue even after management of peripheral disease activity. This study used whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to investigate whether abnormal inflammatory activity in the central nervous system may be associated with such symptoms. We hypothesized that RA patients would show higher brain choline (CHO), myo-inositol (MI), and lactate (LAC), and higher brain temperature than healthy controls. We further hypothesized that the metabolite levels would be positively correlated with self-reported fatigue. Method Thirteen women with RA provided fatigue severity ratings and underwent whole-brain MRSI and a joint examination. Thirteen healthy controls (HC) provided comparison imaging and fatigue data. CHO, MI, LAC, and brain temperature in 47 brain regions were contrasted between groups using independent-samples t tests. Significant differences were determined using a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted p value threshold of ≤ 0.0023. Secondary analyses obtained correlations between imaging and clinical outcomes in the RA group. Results No brain metabolic differences were identified between the groups. In the RA group, fatigue severity was positively correlated with CHO in several brain regions—most strongly the right frontal lobe (rs = 0.823, p < 0.001). MI was similarly correlated with fatigue, particularly in the right calcarine fissure (rs = 0.829, p < 0.001). CHO in several regions was positively correlated with joint swelling and tenderness. Conclusions We conclude that abnormal brain metabolites are not a common feature of RA, but may been seen in patients with persistent fatigue or disease activity after conventional treatment.Key Points • Whole-brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed no metabolic abnormalities in the brain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. • Brain choline levels were correlated with fatigue severity reported by RA patients and with peripheral joint swelling and tenderness. • Brain myo-inositol levels were similarly correlated with fatigue severity in RA patients. |
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10067-019-04923-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Tokdemir S, Toprak H, Alkan A. Unusual Cerebral Involvement of Rheumatoid Arthritis Mimicking a Tumor. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:145-148. [PMID: 32003314 DOI: 10.2174/1573405614666180911121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nervous system's involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is infrequent and can be life-threatening. Mass-like CNS involvement is an unusual presentation. A 45 year old man had suffered seropositive rheumatoid arthritis for five years referred to our hospital with one-week history of right-sided facial paralysis, left hemiparesis and headache. DISCUSSION MRI demonstrated hyperintense mass-like lesion extended from mesencephalon to right hippocampus and basal ganglia on T2 and FLAIR images. On DWI, restricted diffusion was not present. After contrast administration, minimal contrast enhancement was noted. After methotrexate and steroid treatment, the size had been markedly shrunken on the follow-up images. The clinical symptoms were also improved. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the mass-like presentation was not reported in the literature. We report an unusual case of brain involvement of rheumatoid arthritis mimicked tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Tokdemir
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Toprak
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alpay Alkan
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Rhea EM, Salameh TS, Banks WA. Gut reactions: How the blood-brain barrier connects the microbiome and the brain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 243:159-165. [PMID: 29169241 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217743766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the microbiome interacts with the central nervous system (CNS) and can regulate many of its functions. One mechanism for this interaction is at the level of the blood-brain barriers (BBBs). In this minireview, we examine the several ways the microbiome is known to interact with the CNS barriers. Bacteria can directly release factors into the systemic circulation or can translocate into blood. Once in the blood, the microbiome and its factors can alter peripheral immune cells to promote interactions with the BBB and ultimately with other elements of the neurovascular unit. Bacteria and their factors or cytokines and other immune-active substances released from peripheral sites under the influence of the microbiome can cross the BBB, alter BBB integrity, change BBB transport rates, or induce release of neuroimmune substances from the barrier cells. Metabolic products produced by the microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids, can cross the BBB to affect brain function. Through these and other mechanisms, microbiome-BBB interactions can influence the course of diseases as illustrated by multiple sclerosis. Impact statement The connection between the gut microbiome and central nervous system (CNS) disease is not fully understood. Host immune systems are influenced by changes to the microbiota and offers new treatment strategies for CNS disease. Preclinical studies provide evidence of changes to the blood-brain barrier when animals are subject to experimental gut infection or when the animals lack a normal gut microbiome. The intestine also contains a barrier, and bacterial factors can translocate to the blood and interact with host immune cells. These metastatic bacterial factors can signal T-cells to become more CNS penetrant, thus providing a novel intervention for treating CNS disease. Studies in humans show the therapeutic effects of T-cell engineering for the treatment of leukemia, so perhaps a similar approach for CNS disease could prove effective. Future research should begin to define the bacterial species that can cause immune cells to differentiate and how these interactions vary amongst CNS disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- 1 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98159, USA.,2 Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- 1 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98159, USA.,2 Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rhea
- 1 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98159, USA.,2 Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- 1 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98159, USA.,2 Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - William A Banks
- 1 Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98159, USA.,2 Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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17
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Autoantibodies against myelin sheath and S100β are associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:1959-1968. [PMID: 28656478 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with cognitive impairment and peripheral production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies against central nervous system (CNS) proteins and S100 calcium-binding β (S100β) were found increased in diseases characterized by cognitive impairment like Alzheimer disease and Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE). The aim of this study was to investigate the plasma levels of autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (anti-MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) and S100β, and their relationships with cognitive performance in RA patients. Twenty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and 19 age-, sex-, and schooling-matched healthy controls were recruited. Multiple dimensions of cognitive function were evaluated by structured clinical questionnaires. Autoantibodies and S100β levels were assessed by ELISAs. Patients had significantly higher levels of anti-MBP IgG (17.51 ± 1.36 vs. 5.24 ± 0.53 ng/mL), anti-MOG IgG (5.68 ± 1.34 vs. 0.51 ± 0.49 ng/mL), and S100β protein (2.24 ± 0.50 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06) than controls (all p < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders, RA group presented worse cognitive performance involving the working memory and executive functions such as inhibition, flexibility, and mental control in parallel to higher autoantibodies and S100β levels than healthy controls (all p < 0.001). Levels of anti-MBP were negatively associated with delayed verbal recall (DVR; r = -0.42, p = 0.005), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.48, p = 0.004), and N-Back Total scores (r = -0.59, p < 0.0001) and positively with Trail Making Test B (TMB, r = 0.53, p = 0.001). Negative correlation was found between levels of anti-MOG and DVR (r = -0.64, p < 0.0001), N-Back Total scores (r = -0.35, p = 0.03), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.51, p = 0.001), and positively with TMB (r = 0.50, p = 0.003). S100β levels were associated with DVR (r = -0.51, p = 0.002), TMB (r = 0.46, p = 0.008), Stroop Color-Word (r = -0.67, p < 0.0001), and N-Back Total (r = -0.52, p = 0.003). RA is associated with impaired cognitive performance associated with higher levels of CNS-related autoantibodies and S100β levels. Given the importance of myelin integrity to cognition, our data indicate that these autoantibodies may be harmful to proper cognitive function.
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18
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Bodnar TS, Taves MD, Lavigne KM, Woodward TS, Soma KK, Weinberg J. Differential activation of endocrine-immune networks by arthritis challenge: Insights from colony-specific responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:698. [PMID: 28386080 PMCID: PMC5428775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition with variable clinical presentation and disease progression. Importantly, animal models of RA are widely used to examine disease pathophysiology/treatments. Here, we exploited known vendor colony-based differences in endocrine/immune responses to gain insight into inflammatory modulators in arthritis, utilizing the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) model. Our previous study found that Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from Harlan develop more severe AA, have lower corticosteroid binding globulin, and have different patterns of cytokine activation in the hind paw, compared to SD rats from Charles River. Here, we extend these findings, demonstrating that Harlan rats show reduced hypothalamic cytokine responses to AA, compared to Charles River rats, and identify colony-based differences in cytokine profiles in hippocampus and spleen. To go beyond individual measures, probing for networks of variables underlying differential responses, we combined datasets from this and the previous study and performed constrained principal component analysis (CPCA). CPCA revealed that with AA, Charles River rats show activation of chemokine and central cytokine networks, whereas Harlan rats activate peripheral immune/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal networks. These data suggest differential underlying disease mechanism(s), highlighting the power of evaluating multiple disease biomarkers, with potential implications for understanding differential disease profiles in individuals with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S Bodnar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Matthew D Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Translational Research Unit, BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Zhang LW, Cong X, Zhang Y, Wei T, Su YC, Serrão ACA, Brito ART, Yu GY, Hua H, Wu LL. Interleukin-17 Impairs Salivary Tight Junction Integrity in Sjögren's Syndrome. J Dent Res 2016; 95:784-92. [PMID: 26933138 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516634647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes secretory dysfunction of the salivary glands. It has been reported that proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) was elevated and tight junction (TJ) integrity disrupted in minor salivary glands from SS patients. However, whether the elevated IL-17 in SS affects TJ integrity and thereby alters the function of salivary gland is unknown. Here, by using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice as SS model, we found that the stimulated salivary flow rate was significantly decreased in NOD mice. Lymphocyte infiltration was mainly observed in submandibular glands (SMGs), but not parotid glands (PGs), of NOD mice. IL-17 was significantly increased and mainly located in lymphocytic-infiltrating regions in SMGs but not detectable in PGs of NOD mice. Meanwhile, the epithelial barrier function was disrupted, as evidenced by an increased paracellular tracer clearance and an enlarged acinar TJ width in SMGs of NOD mice. Furthermore, claudin-1 and -3 were elevated especially at the basolateral membranes, whereas claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were reduced in SMGs of NOD mice. Moreover, occludin and ZO-1 were dispersed into cytoplasm in SMGs of NOD mice. However, no change in the expression and distribution of TJ proteins was found in PGs. In vitro, IL-17 significantly decreased the levels and apical staining of claudin-4 and ZO-1 proteins in the cultured SMG tissues, as well as claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1 in PG tissues. Moreover, IL-17 activated the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 in SMG cells, whereas pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate suppressed the IL-17-induced downregulation of claudin-4 and ZO-1 in SMG tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-17 derived from infiltrating lymphocyte impairs the integrity of TJ barrier through NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus might contribute to salivary gland dysfunction in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - X Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - T Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y C Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - A C A Serrão
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China Department of Dentistry, Santa Cecília University, Santos, Brazil
| | - A R T Brito
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China Department of Dentistry, Santa Cecília University, Santos, Brazil
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - H Hua
- Department of Oral Medicine and Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L L Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, P.R. China
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20
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Pandey PK, Sharma AK, Gupta U. Blood brain barrier: An overview on strategies in drug delivery, realistic in vitro modeling and in vivo live tracking. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1129476. [PMID: 27141418 PMCID: PMC4836458 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1129476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a group of astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, which makes restricted passage of various biological or chemical entities to the brain tissue. It gives protection to brain at one hand, but at the other hand it has very selective permeability for bio-actives and other foreign materials and is one of the major challenges for the drug delivery. Nanocarriers are promising to cross BBB utilizing alternative route of administration such as intranasal and intra-carotid drug delivery which bypasses BBB. In future more optimized drug delivery system can be achieved by compiling the best routes with the best carriers. Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and different brain-on-a-chip in vitro models are being very reliable to study live in vivo tracking of BBB and its pathophysiology, respectively. In the current review we have tried to exploit mechanistically all these to understand and manage the various BBB disruptions in diseased condition along with crossing the hurdles occurring in drug or gene delivery across BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan; Ajmer; Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan; Ajmer; Rajasthan, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan; Ajmer; Rajasthan, India
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21
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Value of oncogenes for the prediction of brain metastases at initial diagnosis: a review of published data. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e291-300. [PMID: 24832179 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying cancer patients who are at high risk of developing brain metastases at initial diagnosis and applying effective intervention or monitoring strategies is of vital importance. Recent advances in the biology of brain metastases revealed that some oncogenes from primary tumors may be potential markers for identifying cancer patients likely to metastasize to the brain. We here summarize data on the mechanisms of brain metastases supporting the involvement of oncogene changes in the brain metastatic evolution. We also review the available evidence on clinical studies of oncogenes in the prediction of cancer patients with high incidence of brain metastases.
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Fuggle NR, Howe FA, Allen RL, Sofat N. New insights into the impact of neuro-inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:357. [PMID: 25414636 PMCID: PMC4222329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to be, in many respects, an archetypal autoimmune disease that causes activation of pro-inflammatory pathways resulting in joint and systemic inflammation. RA remains a major clinical problem with the development of several new therapies targeted at cytokine inhibition in recent years. In RA, biologic therapies targeted at inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) have been shown to reduce joint inflammation, limit erosive change, reduce disability and improve quality of life. The cytokine TNFα has a central role in systemic RA inflammation and has also been shown to have pro-inflammatory effects in the brain. Emerging data suggests there is an important bidirectional communication between the brain and immune system in inflammatory conditions like RA. Recent work has shown how TNF inhibitor therapy in people with RA is protective for Alzheimer's disease. Functional MRI studies to measure brain activation in people with RA to stimulus by finger joint compression, have also shown that those who responded to TNF inhibition showed a significantly greater activation volume in thalamic, limbic, and associative areas of the brain than non-responders. Infections are the main risk of therapies with biologic drugs and infections have been shown to be related to disease flares in RA. Recent basic science data has also emerged suggesting that bacterial components including lipopolysaccharide induce pain by directly activating sensory neurons that modulate inflammation, a previously unsuspected role for the nervous system in host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for neuro-inflammation as an important factor that impacts on disease persistence and pain in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Fuggle
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University London, UK
| | - Franklyn A Howe
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St. George's University London, UK
| | - Rachel L Allen
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University London, UK
| | - Nidhi Sofat
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University London, UK
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DosSantos MF, Holanda-Afonso RC, Lima RL, DaSilva AF, Moura-Neto V. The role of the blood-brain barrier in the development and treatment of migraine and other pain disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:302. [PMID: 25339863 PMCID: PMC4189386 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) related to chronic pain has been explored for its classical role in regulating the transcellular and paracellular transport, thus controlling the flow of drugs that act at the central nervous system, such as opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nonetheless, recent studies have raised the possibility that changes in the BBB permeability might be associated with chronic pain. For instance, changes in the relative amounts of occludin isoforms, resulting in significant increases in the BBB permeability, have been demonstrated after inflammatory hyperalgesia. Furthermore, inflammatory pain produces structural changes in the P-glycoprotein, the major efflux transporter at the BBB. One possible explanation for these findings is the action of substances typically released at the site of peripheral injuries that could lead to changes in the brain endothelial permeability, including substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and interleukin-1 beta. Interestingly, inflammatory pain also results in microglial activation, which potentiates the BBB damage. In fact, astrocytes and microglia play a critical role in maintaining the BBB integrity and the activation of those cells is considered a key mechanism underlying chronic pain. Despite the recent advances in the understanding of BBB function in pain development as well as its interference in the efficacy of analgesic drugs, there remain unknowns regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. In this review, we explore the connection between the BBB as well as the blood-spinal cord barrier and blood-nerve barrier, and pain, focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms of BBB permeabilization induced by inflammatory or neuropathic pain and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F. DosSantos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Campus MacaéRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rosenilde C. Holanda-Afonso
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Lima
- Departamento de Ortodontia e Odontopediatria, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Michigan Center for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo NiemeyerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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The metastasis-associated protein S100A4 may be a new potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 35:549-50. [PMID: 25178779 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Ji YF, Huang H, Jiang F, Ni RZ, Xiao MB. S100 family signaling network and related proteins in pancreatic cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:769-76. [PMID: 24481067 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer is a complex process convoluted by multi-pathogenies, multi-stages and multi-factors. S100 proteins are members of the S100 family that regulate multiple cellular pathways related to pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. S100 proteins have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions, including the regulation of protein phosphorylation and enzyme activity, calcium homeostasis and the regulation of cytoskeletal components and transcriptional factors. S100 proteins interact with receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), p53 and p21, which play a role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and metastasis, and also interact with cytoskeletal proteins and the plasma membrane in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. S100A11 and S100P are significant tumor markers for pancreatic cancer and unfavorable predictors for the prognosis of patients who have undergone surgical resection. Recently, S100A2 has been suggested to be a negative prognostic biomarker in pancreatic cancer, and the expression of S100A6 may be an independent prognostic impact factor. The expression of S100A4 and S100P is associated with drug resistance, differentiation, metastasis and clinical outcome. This review summarizes the role and significance of the S100 family signaling network and related proteins in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Run-Zhou Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Bing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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Liu W, Shi R, Yang W, Zhao N, Du Y, Zou Y, Yu W. Synchronous alteration pattern between serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein and Smad7 in pilocarpine-induced rats of epilepsy. Synapse 2014; 68:275-82. [PMID: 24577865 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling participates in the epileptogenesis. Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) and Smad7 synergize in the inhibition of the TGFβ signaling. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression pattern of STRAP and Smad7 in the hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex of pilocarpine-induced rats models of epilepsy. METHODS Lithium chloride-pilocarpine-induced rats with status epilepticus (SE) were established. Total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats was used as control (n = 10), 24 h (n = 10), 72 h (n = 10), 1 week (n = 10), 1 month (n = 10), and 2 months (n = 10) after pilocarpine-induced SE, respectively. We detected the expression levels of STRAP and Smad7 in the hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex of rats at the aforementioned time points using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS STRAP level was significantly decreased in 24 h, 72 h (acute stage), 1 week (latent stage), 1 month, 2 months (chronic stage), respectively, in the rat models compared with the control rats by using both western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Smad7 had similar reduced pattern as STRAP. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that STRAP and Smad7 proteins might be involved in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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27
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Swift-Gallant A, Monks DA. Androgen receptor expression in satellite cells of the neonatal levator ani of the rat. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:448-54. [PMID: 23239638 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are thought to mediate sexual differentiation of spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons via actions on androgen receptors (ARs) within their target muscles bulbocavernosus and levator ani (LA). However, the cells within these muscles which mediate masculinization of the SNB remain undefined. Until recently, myocytes were thought to be the most likely candidate cell type. However, genetic tests of AR function in myocytes have failed to support a sufficient role for these cells in producing masculine SNB morphology, suggesting the involvement of other cell types. To identify other candidate cell types in the LA, we evaluated whether satellite cells or fibroblasts express AR. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate whether satellite cells and fibroblasts express AR in neonatal male and female rats in the LA and an adjacent sexually monomorphic control muscle (CM). We found that a small proportion of satellite cells in the LA express AR and that this proportion is significantly greater in the LA compared to the CM. No sex differences were found between the proportions of satellite cells expressing AR in either muscle. Less colocalization of satellite cells and AR was seen in postnatal day 3 muscle than in postnatal day 1 muscle. In contrast, only negligible amounts of fibroblasts labeled with S100A4 express AR in either the LA or the CM. Together, findings support satellite cells, but not fibroblasts, as a candidate cell type involved in the sexual differentiation of the SNB neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Swift-Gallant
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Deo AK, Theil FP, Nicolas JM. Confounding Parameters in Preclinical Assessment of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeation: An Overview With Emphasis on Species Differences and Effect of Disease States. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1581-95. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300570z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand K. Deo
- UCB Pharma S.A., Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l’Alleud,
Belgium
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Zang YW, Gu XD, Xiang JB, Chen ZY. Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: microenvironment and molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15784-800. [PMID: 23443093 PMCID: PMC3546661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive tract malignancies in the world. Owing to the newer and more effective systemic therapies, the life of colorectal cancer patients can be remarkably prolonged, and the incidence of brain metastases is increasing. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of brain metastasis from colorectal cancer. Here we review the tumor microenvironment and metastasis associated molecules in brain metastases from colorectal cancer. A further understanding of these mechanisms will help us to propose better strategies for colorectal cancer patients with brain metastasis and improve their life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian-Bin Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumiqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-D.G.); (J.-B.X.)
| | - Zong-You Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumiqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.-W.Z.); (X.-D.G.); (J.-B.X.)
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30
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Maletzki C, Bodammer P, Breitrück A, Kerkhoff C. S100 proteins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7240. [PMID: 23166536 PMCID: PMC3500829 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical and experimental studies have suggested a link between S100 gene ex-pression and neoplastic disorders, however, the molecular mechanisms of this associa-tion are not well understood. The aim of this review was to conduct a comprehensive literature search in order to understand the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of this association. We also discuss their application as diagnostic and prognostic mark-ers in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS We searched Pubmed (NLM) and Web of Science (ISI Web of Knowledge). RESULTS S100 genes display a complex expression pattern in colorectal and hepatocel- lular carcinoma. They are expressed in tumor and/or tumor stroma cells, and they exert both pro- and antitumorigenic actions. In view of this complexity, it becomes clear that S100 proteins might act as both friend and foe. The biological role of the S100 genes is predicted to depend on the relative contributions of the different cell types at specific stages of tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required in order to uncover the functional role of S100 genes in tumorigenesis. Answers to this issue are needed before we can more fully un-derstand the clinical relevance of S100 protein expression within epithelial tumors, with regard to their potential applicability as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Bodammer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Breitrück
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claus Kerkhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Corresponding author: Claus Kerkhoff, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG EXIM, Schillingallee 68/69, 18057 Rostock, Germany. Tel.: +49-3814947368, Fax: +49-32122701962, E-mail:
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