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Pourhamzeh M, Joghataei MT, Mehrabi S, Ahadi R, Hojjati SMM, Fazli N, Nabavi SM, Pakdaman H, Shahpasand K. The Interplay of Tau Protein and β-Amyloid: While Tauopathy Spreads More Profoundly Than Amyloidopathy, Both Processes Are Almost Equally Pathogenic. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1339-1354. [PMID: 32696288 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, in which amyloid precursor protein (APP) misprocessing and tau protein hyperphosphorylation are well-established pathogenic cascades. Despite extensive considerations, the central mediator of neuronal cell death upon AD remains under debate. Therefore, we examined the direct interplay between tauopathy and amyloidopathy processes. We employed primary culture neurons and examined pathogenic P-tau and Aβ oligomers upon hypoxia treatment by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. We observed both tauopathy and amyloidopathy processes upon the hypoxia condition. We also applied Aβ1-42 or P-tau onto primary cultured neurons. We overexpressed P-tau in SH-SY5Y cells and found Aβ accumulation. Furthermore, adult male rats received Aβ1-42 or pathogenic P-tau in the dorsal hippocampus and were examined for 8 weeks. Learning and memory performance, as well as anxiety behaviors, were assessed by Morris water maze and elevated plus-maze tests. Both Aβ1-42 and pathogenic P-tau significantly induced learning and memory deficits and enhanced anxiety behavior after treatment 2 weeks. Aβ administration induced robust tauopathy distribution in the cortex, striatum, and corpus callosum as well as CA1. On the other hand, P-tau treatment developed Aβ oligomers in the cortex and CA1 only. Our findings indicate that Aβ1-42 and pathogenic P-tau may induce each other and cause almost identical neurotoxicity in a time-dependent manner, while tauopathy seems to be more distributable than amyloidopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Fazli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Massood Nabavi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pakdaman
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Alarmins and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling in Neuroinflammation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112350. [PMID: 33114371 PMCID: PMC7693759 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the progression or secondary injury of multiple brain conditions, including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Alarmins, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns, are released in the presence of neuroinflammation and in the acute phase of ischemia. Defensins, cathelicidin, high-mobility group box protein 1, S100 proteins, heat shock proteins, nucleic acids, histones, nucleosomes, and monosodium urate microcrystals are thought to be alarmins. They are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors. Being principal sterile inflammation triggering agents, alarmins are considered biomarkers and therapeutic targets. They are recognized by host cells and prime the innate immune system toward cell death and distress. In stroke, alarmins act as mediators initiating the inflammatory response after the release from the cellular components of the infarct core and penumbra. Increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation may be involved in the mechanism of stress-induced release of alarmins. Putative crosstalk between the alarmin-associated pathways and JNK signaling seems to be inherently interwoven. This review outlines the role of alarmins/JNK-signaling in cerebral neurovascular inflammation and summarizes the complex response of cells to alarmins. Emerging anti-JNK and anti-alarmin drug treatment strategies are discussed.
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Exploring Beyond the DNA Sequence: A Review of Epigenomic Studies of DNA and Histone Modifications in Dementia. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-020-00190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Although genome-scale studies have identified many genetic variants associated with dementia, these do not account for all of disease incidence and so recently attention has turned to studying mechanisms of genome regulation. Epigenetic processes such as modifications to the DNA and histones alter transcriptional activity and have been hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of dementia. Here, we review the growing body of literature on dementia epigenomics, with a focus on novel discoveries, current limitations, and future directions for the field.
Recent Findings
It is through advances in genomic technology that large-scale quantification of epigenetic modifications is now possible in dementia. Most of the literature in the field has primarily focussed on exploring DNA modifications, namely DNA methylation, in postmortem brain samples from individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. However, recent studies have now begun to explore other epigenetic marks, such as histone modifications, investigating these signatures in both the brain and blood, and in a range of other dementias.
Summary
There is still a demand for more epigenomic studies to be conducted in the dementia field, particularly those assessing chromatin dynamics and a broader range of histone modifications. The field faces limitations in sample accessibility with many studies lacking power. Furthermore, the frequent use of heterogeneous bulk tissue containing multiple cell types further hinders data interpretation. Looking to the future, multi-omic studies, integrating many different epigenetic marks, with matched genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, will be vital, particularly when undertaken in isolated cell populations, or ideally at the level of the single cell. Ultimately these studies could identify novel dysfunctional pathways and biomarkers for disease, which could lead to new therapeutic avenues.
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Le TC, Katila N, Park S, Lee J, Yang I, Choi H, Choi DY, Nam SJ. Two new secondary metabolites, saccharochlorines A and B, from a marine bacterium Saccharomonospora sp. KCTC-19160. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127145. [PMID: 32249119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two new chlorinated secondary metabolites, saccharochlorines A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the saline cultivation of a marine-derived bacterium Saccharomonospora sp. (KCTC-19160). The chemical structures of the saccharochlorines were elucidated by 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Saccharochlorines A and B (1 and 2) exhibit weak inhibition of β-secretase (BACE1) in biochemical inhibitory assay, but they induced the release of Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) in H4-APP neuroglial cells. This discrepancy might be derived from the differences between the cellular and sub-cellular environments or the epigenetic stimulation of BACE1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Cam Le
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nikita Katila
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; Laboratories of Marine New Drugs, REDONE Seoul, Seoul 08594, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Yang
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Acioglu C, Tuzuner MB, Serhatli M, Acilan C, Sahin B, Akgun E, Adiguzel Z, Gurel B, Baykal AT. A Proteomic Analysis of Mitochondrial Complex III Inhibition in SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180713110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Antimycin A (AntA) is a potent Electron Transport System (ETS) inhibitor exerting its effect through inhibiting the transfer of the electrons by binding to the quinone reduction site of the cytochrome bc1 complex (Complex III), which is known to be impaired in Huntington’s Disease (HD). The current studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of complex III inhibition in the SH-SY5Y cell line to delineate the molecular and cellular processes, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of HD.
Methods:
We treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with AntA in order to establish an in vitro mitochondrial dysfunction model for HD. Differential proteome analysis was performed by the nLCMS/ MS system. Protein expression was assessed by western blot analysis.
Results:
Thirty five differentially expressed proteins as compared to the vehicle-treated controls were detected. Functional pathway analysis indicated that proteins involved in ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway were up-regulated in AntA-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the ubiquitinated protein accumulation was confirmed by immunoblotting. We found that Prothymosin α (ProT α) was downregulated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression was co-regulated with ProT α expression, hence knockdown of ProT α in SH-SY5Y cells decreased Nrf2 protein level.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that complex III impairment might downregulate ubiquitinproteasome function and NRF2/Keap1 antioxidant response. In addition, it is likely that downregulation of Nrf2 is due to the decreased expression of ProT α in AntA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Our results could advance the understanding of mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Mete Bora Tuzuner
- Research and Development Center, Acibadem Labmed Medical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Serhatli
- TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Acilan
- School of Medicine, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Research and Development Center, Acibadem Labmed Medical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Akgun
- Research and Development Center, Acibadem Labmed Medical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zelal Adiguzel
- TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Gurel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Teijido O, Cacabelos R. Pharmacoepigenomic Interventions as Novel Potential Treatments for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3199. [PMID: 30332838 PMCID: PMC6213964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders affect one billion people around the world and result from a combination of genomic, epigenomic, metabolic, and environmental factors. Diagnosis at late stages of disease progression, limited knowledge of gene biomarkers and molecular mechanisms of the pathology, and conventional compounds based on symptomatic rather than mechanistic features, determine the lack of success of current treatments, including current FDA-approved conventional drugs. The epigenetic approach opens new avenues for the detection of early presymptomatic pathological events that would allow the implementation of novel strategies in order to stop or delay the pathological process. The reversibility and potential restoring of epigenetic aberrations along with their potential use as targets for pharmacological and dietary interventions sited the use of epidrugs as potential novel candidates for successful treatments of multifactorial disorders involving neurodegeneration. This manuscript includes a description of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms involved in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, as well as the main potential epigenetic-based compounds under investigation for treatment of those disorders and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Teijido
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165 La Coruña, Spain.
| | - Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165 La Coruña, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Continental University Medical School, Huancayo 12000, Peru.
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Current Concepts of Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3740461. [PMID: 29707568 PMCID: PMC5863339 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3740461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are hereditary or sporadic conditions that result in the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons as well as neuronal death. Although a range of diseases lie under this umbrella term, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases that affect a large population around the globe. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in brain regions and manifests as a type of dementia in aged individuals that results in memory loss, multiple cognitive abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities that interfere with quality of life. Since the discovery of AD, a wealth of new information has emerged that delineates the causes, mechanisms of disease, and potential therapeutic agents, but an effective remedy to cure the diseases has not been identified yet. This could be because of the complexity of the disease process, as it involves various contributing factors that include environmental factors and genetic predispositions. This review summarizes the current understanding on neurodegenerative mechanisms that lead to the emergence of the pathology of AD.
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Zhang C, Rissman RA. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 modulates biomarkers of DNA oxidation in Alzheimer's disease mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181367. [PMID: 28750017 PMCID: PMC5531470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased production of hydroxyl radical is the main source of oxidative damage in mammalian DNA that accumulates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) react with both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to generate 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), both of which can be measured in the urine. Knowledge of this pathway has positioned measurement of urine 8-OHdG as a reliable index of DNA oxidation and a potential biomarker target for tracking early cellular dysfunction in AD. Furthermore, epigenetic studies demonstrate decreased global DNA methylation levels (e.g. 5-methyl-2’-deoxycytidine, 5-mdC) in AD tissues. Moreover, stress hormones can activate neuronal oxidative stress which will stimulate the release of additional stress hormones and result in damages to hippocampal neurons in the AD brain. Our previous work suggests that treating AD transgenic mice the type-1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR1) antagonist, R121919, to reduce stress signaling, prevented onset of cognitive impairment, synaptic/dendritic loss and Aβ plaque accumulation. Therefore, to investigate whether levels of DNA oxidation can be impacted by the same therapeutic approach, urine levels of hydrogen peroxide, 8-OHdG, 5-mdC and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed using an AD Tg mouse model. We found that Tg animals had an 80% increase in hydrogen peroxide levels compared to wild type (Wt) counterparts, an effect that could be dramatically reversed by the chronic administration with R121919. A significant decrease of 8-OHdG levels was observed in Tg mice treated with CRFR1 antagonist. Collectively our data suggest that the beneficial effects of CRFR1 antagonism seen in Tg mice may be mechanistically linked to the modulation of oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu B, Gong Y, Yan G, Wang D, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Hou J, Liu B, Tang C. Atorvastatin treatment modulates
p16
promoter methylation to regulate
p16
expression. FEBS J 2017; 284:1868-1881. [PMID: 28425161 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boqian Zhu
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Yaoyao Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University Medical School Nanjing China
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Yoshinaga T, Nishimata H, Kajiya Y, Yokoyama S. Combined assessment of serum folate and hemoglobin as biomarkers of brain amyloid β accumulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175854. [PMID: 28406978 PMCID: PMC5391131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and folate has been reported. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is currently one of the most reliable biomarkers for AD. We investigated the correlation between serum folate levels and amyloid imaging to clarify whether serum folate could be a biomarker for AD. We also examined the usefulness of a combined assessment of serum folate levels and red blood cell hemoglobin content. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms were also assessed. Serum folate levels and hemoglobin content were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis for their diagnostic capability as AD biomarkers relating to brain amyloid β accumulation. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for serum folate was 0.136 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.000–0.312; p = 0.016). The AUC for hemoglobin content was 0.848 (95% CI: 0.661–1.000; p = 0.021). Therefore, the folate deficiency with low folate levels or the non-anaemia with high hemoglobin content levels were found to have a high probability of also testing positive for amyloid. Furthermore, eight patients were found to be folate deficiency and non-anaemia, those who were consist of 7 amyloid positive patients (87.5%), and only one of the amyloid negative patients (12.5%). These results suggest that a deficiency of serum folate and high hemoglobin levels may reflect an increased risk of amyloid β accumulation in the brain. Additionally, we demonstrated that these biomarkers could enhance the effectiveness of APOE as an AD biomarker. This study reveals that the combined assessment of serum folate levels and red blood cell hemoglobin content may be a useful biomarker for amyloid β accumulation in the brain. We also found that the combination of serum folate levels and hemoglobin content is a more specific and sensitive blood biomarker for AD than APOE or folate alone. These findings may be used to support clinical diagnosis of AD using a simple blood test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yoshinaga
- Division of Clinical Application, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, Harrington CR, Delalle I, Jovanov-Milošević N, Bažadona D, Buée L, de Silva R, Di Giovanni G, Wischik CM, Hof PR. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:101-138. [PMID: 27084356 PMCID: PMC5061605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
None of the proposed mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) fully explains the distribution patterns of the neuropathological changes at the cellular and regional levels, and their clinical correlates. One aspect of this problem lies in the complex genetic, epigenetic, and environmental landscape of AD: early-onset AD is often familial with autosomal dominant inheritance, while the vast majority of AD cases are late-onset, with the ε4 variant of the gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) known to confer a 5-20 fold increased risk with partial penetrance. Mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental factors influence the development of AD pathological changes, especially neurofibrillary degeneration, are not yet known. Here we review current knowledge of the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in AD. The changes in the serotonergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, histaminergic, and melatonergic systems in AD are briefly described. We also summarize the possibilities for monoamine-based treatment in AD. Besides neuropathologic AD criteria that include the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), special emphasis is given to the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Both of these brainstem nuclei are among the first to be affected by tau protein abnormalities in the course of sporadic AD, causing behavioral and cognitive symptoms of variable severity. The possibility that most of the tangle-bearing neurons of the LC and DRN may release amyloid β as well as soluble monomeric or oligomeric tau protein trans-synaptically by their diffuse projections to the cerebral cortex emphasizes their selective vulnerability and warrants further investigations of the monoaminergic systems in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Selina Wray
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danira Bažadona
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172, Alzheimer & Tauopathies, Lille, France
| | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Fang WL, Zhao DQ, Wang F, Li M, Fan SN, Liao W, Zheng YQ, Liao SW, Xiao SH, Luan P, Liu J. Neurotropin® alleviates hippocampal neuron damage through a HIF-1α/MAPK pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:428-437. [PMID: 28271615 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The main purpose was to verify the potent capacity of Neurotropin® against neuronal damage in hippocampus and to explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS HT22 cells were treated with 40 μmol/L Aβ25-35 in the presence of various concentrations of Neurotropin® or in its absence. The cell viability was assessed with a CCK-8 assay, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis, intracellular ROS levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Aβ plaques were examined by Bielschowsky silver staining, and the activities of antioxidants were detected in hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice after Neurotropin® treatment. The expression of proteins, including HIF-1α, Bcl-2, Bax, and MAPKs signaling molecules was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS Neurotropin® significantly reversed the cell injury induced by Aβ25-35 through increasing cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, decreasing intracellular ROS and cell apoptosis of HT22 cells (P<.05). Furthermore, Neurotropin® markedly reduced the formation of Aβ plaques and upregulated the activities of antioxidants (P<.05). Additionally, the protein expression of HIF-1α, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-P38 was significantly inhibited in hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Neurotropin® exhibited a potent neuroprotective effect on inhibiting Aβ-induced oxidative damage and alleviating Aβ deposition in hippocampus via modulation of HIF-1α/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Fang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Huiqiao Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng-Nuo Fan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Wei Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song-Hua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Luan
- Medicine School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Alzheimer's Disease and Histone Code Alterations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:321-336. [PMID: 28523554 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in identifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk-associated variants using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The majority of these risk variants reside in noncoding regions of the genome making their functional evaluation difficult; however, they also infer the presence of unconventional regulatory regions that may reside at these locations. We know from these studies that rare familial cases of AD account for less than 5% of all AD cases and autosomal dominant mutations in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 account for less than 10% of the genetic basis of these familial cases [1]. The sporadic form of AD, while more complex, still has a substantial genetic component evidenced by observational studies where 30-48% of AD patients have a first degree relative who is also affected [2]. In addition, the strongest risk factor after age is the APOE E4 polymorphism, and more than 20 other risk variants have been identified to date, reviewed in two recent papers [3, 4]. Monozygotic twin studies have revealed a discordance for AD, implicating that a combination of epigenetic and genetic factors are likely involved in the development of AD [5].
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15
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Winick-Ng W, Caetano FA, Winick-Ng J, Morey TM, Heit B, Rylett RJ. 82-kDa choline acetyltransferase and SATB1 localize to β-amyloid induced matrix attachment regions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23914. [PMID: 27052102 PMCID: PMC4823725 DOI: 10.1038/srep23914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The M-transcript of human choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) produces an 82-kDa protein (82-kDa ChAT) that concentrates in nuclei of cholinergic neurons. We assessed the effects of acute exposure to oligomeric amyloid-β1–42 (Aβ1–42) on 82-kDa ChAT disposition in SH-SY5Y neural cells, finding that acute exposure to Aβ1–42 results in increased association of 82-kDa ChAT with chromatin and formation of 82-kDa ChAT aggregates in nuclei. When measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation with next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we identified that Aβ1–42 -exposure increases 82-kDa ChAT association with gene promoters and introns. The Aβ1–42 -induced 82-kDa ChAT aggregates co-localize with special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1), which anchors DNA to scaffolding/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs). SATB1 had a similar genomic association as 82-kDa ChAT, with both proteins associating with synapse and cell stress genes. After Aβ1–42 -exposure, both SATB1 and 82-kDa ChAT are enriched at the same S/MAR on the APP gene, with 82-kDa ChAT expression attenuating an increase in an isoform-specific APP mRNA transcript. Finally, 82-kDa ChAT and SATB1 have patterned genomic association at regions enriched with S/MAR binding motifs. These results demonstrate that 82-kDa ChAT and SATB1 play critical roles in the response of neural cells to acute Aβ -exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Winick-Ng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Fabiana A Caetano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | | | - Trevor M Morey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - R Jane Rylett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine &Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada.,Molecular Medicine Group, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada
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16
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WANG YUN, LIU TE, PAN WEIDONG, CHI HUIYING, CHEN JIULIN, YU ZHIHUA, CHEN CHUAN. Small molecule compounds alleviate anisomycin-induced oxidative stress injury in SH-SY5Y cells via downregulation of p66shc and Aβ1-42 expression. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:593-600. [PMID: 26893652 PMCID: PMC4734097 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and ageing are important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is associated with neuronal damage and β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. The p66shc adaptor protein is important for the regulation of oxidative stress and ageing. In the present study, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were treated with anisomycin in order to establish a cell model of oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. The results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting demonstrated that anisomycin was able to stimulate the secretion of Aβ1-42 from SH-SY5Y cells and upregulate the expression levels of p66shc, which was associated with concomitant damage to SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the protective effects of various small molecule compounds with antioxidant properties against neuronal damage were evaluated. Notably, treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with gallic acid was associated with significant downregulation of p66shc protein expression levels, reduced anisomycin-induced secretion of Aβ1-42, and increased superoxide dismutase activity and acetylcholine secretion levels. The results of the present study suggested that anisomycin is able to promote oxidative neuronal damage by inducing the secretion of Aβ1-42 from neurons and increasing the neuronal expression of p66shc, and this damage may be attenuated by treatment with gallic acid. Therefore, gallic acid and similar small molecule compounds may be considered for the alleviation of neuronal oxidative stress injury in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- YUN WANG
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - TE LIU
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - WEIDONG PAN
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - HUIYING CHI
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - JIULIN CHEN
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - ZHIHUA YU
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - CHUAN CHEN
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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17
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CHEN QING, LIU XINGHUI, XU LIMIN, WANG YING, WANG SUWEI, LI QIONG, HUANG YONGYI, LIU TE. Long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS is a novel target for anisomycin-mediated suppression of ovarian cancer stem cell proliferation and invasion. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:1916-24. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Xi Q, Gao N, Yang Y, Ye W, Zhang B, Wu J, Jiang G, Zhang X. Anticancer drugs induce hypomethylation of the acetylcholinesterase promoter via a phosphorylated-p38-DNMT1-AChE pathway in apoptotic hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Folic Acid Inhibits Amyloid β-Peptide Production through Modulating DNA Methyltransferase Activity in N2a-APP Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25002-13. [PMID: 26492244 PMCID: PMC4632786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive dementia, and is a principal cause of dementia among older adults. Folate acts through one-carbon metabolism to support the methylation of multiple substrates. We hypothesized that folic acid supplementation modulates DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and may alter amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production in AD. Mouse Neuro-2a cells expressing human APP695 were incubated with folic acid (2.8-40 μmol/L), and with or without zebularine (the DNMT inhibitor). DNMT activity, cell viability, Aβ and DNMTs expression were then examined. The results showed that folic acid stimulated DNMT gene and protein expression, and DNMT activity. Furthermore, folic acid decreased Aβ protein production, whereas inhibition of DNMT activity by zebularine increased Aβ production. The results indicate that folic acid induces methylation potential-dependent DNMT enzymes, thereby attenuating Aβ production.
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20
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The Role of Oxidative Stress-Induced Epigenetic Alterations in Amyloid-β Production in Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:604658. [PMID: 26543520 PMCID: PMC4620382 DOI: 10.1155/2015/604658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have proposed a strong correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress (OS) and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). With over five million people diagnosed in the United States alone, AD is the most common type of dementia worldwide. AD includes progressive neurodegeneration, followed by memory loss and reduced cognitive ability. Characterized by the formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques as a hallmark, the connection between ROS and AD is compelling. Analyzing the ROS response of essential proteins in the amyloidogenic pathway, such as amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) and beta-secretase (BACE1), along with influential signaling programs of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), has helped visualize the path between OS and Aβ overproduction. In this review, attention will be paid to significant advances in the area of OS, epigenetics, and their influence on Aβ plaque assembly. Additionally, we aim to discuss available treatment options for AD that include antioxidant supplements, Asian traditional medicines, metal-protein-attenuating compounds, and histone modifying inhibitors.
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21
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.3/mmillan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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22
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Lu X, Wang L, Yu C, Yu D, Yu G. Histone Acetylation Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:226. [PMID: 26136662 PMCID: PMC4468862 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming more evident that histone acetylation, as one of the epigenetic modifications or markers, plays a key role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Histone acetylases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are the well-known covalent enzymes that modify the reversible acetylation of lysine residues in histone amino-terminal domains. In AD, however, the roles of these enzymes are controversial. Some recent studies indicate that HDAC inhibitors are neuroprotective by regulating memory and synaptic dysfunctions in cellular and animal models of AD; while on the other hand, increase of histone acetylation have been implicated in AD pathology. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the roles of histone acetylation covalent enzymes in AD and discuss how targeting these enzymes can ultimately lead to therapeutic approaches for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Hemato-oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute , Chongqing , China
| | - Caijia Yu
- The Commonwealth Medical College , Scranton, PA , USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple Clinical Research Institute, Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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23
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Yang G, Song Y, Zhou X, Deng Y, Liu T, Weng G, Yu D, Pan S. DNA methyltransferase 3, a target of microRNA-29c, contributes to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1435-42. [PMID: 25815896 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the aged population, presents an increasing clinical challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Neurodegeneration is one of the hallmarks of AD, which consequently induces cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neuroprotective factor, has been implicated in neuronal survival and proliferation. The epigenetic mechanism of BDNF methylation may be responsible for the reduced expression of BDNF in patients with AD. DNA methyltransferase may contribute to the methylation of BDNF, which is involved in neuroprotection in AD. In addition, epigenetic modifications, including a combination of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and DNA methylation, have been suggested as regulatory mechanisms in the control of neuronal survival. In the present study, the expression of miR-29c was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and of healthy control individuals. A marked decrease in the expression of miR-29c was observed in the AD group compared with the normal control group, accompanied by a decreased in the expression of BDNF. Additionally, a significant increase in the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) was observed in the CSF from the patients with AD. Correlation analysis revealed that the expression of miR-29c was positively correlated with BDNF and negatively correlated with DNMT3 protein in the CSF of patients with AD. In addition, the regulatory association between miR-29c, DNMT3 and BDNF were also examined in vitro. It was demonstrated that miR-29c directly targeted DNMT3 and contributed to neuronal proliferation by regulating the expression of BDNF, at least partially, through enhancing the activity of the tyrosine receptor kinase B/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR-29c may be a promising potential therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guohu Weng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Haikou People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570208, P.R. China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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24
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Molecular mechanisms of repeated social defeat-induced glucocorticoid resistance: Role of microRNA. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:195-206. [PMID: 25317829 PMCID: PMC4275324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance is a severe problem associated with various inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have shown that repeated social stress induces GC resistance in innate immune cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine potential underlying molecular mechanism(s) of repeated social defeat (RSD) stress on GC resistance in splenic macrophages. It was hypothesized that mRNA expression of receptors for GC and nuclear translocating-associated regulators in splenic macrophages would be affected by RSD, and that these changes would be associated with epigenetic modification. The data showed that the mRNA expression of GC and mineralocorticoid receptors were significantly decreased in splenic macrophages by RSD. RSD also induced a significantly decreased mRNA expression in FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52), consequently resulting in a significantly increased ratio of FKBP51 to FKBP52. Moreover, DNA methyltransferases 3a and 3b showed a significant decrease in their mRNA expression in the RSD group as did mRNA expression of histone deacetyltransferase 2. The RSD group also showed a significantly reduced quantity of methylated DNA in splenic macrophages. Based on microRNA (miRNA) profiling data, it was determined that RSD induced significantly increased expression of 9 different miRNAs that were predicted to interact with mRNAs of the GC receptor (6 miRNAs), mineralocorticoid receptor (3 miRNAs) and FKBP52 (2 miRNAs). Spearman correlation analysis revealed significantly strong correlations between the expression of 2 miRNAs and their target mRNA expression for GC receptors. Among these miRNAs, we verified direct effects of miRNA-29b and -340 overexpression on mRNA expression of GC receptors in L929 cells. The overexpression of miRNA-29b or -340 in L929 cells significantly reduced LPS-induced overexpression of GC receptors. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation and miRNA expression, may play a role in the RSD-induced GC resistance that we have observed in splenic macrophages.
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Lu X, Deng Y, Yu D, Cao H, Wang L, Liu L, Yu C, Zhang Y, Guo X, Yu G. Histone acetyltransferase p300 mediates histone acetylation of PS1 and BACE1 in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103067. [PMID: 25051175 PMCID: PMC4106886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, particularly histone acetylation, have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While previous studies have suggested that histone hypoacetylation may regulate the expression of genes associated with memory and learning in AD, little is known about histone regulation of AD-related genes such as Presenilin 1(PS1) and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1). By utilizing neuroblastoma N2a cells transfected with Swedish mutated human amyloid precursor protein (APP) (N2a/APPswe) and wild-type APP (N2a/APPwt) as cellular models of AD, we examined the alterations of histone acetylation at the promoter regions of PS1 and BACE1 in these cells. Our results revealed that histone H3 acetylation in PS1 and BACE1 promoters is markedly increased in N2a/APPswe cells when compared to N2a/APPwt cells and control cells (vector-transfected), respectively, causing the elevated expression of PS1 and BACE1. In addition, expression of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) adenoviral E1A-associated 300-kDa protein (p300) is dramatically enhanced in N2a/APPswe cells compared to N2a/APPwt and control cells. We have further demonstrated the direct binding of p300 protein to the PS1 and BACE1 promoters in N2a/APPswe cells. The expression levels of H3 acetylation of the PS1 and BACE1 promoters and p300 protein, however, were found to be not significantly different in N2a/APPwt cells when compared to controls in our studies. Furthermore, curcumin, a natural selective inhibitor of p300 in HATs, significantly suppressed the expression of PS1 and BACE1 through inhibition of H3 acetylation in their promoter regions in N2a/APPswe cells. These findings indicated that histone acetyltransferase p300 plays a critical role in controlling the expression of AD-related genes through regulating the acetylation of their promoter regions, suggesting that p300 may represent a novel potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yushuang Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Huiming Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Bio-therapy & Hemato-oncology, Chingqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Caijia Yu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuming Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Molognoni F, de Melo FHM, da Silva CT, Jasiulionis MG. Ras and Rac1, frequently mutated in melanomas, are activated by superoxide anion, modulate Dnmt1 level and are causally related to melanocyte malignant transformation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81937. [PMID: 24358134 PMCID: PMC3864863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A melanocyte malignant transformation model was developed in our laboratory, in which different melanoma cell lines were obtained after submitting the non-tumorigenic melanocyte lineage melan-a to sequential cycles of anchorage impediment. Our group has already showed that increased superoxide level leads to global DNA hypermemethylation as well increased Dnmt1 expression few hours after melanocyte anchorage blockade. Here, we showed that Ras/Rac1/ERK signaling pathway is activated in melanocytes submitted to anchorage impediment, regulating superoxide levels, global DNA methylation, and Dnmt1 expression. Interestingly, Ras and Rac1 activation is not related to codon mutations, but instead regulated by superoxide. Moreover, the malignant transformation was drastically compromised when melan-a melanocytes were submitted to sequential cycles of anchorage blockage in the presence of a superoxide scavenger. This aberrant signaling pathway associated with a sustained stressful condition, which might be similar to conditions such as UV radiation and inflammation, seems to be an early step in malignant transformation and to contribute to an epigenetic reprogramming and the melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Molognoni
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Henriques Machado de Melo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Tainah da Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Lu H, Liu X, Deng Y, Qing H. DNA methylation, a hand behind neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:85. [PMID: 24367332 PMCID: PMC3851782 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations represent a sort of functional modifications related to the genome that are not responsible for changes in the nucleotide sequence. DNA methylation is one of such epigenetic modifications that have been studied intensively for the past several decades. The transfer of a methyl group to the 5 position of a cytosine is the key feature of DNA methylation. A simple change as such can be caused by a variety of factors, which can be the cause of many serious diseases including several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have reviewed and summarized recent progress regarding DNA methylation in four major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The studies of these four major neurodegenerative diseases conclude the strong suggestion of the important role DNA methylation plays in these diseases. However, each of these diseases has not yet been understood completely as details in some areas remain unclear, and will be investigated in future studies. We hope this review can provide new insights into the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases from the epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing, China
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28
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Veerappan CS, Sleiman S, Coppola G. Epigenetics of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:709-21. [PMID: 24150812 PMCID: PMC3805876 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article will review the recent advances in the understanding of the role of epigenetic modifications and the promise of future epigenetic therapy in neurodegenerative dementias, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendhore S Veerappan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA,
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29
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Wu X, Sun J, Li L. Chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion affects global DNA methylation and histone acetylation in rat brain. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:685-92. [PMID: 23716065 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone acetylation can be modified by various pathological or physiological factors such as hypoxia, thus influencing gene expression. In this study, we investigated the changes of global DNA methylation and histone acetylation and the related enzymes in rat brain after chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion by bilateral common carotid occlusion (2-VO) surgery. Colorimetric and immunohistochemistry staining were used to evaluate the global DNA methylation and histone acetylation levels, respectively. The expressions of DNA methyltransferase 1/3a (DNMT1/3a), methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and acetyltransferase (HAT) were assessed by Western blot. We found that the level of global DNA methylation was decreased to 31.7% (P <0.01) of the sham-operated group at 10 days and increased by 30% (P <0.01) compared with the sham group at 90 days after 2-VO surgery. DNMT3a expression was down-regulated to 75.7% of the sham group, while MBD2 expression was up-regulated by 95% compared with sham group at 90 days after 2-VO. The histone H3 acetylation level was markedly decreased to 75.3% of the sham group at 10 days and 73.5% at 90 days after 2-VO, while no significant change was found for histone H4 acetylation. HDAC3 expression was markedly down-regulated to 36% of the sham group, whereas cAMP-response element binding protein expression was up-regulated by 33.6% compared with the sham group at 90 days after 2-VO. These results suggest that chronic cerebrovascular hypoperfusion influences global DNA methylation and histone acetylation levels through the related enzymes, and therefore might contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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30
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Zhao C, Yin P, Mei C, Li N, Yao W, Li X, Qi J, Fan K, Li Z, Wang L, Shi Y, Qiu S, Fan J, Zha X. Down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase 3B in staurosporine-induced apoptosis and its mechanism in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 376:111-9. [PMID: 23397112 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal DNA methylation is one of the important characteristics in tumor cells. Apoptosis plays an essential role in cell survival and processing. It is not clear whether DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) change in apoptosis and how DNMTs are regulated in apoptosis. In this study, we found that SMMC-7721 or BEL-7404 cells were induced to apoptosis by STS, meanwhile the DNMT3B protein and mRNA level were decreased. To explore the mechanism of DNMT3B down-regulation, we found that the mRNA decay was not changed and core promoter activity of DNMT3B gene was decreased in STS-induced apoptosis. In order to figure out the signal molecule involved in transcriptional regulation of DNMT3B gene by STS, p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-p38 were examined. In STS-induced apoptosis p-JNK level was increased, and p-ERK and p-p38 were decreased. Furthermore, the inhibitor of p-JNK significantly alleviated the decline of DNMT3B protein. We also found that the siRNA of DNMT3B strengthened the cleavage of PARP and pro-caspase-3 as well as up-regulated the p16 gene expression in STS-treated cells. We concluded here that STS-regulated DNMT3B gene expression via p-JNK and down-regulation of DNMT3B-mediated STS-induced apoptosis through the up-regulation p16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Selfridge JE, E L, Lu J, Swerdlow RH. Role of mitochondrial homeostasis and dynamics in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:3-12. [PMID: 22266017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects a staggering percentage of the aging population and causes memory loss and cognitive decline. Mitochondrial abnormalities can be observed systemically and in brains of patients suffering from AD, and may account for part of the disease phenotype. In this review, we summarize some of the key findings that indicate mitochondrial dysfunction is present in AD-affected subjects, including cytochrome oxidase deficiency, endophenotype data, and altered mitochondrial morphology. Special attention is given to recently described perturbations in mitochondrial autophagy, fission-fusion dynamics, and biogenesis. We also briefly discuss how mitochondrial dysfunction may influence amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease, why mitochondria are a valid therapeutic target, and strategies for addressing AD-specific mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eva Selfridge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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