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Yadav H, Shirumalla RK. Emerging trends in IRAK-4 kinase research. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7825-7837. [PMID: 37490192 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The IRAK-4 kinase lies at a critical signaling node that drives cancer cell survival through multiple mechanisms, activation, and translocation of NF-κB mediated inflammatory responses and innate immune signaling through regulation of interferon-α/β receptor (IFNα/β). Inhibition, of IRAK-4, has consequently drawn a lot of attention in recent years to address indications ranging from oncology to autoimmune disorders to neurodegeneration, etc. However, the key stumbling block in targeting IRAK-4 is that despite the inhibition of the kinase activity using an inhibitor the target remains effective, reducing the potential of an inhibitor. This is due to the "scaffolding effect" because of which although regulation of downstream processes by IRAK-4 has been primarily linked with kinase function; however, still, various reports have suggested that IRAK-4 has a non-kinase function in a variety of cell types. This is attributed to the myddosome complex formed by IRAK-4 with myd88, IRAK-2, and IRAK-1 which by itself can cause the activation of downstream effector TRAF6 despite inhibition of the kinase domain of IRAK-4. With this challenge, several groups initiated the development of targeting protein degraders of IRAK-4 using Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) technology to completely remove the IRAK-4 from the cellular milieu. In this review, we will capture all these developments and the evolving science around this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Yadav
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India
| | - Raj Kumar Shirumalla
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, 122505, India.
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Hao Y, Wang J, Ma J, Yu X, Li Z, Wu S, Tian S, Ma H, He S, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, evaluation and optimization of potent IRAK4 inhibitors alleviating production of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced SIRS model. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106584. [PMID: 37163814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) has emerged as a therapeutic target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Through reversing the amide of CA-4948 and computer aided structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, a series of IRAK4 inhibitors with oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine scaffold were identified. Compound 32 showed improved potency (IC50 = 43 nM) compared to CA-4948 (IC50 = 115 nM), but suffered from hERG inhibition (IC50 = 5.7 μM). Further optimization led to compound 42 with reduced inhibition of hERG (IC50 > 30 μM) and 13-fold higher activity (IC50 = 8.9 nM) than CA-4948. Importantly, compound 42 had favorable in vitro ADME and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, compound 42 significantly reduced LPS-induced production of serum TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines in the mouse model. The overall profiles of compound 42 support it as a lead for the development of IRAK4 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiawan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Sudan He
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
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Exploring the Mechanism of Edaravone for Oxidative Stress in Rats with Cerebral Infarction Based on Quantitative Proteomics Technology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8653697. [PMID: 35027937 PMCID: PMC8752268 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8653697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of oxidative stress in rats with cerebral infarction based on quantitative proteomics technology. Method The modified Zea Longa intracavitary suture blocking method was utilized to make rat CI model. After modeling, the rat was intragastrically given edaravone for 7 days, once a day. After the 7-day intervention, the total proteins of serum were extracted. After proteomics analysis, the differentially expressed proteins are analyzed by bioinformatics. Then chemoinformatics methods were used to explore the biomolecular network of edaravone intervention in CI. Result The neurological scores and pathological changes of rats were improved after the intervention of edaravone. Proteomics analysis showed that in the model/sham operation group, 90 proteins in comparison group were upregulated, and 26 proteins were downregulated. In the edaravone/model group, 21 proteins were upregulated, and 41 proteins were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis and chemoinformatics analysis also show that edaravone is related to platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, inflammatory chemokines, their mediated signal transduction, and so on. Conclusion The therapeutic mechanism of edaravone in the treatment of CI may involve platelet activation and aggregation, oxidative stress, intercellular adhesion, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, iron metabolism, hypoxia, and so on. This study revealed the serum protein profile of edaravone in the treatment of cerebral infarction rats through serum TMT proteomics and discovered the relevant mechanism of edaravone regulating iron metabolism in cerebral infarction, which provides new ideas for the study of edaravone intervention in cerebral infarction and also provides reference information for future research on the mechanism of edaravone intervention in iron metabolism-related diseases.
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Yang G, Zhao Y. Overexpression of miR-146b-5p Ameliorates Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy by Inhibiting IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-αB Signaling. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:660-669. [PMID: 32734729 PMCID: PMC7393297 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.8.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an essential factor underlying neonatal death and disability. This study sought to explore the role of miR-146b-5p in regulating neonatal HIE. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro and in vivo HIE models were established in PC12 cells and 10-day neonatal Sprague Dawley rats, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to assess miR-146b-5p expression and inflammatory factors [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] in brain lesions and PC12 cells, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the expression of oxidative stress factors (SOD and GSH-Px). Gain- and loss-assays of miR-146b-5p were conducted to verify its role in modulating the viability and apoptosis of PC12 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment. Expression of TLR4, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAK1, and NF-κB were examined by qRT-PCR and/or Western blot. Dual luciferase activity assay was conducted to identify relationships between miR-146b-5p and IRAK1. RESULTS In the HIE models, significant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses emerged upon upregulation of TLR4/IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling. Overexpression of miR-146b-5p greatly inhibited OGD-induced PC12 cell injury, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. Inhibiting miR-146b-5p, however, had the opposite effects. IRAK1 was found to be a target of miR-146b-5p, and miR-146b-5p overexpression suppressed the activation of IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that miR-146b-5p overexpression alleviates HIE-induced neuron injury by inhibiting the IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Neonatal Internal Medicine, Shanxi Children's Hospital, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Neonatal Internal Medicine, Shanxi Children's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Xu M, Liu PP, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling and Its Role in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:893-948. [PMID: 30565509 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00065.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved system that senses and defends against infection and irritation. Innate immune signaling is a complex cascade that quickly recognizes infectious threats through multiple germline-encoded cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors and transmits signals for the deployment of proper countermeasures through adaptors, kinases, and transcription factors, resulting in the production of cytokines. As the first response of the innate immune system to pathogenic signals, inflammatory responses must be rapid and specific to establish a physical barrier against the spread of infection and must subsequently be terminated once the pathogens have been cleared. Long-lasting and low-grade chronic inflammation is a distinguishing feature of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which are currently major public health problems. Cardiometabolic stress-induced inflammatory responses activate innate immune signaling, which directly contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Additionally, although the innate immune elements are highly conserved in higher-order jawed vertebrates, lower-grade jawless vertebrates lack several transcription factors and inflammatory cytokine genes downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) pathways, suggesting that innate immune signaling components may additionally function in an immune-independent way. Notably, recent studies from our group and others have revealed that innate immune signaling can function as a vital regulator of cardiometabolic homeostasis independent of its immune function. Therefore, further investigation of innate immune signaling in cardiometabolic systems may facilitate the discovery of new strategies to manage the initiation and progression of cardiometabolic disorders, leading to better treatments for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the current progress in innate immune signaling studies and the regulatory function of innate immunity in cardiometabolic diseases. Notably, we highlight the immune-independent effects of innate immune signaling components on the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Animal Experiment Center, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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Yu HL, Wang LZ, Zhang LL, Chen BL, Zhang HJ, Li YP, Xiao GD, Chen YZ. ESE1 expression correlates with neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:841-849. [PMID: 30688270 PMCID: PMC6375036 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-specific ETS-1 (ESE1), a member of the ETS transcription factor family, is widely expressed in multiple tissues and performs various functions in inflammation. During neuroinflammation, ESE1 promotes neuronal apoptosis; however, the expression and biological functions of ESE1 remain unclear after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. We performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the role of ESE1 in cerebral ischemic injury. A modified four vessel occlusion method was used in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. At 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after model induction, the hippocampus was collected for analysis. Western blot assays and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of ESE1, phosphorylated p65 and active caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated after ischemia. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that ESE1 and NeuN were mostly co-located in the hippocampus after ischemia. Furthermore, ESE1 was also co-expressed with active caspase-3. PC12 cells were stimulated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to establish a chemical hypoxia model. After ESE1 knockdown by siRNA for 6 hours, cell viability was detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide assays. The levels of ESE1, phosphorylated p65 and active caspase-3 were also remarkably increased in PC12 cells after CoCl2 stimulation. After ESE1 knockdown, PC12 cell viability was increased after hypoxia. siRNA knockdown of ESE1 decreased the level of p-p65 and active caspase-3 after CoCl2 stimulation. These data reveal that ESE1 levels are elevated in the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This may play a role in neuronal apoptosis via activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Yu
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital; Institute of Neuroscience, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou; Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang-Zhu Wang
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bei-Lei Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Dong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Zhu Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University; Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Hu Y, Xu Y. Relationship between interleukin‐6 and brain ischemia. IBRAIN 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2019.tb00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First People's Hospital of Shuangliu DistrictChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Cai J, Xu M, Zhang X, Li H. Innate Immune Signaling in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:153-184. [PMID: 30230967 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The physiological significance of innate immune signaling lies primarily in its role in host defense against invading pathogens. It is becoming increasingly clear that innate immune signaling also modulates the development of metabolic diseases, especially nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases, which are characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation due to a disarrangement of innate immune signaling. Notably, recent studies indicate that in addition to regulating canonical innate immune-mediated inflammatory responses (or immune-dependent signaling-induced responses), molecules of the innate immune system regulate pathophysiological responses in multiple organs during metabolic disturbances (termed immune-independent signaling-induced responses), including the disruption of metabolic homeostasis, tissue repair, and cell survival. In addition, emerging evidence from the study of immunometabolism indicates that the systemic metabolic status may have profound effects on cellular immune function and phenotypes through the alteration of cell-intrinsic metabolism. We summarize how the innate immune system interacts with metabolic disturbances to trigger immune-dependent and immune-independent pathogenesis in the context of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as representative of metabolic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; .,Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Singer JW, Fleischman A, Al-Fayoumi S, Mascarenhas JO, Yu Q, Agarwal A. Inhibition of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) as a therapeutic strategy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33416-33439. [PMID: 30279971 PMCID: PMC6161786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3 [IRAK-M], and IRAK4) are serine-threonine kinases involved in toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 signaling pathways, through which they regulate innate immunity and inflammation. Evidence exists that IRAKs play key roles in the pathophysiologies of cancers, and metabolic and inflammatory diseases, and that IRAK inhibition has potential therapeutic benefits. Molecules capable of selectively interfering with IRAK function and expression have been reported, paving the way for the clinical evaluation of IRAK inhibition. Herein, we focus on IRAK1, review its structure and physiological roles, and summarize emerging data for IRAK1 inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Fleischman
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - John O Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, SG, Singapore
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Hou Y, Lu X, Zhang Y. IRAK Inhibitor Protects the Intestinal Tract of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Inhibiting the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Inflammatory Signaling Pathway in Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3366-3373. [PMID: 29784900 PMCID: PMC5992962 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor associated kinase (IRAK) inhibitors on intestinal injury induced by necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonatal rats and its regulation on the intestinal Toll-like receptor (TLR) inflammatory signaling pathway. Material/Methods The neonatal rat models of NEC were established though hypoxia-cold stimulation. All rats were divided into 3 groups: an NEC model group (NEC group), an IRAK inhibitor group (IRAKI group), and a normal control group (NC group). At 72 h after the models were established, intestinal tissues were collected for histopathological examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results After IRAK inhibitor intervention, the symptoms of NEC in neonatal rats were alleviated, and the degree of weight loss was reduced. In the IRAK group, the intestinal pathology of neonatal rats was improved, pathological score was decreased, and the incidence rate of NEC was significantly reduced. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 in the IRAK group were significantly decreased compared with those in the NEC group. There were no significant differences in IRAK1 and IRAK4 protein expression levels between the IRAK group and the NEC group. The phosphorylated IRAK1 and IRAK4 in the IRAK group were significantly decreased. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) level of intestinal tissues in the IRAK group was reduced compared with that in the NEC group. Conclusions IRAK inhibitors can inhibit the inflammatory response of the NEC model, reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alleviate the damage to intestinal tissues by inhibiting conduction of the TLR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hou
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Digestive, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yueju Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Li N, Jiang J, Fu J, Yu T, Wang B, Qin W, Xu A, Wu M, Chen Y, Wang H. Targeting interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 for human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:140. [PMID: 27619757 PMCID: PMC5020546 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), as a down-stream of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, plays important roles in series of malignancies. However, the role of IRAK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains little known. METHODS In our study, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western Blot, and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the mRNA and protein levels of IRAK1 in clinical samples and cell lines. Cell counting assay and flow cytometry were employed to analyze the effect of IRAK1 on cell cycle and apoptosis. Transwell assay was used to study the role of IRAK1 in cell migration. Moreover, subcutaneous xenograft tumor models predict the efficacy of targeting IRAK1 against HCC in vivo. RESULTS IRAK1 was over-expressed in HCC tissues and cell lines. Suppression of IRAK1 by small interference RNA (siRNA) or a pharmaceutical IRAK1/4 inhibitor impeded cell growth, induced apoptosis and lessened HCC xenograft tumor growth. Particularly, IRAK1/4 inhibitor treatment caused G1/S cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, confirming IRAK1 as a new therapeutic target for HCC. CONCLUSION IRAK1 promotes cell proliferation and protects against apoptosis in HCC, and can be a novel target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Jiang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China
| | - Jing Fu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Qin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - An Xu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengchao Wu
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute/Hospital, 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 201805 People’s Republic of China
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Li Q, Chen Y, Li B, Luo C, Zuo S, Liu X, Zhang JH, Ruan H, Feng H. Hemoglobin induced NO/cGMP suppression Deteriorate Microcirculation via Pericyte Phenotype Transformation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22070. [PMID: 26911739 PMCID: PMC4766506 DOI: 10.1038/srep22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) usually results from ruptured aneurysm, but how leaked hemoglobin regulates the microcirculation in the pathophysiology of early brain injury after SAH is still unclear. In the present study, we sought to investigate the role and possible mechanism of hemoglobin induced pericyte phenotype transformation in the regulation of microcirculation after SAH. Endovascular perforation SAH rat model, brain slices and cultured pericytes were used, and intervened with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) antagonist L-NNA and its agonist scutellarin, hemoglobin, DETA/NO (nitric oxide(NO) donor), PITO (NO scavenger), 8-Br-cGMP (cGMP analog). We found modulating eNOS regulated pericyte α-SMA phenotype transformation, microcirculation, and neurological function in SAH rats. Modulating eNOS also affected eNOS expression, eNOS activity and NO availability after SAH. In addition, we showed hemoglobins penetrated into brain parenchyma after SAH. And hemoglobins significantly reduced the microvessel diameters at pericyte sites, due to the effects of hemoglobin inducing α-SMA expressions in cultured pericytes and brain slices via inhibiting NO/cGMP pathway. In conclusion, pericyte α-SMA phenotype mediates acute microvessel constriction after SAH possibly by hemoglobin suppressing NO/cGMP signaling pathway. Therefore, by targeting the eNOS and pericyte α-SMA phenotype, our present data may shed new light on the management of SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilun Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Huaizhen Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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E Q, Tang M, Zhang X, Shi Y, Wang D, Gu Y, Li S, Liang X, Wang Z, Wang C. Protection of seven dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans fromSchisandra chinensisagainst serum and glucose deprivation injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1418-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun E
- Department of Pathology; School of Medicine; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - Miao Tang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - XiaoChuan Zhang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - YunWei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - DanDan Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - Yun Gu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - ShiYing Li
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
| | - XinMiao Liang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; The Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - ZhiWei Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology; University of California; Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - CaiPing Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration; Nantong University; Nantong 226001 P. R. China
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14
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Peng C, Rao W, Zhang L, Wang K, Hui H, Wang L, Su N, Luo P, Hao YL, Tu Y, Zhang S, Fei Z. Mitofusin 2 ameliorates hypoxia-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial function and signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 69:29-40. [PMID: 26434502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics play a critical role in mitochondrial function and signaling. Although mitochondria play a critical role in hypoxia/ischemia, the further mechanisms between mitochondrial dynamics and ischemia are still unclear. The current study aimed to determine the role of mitofusin 2, a key regulator of mitochondrial fusion, in a hypoxic model and to explore a novel strategy for cerebral ischemia via modulation of mitochondrial dynamics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate both mitochondrial function and molecular pathways to determine the role of mitofusin 2 in hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice (male, 19-25g) underwent a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 12 or 24h (n=6 per group). In vitro, cobalt chloride was used to mimic hypoxia in immortalized hippocampal neurons. Down- or up-regulation of Mfn2 was induced to investigate the role of Mfn2 in hypoxia, especially in mitochondrial function and signaling pathways. The findings demonstrated that decreased mitofusin 2 occurred both in vivo and in vitro hypoxic models; second, the anti-apoptotic effect of Mfn2 may work via restoration of mitochondrial function; third, the modulation of the B Cell Leukemia 2/Bcl-2 Associated X protein and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways highlight the role of Mfn2 in signaling pathways beyond fusion. In summary, depletion of mitofusin 2 would lead to apoptosis both in normal or hypoxic conditions; however, mitofusin 2 overexpression could attenuate hypoxia-induced apoptosis, which represents a potential novel strategy for neuroprotection against ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Hao Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ye-lu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Yue Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics, University of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Chenglin Road, Tianjin 300162, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics, University of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Chenglin Road, Tianjin 300162, PR China.
| | - Zhou Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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Dioscin attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway via up-regulation of HSP70. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:341-52. [PMID: 26348276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the effect of dioscin against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. However, little is known concerning the role of dioscin in renal IRI. In the present study, rats were subjected to IRI and dioscin was intragastrically administered for seven consecutive days before surgery. In vitro models of hypoxia/reoxygenation were developed in NRK-52E and HK-2 cells, which were prophylactically treated with or without dioscin. The results showed that dioscin significantly decreased serum BUN and Cr levels, and markedly attenuated cell injury. Mechanistic studies showed that dioscin significantly increased HSP70 levels, decreased the levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, COX-2, JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and HMGB1, and subsequently decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and IFN-γ. Moreover, HSP70 siRNA or TLR4 DNA reversed the nephroprotective effects of dioscin, while dioscin still significantly down-regulated the TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, by inhibiting MyD88 with ST2825 (a MyD88 inhibitor), renal IRI was significantly attenuated, suggesting that the effect of dioscin against renal IRI depended on MyD88. Our results suggested that dioscin had a potent effect against renal IRI through suppressing the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway by up-regulating HSP70. These data provide new insights for investigating the natural product with the nephroprotective effect against IRI, which should be developed as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute kidney injury in the future.
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16
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Silencing of Id2 attenuates hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal injury via inhibition of neuronal apoptosis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:528-36. [PMID: 26187693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke has long been recognized as a prevalent and serious neurological disease that was associated with high mortality and morbidity. However, the current therapeutic protocols remain suboptimal with major mechanisms underlying stroke urgently warranted. Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (Id2) is found to be up-regulated in neuronal cells following hypoxia/ischemia (H/I). This study was aimed to investigate whether knockdown of Id2 in neuronal cells could protect them from hypoxic and ischemic injury both in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis was employed to assess neuronal apoptosis in CoCl2-treated neuroblastoma B35 cells engineered to overexpress or knockdown Id2 expression. In vivo knockdown of Id2 was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intracerebroventricular injection of Cy3-labeled and cholesterol-modified Id2-siRNA. We found that knockdown of Id2 attenuated H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro while overexpression of Id2 produced an opposite effect. In a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), in vivo knockdown of Id2 significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced the volume of ischemic infarction and diminished the neuronal apoptosis in the penumbra area. Double immunofluorescence staining showed less co-localization of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb)-Id2 but greater co-localization of Rb-E2F1 in the penumbra area. Cell cycle assay further demonstrated that Id2 knockdown induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in CoCl2-treated B35 cells. The present data support the implication of Id2 in the modulation of H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis and may provide a potential therapeutic option to protect brain tissues from ischemic injury by inhibition of its expression.
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17
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Fu S, Davies KP. Opiorphin-dependent upregulation of CD73 (a key enzyme in the adenosine signaling pathway) in corporal smooth muscle cells exposed to hypoxic conditions and in corporal tissue in pre-priapic sickle cell mice. Int J Impot Res 2015; 27:140-5. [PMID: 25833166 PMCID: PMC4504813 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanisms underlying priapism associated with sickle cell disease remain to be defined. However, there is increasing evidence that up-regulated activity of the opiorphin and adenosine pathways in corporal tissue, resulting in heighted relaxation of smooth muscle, play an important role in development of priapism. A key enzyme in the adenosine pathway is CD73, an ecto-5-prime-nucleotidase (5-prime-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.5) which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine mononucleotides to adenosine. In the present study we investigated how sickle cell disease and hypoxia regulate the interplay between opiorphin and CD73. In the corpora of sickle cell mice we observed significantly elevated expression of both the mouse opiorphin homologue mSmr3a (14-fold) and CD73 (2.2-fold) relative to non-sickle cell controls at a life-stage prior to the exhibition of priapism. Sickle cell disease has a pronounced hypoxic component, therefore we determined if CD73 was also modulated in in vitro corporal smooth muscle (CSM) models of hypoxia. Hypoxia significantly increased CD73 protein and mRNA expression by 1.5-fold and 2-fold, respectively. We previously demonstrated that expression of another component of the adenosine signaling pathway, the adensosine 2B receptor, can be regulated by sialorphin (the rat opiorphin homolologue), and we demonstrate that sialorphin also regulates CD73 expression in a dose and time dependent fashion. Using siRNA to knock-down sialorphin mRNA expression in CSM cells in vitro, we demonstrate that the hypoxic up-regulation of CD73 is dependent on the up-regulation of sialorphin. Overall our data provides further evidence to support a role for opiorphin in CSM in regulating the cellular response regulating response to hypoxia or sickle cell disease by activating smooth muscle relaxant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fu
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - K P Davies
- 1] Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA [2] Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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18
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Effects of PMA (PHORBOL-12-MYRISTATE-13-ACETATE) on the Developing Rodent Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:318306. [PMID: 25918710 PMCID: PMC4396138 DOI: 10.1155/2015/318306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal infections have a negative impact on brain development. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to neurological impairment are not completely understood and reliable models of inflammation are urgently needed. Using phorbol-myristate-acetate as an activator of inflammation, we investigated the effect on the developing rodent brain. Neonatal rats and mice deficient in IL-18 or IRAK-4 were exposed to PMA. Brains were assessed for regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cell death 24 hrs, 7 and 14 days after treatment. PMA induced an inflammatory response and caused widespread neurodegeneration in the brains of 3- and 7-day-old rats. In contrast, 14-day-old rats were resistant to the neurotoxic effect of PMA. Histological evaluation at the age of 14 and 21 days revealed a destruction of the cortical microstructure with decreased numerical density of neuronal cells. Mice deficient in IL-18 or IRAK-4 were protected against PMA induced brain injury. PMA treatment during a vulnerable period can alter brain development. IL-18 and IRAK-4 appear to be important for the development of PMA induced injury.
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19
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Fu S, Tar MT, Melman A, Davies KP. Opiorphin is a master regulator of the hypoxic response in corporal smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:3633-44. [PMID: 24803544 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Men with sickle cell disease (SCD) risk developing priapism. Recognizing that SCD is a disease of hypoxia, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on gene expression in corporal smooth muscle (CSM) cells. Rat CSM cells in vitro were treated with CoCl2 or low oxygen tension to mimic hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions increased expression of genes previously associated with priapism in animal models. Variable coding sequence a1 (Vcsa1; the rat opiorphin homologue, sialorphin), hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (Hif-1a), and A2B adenosine receptor (a2br) were increased by 10-, 4-, and 6-fold, respectively, by treatment with CoCl2, whereas low oxygen tension caused increases in expression of 3-, 4-, and 1.5-fold, respectively. Sialorphin-treated CSM cells increased expression of Hif-1a and a2br by 4-fold, and vcsa1-siRNA treatment reduced expression by ∼50%. Using a Hif-1a inhibitor, we demonstrated up-regulation of a2br by sialorphin is dependent on Hif-1a, and knockdown of vcsa1 expression with vcsa1-siRNA demonstrated that hypoxic-up-regulation of Hif-1a is dependent on vcsa1. In CSM from a SCD mouse, there was 15-fold up-regulation of opiorphin at a life stage prior to priapism. We conclude that in CSM, opiorphins are master regulators of the hypoxic response. Opiorphin up-regulation in response to SCD-associated hypoxia activates CSM "relaxant" pathways; excessive activation of these pathways results in priapism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kelvin Paul Davies
- Department of Urology and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Sun Z, Yu JT, Jiang T, Li MM, Tan L, Zhang Q, Tan L. Genome-wide microRNA profiling of rat hippocampus after status epilepticus induced by amygdala stimulation identifies modulators of neuronal apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78375. [PMID: 24205215 PMCID: PMC3808371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and endogenously expressed non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of protein-coding genes at the translational level. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs play critical roles in central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions. However, their expression and functions in status epilepticus (SE) have not been well characterized thus far. Here, by using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized miRNA expression profile in rat hippocampus at 24 hours following SE induced by amygdala stimulation. After confirmation by qRT-PCR, six miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in brain after SE. Subsequent Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that most of the predicted target genes for these six miRNAs were related to neuronal apoptosis. We then investigated the dynamic changes of these six miRNAs at different time-point (4 hours, 24 hours, 1 week and 3 weeks) after SE. Meanwhile, neuronal survival and apoptosis in the hippocampus after SE were evaluated by Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP end-labeling assay. We found that the expression of miR-874-3p, miR-20a-5p, miR-345-3p, miR-365-5p, and miR-764-3p were significantly increased from 24 hours to 1 week, whereas miR-99b-3p level was markedly decreased from 24 hours to 3 weeks after SE. Further analysis revealed that the levels of miR-365-5p and miR-99b-3p were significantly correlated with neuronal apoptosis after SE. Taken together, our data suggest that miRNAs are important modulators of SE-induced neuronal apoptosis. These findings also open new avenues for future studies aimed at developing strategies against neuronal apoptosis after SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (Lan Tan); (J-TY)
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (Lan Tan); (J-TY)
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21
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Isoquercetin protects cortical neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion induced injury via suppression of TLR4-NF-кB signal pathway. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:741-9. [PMID: 24099731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion (OGD/R), an in vitro model of ischemia, was used to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of isoquercetin in primary culture of rat cortical neuronal cells. It was found that isoquercetin administered prior to the insult could prevent OGD/R-induced intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) increase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and cell viability decrease. For the first time, isoquercetin is described as a neuroprotective agent that potentially explains the alleviation and prevention from OGD/R-induced injury in neurons. Mechanistic studies showed that the neuroprotective effect of isoquercetin was carried out by anti-inflammatory signaling pathway of inhibiting protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, accompanied by the anti-apoptotic signaling pathway of deactivation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun kinase (JNK) and p38, and inhibition of activity of caspase-3. Therefore, these studies highlighted the confirmation of isoquercetin, a flavonoid compound, as an anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis factor which might be used as a therapeutic strategy for the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury and related diseases.
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22
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Hypoxia/ischemia up-regulates Id2 expression in neuronal cells in vivo and in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:88-93. [PMID: 23994058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (Id2) belongs to a family of transcriptional modulators characterized by a helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif that lacks the basic amino acid domain necessary to bind DNA. The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the role of Id2 in hypoxia/ischemia (H/I)-induced neuronal apoptosis. Following H/I induction in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in cerebral cortices of the penumbra area increased gradually, while the Id2 mRNA and protein expression were also significantly up-regulated. The hypoxia-mimetic, cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-treated rat neuroblastoma B35 cell line also demonstrated enhanced Id2 mRNA and protein expression as well as increased number of cells in the sub-G1 populations after H/I exposure. Consistently, the expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein, was also up-regulated in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, triple immunofluorescence demonstrated the obvious co-localization of Id2, TUNEL and NeuN in neurons of the penumbra area. These data suggest that H/I up-regulates Id2 expression in neuronal cells, and Id2 might play an important role in H/I-induced neuronal apoptosis.
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Rhyasen GW, Bolanos L, Fang J, Jerez A, Wunderlich M, Rigolino C, Mathews L, Ferrer M, Southall N, Guha R, Keller J, Thomas C, Beverly LJ, Cortelezzi A, Oliva EN, Cuzzola M, Maciejewski JP, Mulloy JC, Starczynowski DT. Targeting IRAK1 as a therapeutic approach for myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:90-104. [PMID: 23845443 PMCID: PMC3711103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) arise from a defective hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop targeted therapies capable of eliminating the MDS-initiating clones. We identified that IRAK1, an immune-modulating kinase, is overexpressed and hyperactivated in MDSs. MDS clones treated with a small molecule IRAK1 inhibitor (IRAK1/4-Inh) exhibited impaired expansion and increased apoptosis, which coincided with TRAF6/NF-κB inhibition. Suppression of IRAK1, either by RNAi or with IRAK1/4-Inh, is detrimental to MDS cells, while sparing normal CD34(+) cells. Based on an integrative gene expression analysis, we combined IRAK1 and BCL2 inhibitors and found that cotreatment more effectively eliminated MDS clones. In summary, these findings implicate IRAK1 as a drugable target in MDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett W Rhyasen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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24
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Ma Y, Feng Q, Ma J, Feng Z, Zhan M, Ouyang L, Mu S, Liu B, Jiang Z, Jia Y, Li Y, Lei W. Melatonin ameliorates injury and specific responses of ischemic striatal neurons in rats. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:591-605. [PMID: 23686363 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413492159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have confirmed that middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) causes striatal injury in which oxidative stress is involved in the pathological mechanism. Increasing evidence suggests that melatonin may have a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemic damage. This study aimed to examine the morphological changes of different striatal neuron types and the effect of melatonin on striatal injury by MCAO. The results showed that MCAO induced striatum-related dysfunctions of locomotion, coordination, and cognition, which were remarkably relieved with melatonin treatment. MCAO induced severe striatal neuronal apoptosis and loss, which was significantly decreased with melatonin treatment. Within the outer zone of the infarct, the number of Darpp-32+ projection neurons and the densities of dopamine-receptor-1 (D1)+ and dopamine-receptor-2 (D2)+ fibers were reduced; however, both parvalbumin (Parv)+ and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ interneurons were not significantly decreased in number, and neuropeptide Y (NPY)+ and calretinin (Cr)+ interneurons were even increased. With melatonin treatment, the loss of projection neurons and characteristic responses of interneurons were notably attenuated. The present study demonstrates that the projection neurons are rather vulnerable to ischemic damage, whereas the interneurons display resistance and even hyperplasia against injury. In addition, melatonin alleviates striatal dysfunction, neuronal loss, and morphological transformation of interneurons resulting from cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Qin X, Sun ZQ, Dai XJ, Mao SS, Zhang JL, Jia MX, Zhang YM. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling is involved in PACAP-induced neuroprotection in BV2 microglial cells under OGD/reoxygenation. Neurol Res 2012; 34:379-89. [PMID: 22643083 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The neuroprotective effects of pituitary adenylate cyclise-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been well documented in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which PACAP protected microglia from ischemic/hypoxic injury via inhibition of microglia activation remain unclear. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a considerable role in the induction of innate immune and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of PACAP on the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation BV2 microglia and to explore the role of TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in the neuroprotective effects of PACAP. METHODS We conducted OGD/reoxygenation by placing BV2 microglia into an airtight chamber and in glucose-free medium. BV2 microglia cell viability was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay. Western blot was utilized to detect TLR4, MyD88 expression, inhibitory protein of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) phosphorylation/degradation, NF-kappaB activation. Level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that pretreatment with PACAP to BV2 cells immediately before OGD/reoxygenation significantly alleviated microglia hypoxic injury. PACAP inhibited upregulation of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-kappaB in BV2 microglial cells exposed to OGD/reoxygenation. PACAP administration also significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in BV2 microglia exposed to OGD/reoxygenation. DISCUSSION Pretreatment with PACAP inhibited activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappaB signaling pathway and decreased inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as apoptosis in microglia, thereby attenuating microglia hypoxic injury. Our results suggested that TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway contributed to neuroprotection of PACAP to microglia against OGD/reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qin
- Xuzhou Medical College, China
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