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Piscitelli D, Brichetto G, Geri T, Battista S, Testa M, Monti Bragadin M, Pellicciari L. Italian adaptation and psychometric validation of the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) and its modified versions in adults with multiple sclerosis: a Rasch analysis study. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38236054 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2302878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: Several outcome measures are available to assess the severity of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to adapt the Italian version of the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS-40) and its modified versions: a 21-item Modified scale (MFIS-21), its 5-item short version (MFIS-5), and an 8-item version for daily use (DFIS-8) and investigate their measurement properties through classical theory-test (CTT) and Rasch analysis (RA).Methods: 229 Italian-speaking adults with MS were included. Questionnaires were cross-culturally translated and subjected to CTT (i.e. internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and unidimensionality through confirmatory factor analysis [CFA]) and RA. (i.e. internal construct validity, reliability, and targeting).Results: Internal consistency was high for all scales (>0.850). Final CFAs reported issues in the unidimensionality for all scales except for FIS-40. Baseline RA revealed a misfit for all scales. After adjusting for local dependency, FIS-40, MFIS-21, and MFIS-5 fitted the Rasch model (RM). MFIS-21 and D-FIS-8 required a structural modification, i.e. item deletions to satisfy the RM.Conclusion: The FIS-40, MFIS-21, MFIS-5, and DFIS-8 achieved the fit to the RM after statistical and structural modifications. The fit to the RM allowed for providing ordinal-to-interval measurement conversion tables for all the questionnaires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piscitelli
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- Scientific Research Area, Italian MS Foundation (FISM), Genoa, Italy
- AISM Rehabilitation Center, Italian MS Society (AISM), Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Simone Battista
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Italy
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Italy
| | - Margherita Monti Bragadin
- Scientific Research Area, Italian MS Foundation (FISM), Genoa, Italy
- AISM Rehabilitation Center, Italian MS Society (AISM), Genoa, Italy
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Hucteau E, Mallard J, Pivot X, Schott R, Pflumio C, Trensz P, Favret F, Pagano AF, Hureau TJ. Exacerbated central fatigue and reduced exercise capacity in early-stage breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05177-5. [PMID: 36939876 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to characterize the etiology of exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue and its consequences on the force-duration relationship to provide mechanistic insights into the reduced exercise capacity characterizing early-stage breast cancer patients. METHODS Fifteen early-stage breast cancer patients and fifteen healthy women performed 60 maximal voluntary isometric quadriceps contractions (MVCs, 3 s of contraction, 2 s of relaxation). The critical force was determined as the mean force of the last six contractions, while W' was calculated as the force impulse generated above the critical force. Quadriceps muscle activation during exercise was estimated from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris EMG. Central and peripheral fatigue were quantified via changes in pre- to postexercise quadriceps voluntary activation (ΔVA) and quadriceps twitch force (ΔQTw) evoked by supramaximal electrical stimulation, respectively. RESULTS Early-stage breast cancer patients demonstrated lower MVC than controls preexercise (- 15%, P = 0.022), and this reduction persisted throughout the 60-MVC exercise (- 21%, P = 0.002). The absolute critical force was lower in patients than in controls (144 ± 29N vs. 201 ± 47N, respectively, P < 0.001), while W' was similar (P = 0.546), resulting in lower total work done (- 23%, P = 0.001). This was associated with lower muscle activation in the vastus lateralis (P < 0.001), vastus medialis (P = 0.003) and rectus femoris (P = 0.003) in patients. Immediately following exercise, ΔVA showed a greater reduction in patients compared to controls (- 21.6 ± 13.3% vs. - 12.6 ± 7.7%, P = 0.040), while ΔQTw was similar (- 60.2 ± 13.2% vs. - 52.8 ± 19.4%, P = 0.196). CONCLUSION These findings support central fatigue as a primary cause of the reduction in exercise capacity characterizing early-stage breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION No. NCT04639609-November 20, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Hucteau
- Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg (CRBS), Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Joris Mallard
- Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg (CRBS), Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Pivot
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Schott
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole Pflumio
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Trensz
- Institute of Cancerology Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg (CRBS), Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg (CRBS), Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Thomas J Hureau
- Biomedicine Research Centre of Strasbourg (CRBS), Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Muscular Protection Laboratory (UR 3072), Strasbourg, France.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Safee MKM, Osman NAA. Relationship between postural stability and fall risk in young adult after lower limb muscle fatigue. HEALTHCARE IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS 2023. [DOI: 10.4081/hls.2023.11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Muscle fatigue can reduce body balance and activity of daily living tasks. Therefore, this study aims to identify the correlation between postural stability and fall risk due to muscle fatigue. The components in postural stability include Overall Stability Index (OSI), Anterior-Posterior Stability Index (APSI), and Mediolateral Stability Index (MLSI).
Design and Methods: A total of seven healthy adults aged 31.1±7.4 years were recruited in this study. The sit-to-stand (STS) protocol was used to induce lower limb muscle fatigue, while postural stability and fall risk were assessed using the Biodex Balance System (BBS) before and after muscle fatigue.
Result: The result showed a significant increase in postural stability index after fatigue only for OSI with p<0.05, while no significant difference was found on APSI and MLSI with p=0.157 and p=0.109 respectively. However, the mean score for the postural stability index showed an increase in percentage with 47.8% in OSI, 26.3% in APSI and 46.8% in MLSI. Furthermore,fall risk showed no significant differences with p=0.149, but the mean score data increased by 16.7% after fatigue. The correlation between fall risk and OSI was significant with p<0.05, while MLSI had a significant negative correlation with APSI (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the results, the young adults had reduced overall postural stability but were less affected by fall risk after muscle fatigue. The positive correlation between OSI and fall risk indicated that their overall postural stability can induce the fall risk after muscle fatigue. Therefore, young adults need to be aware of their fatigue symptoms during prolonged exercise that can increase fall risk potential.
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van der Groen O, Latella C, Nosaka K, Edwards D, Teo WP, Taylor JL. Corticospinal and intracortical responses from both motor cortices following unilateral concentric versus eccentric contractions. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:619-632. [PMID: 36512398 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education is the phenomenon where training of one limb can cause neuromuscular adaptations in the opposite untrained limb. This effect has been reported to be greater after eccentric (ECC) than concentric (CON) strength training; however, the underpinning neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we compared responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in both motor cortices following single sessions of unilateral ECC and CON exercise of the elbow flexors. Fourteen healthy adults performed three sets of 10 ECC and CON right elbow flexor contractions at 75% of respective maximum on separate days. Elbow flexor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torques were measured before and after exercise, and responses to single- and paired-pulse TMS were recorded from the non-exercised left and exercised right biceps brachii. Pre-exercise and post-exercise responses for ECC and CON were compared by repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). MVIC torque of the exercised arm decreased (p < 0.01) after CON (-30 ± 14%) and ECC (-39 ± 13%) similarly. For the non-exercised left biceps brachii, resting motor threshold (RMT) decreased after CON only (-4.2 ± 3.9% of maximum stimulator output [MSO], p < 0.01), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) decreased (-15.2 ± 20.0%, p = 0.038) after ECC only. For the exercised right biceps, RMT increased after ECC (8.6 ± 6.2% MSO, p = 0.014) but not after CON (6.4 ± 8.1% MSO, p = 0.066). Thus, unilateral ECC and CON elbow flexor exercise modulated excitability differently for the non-exercised hemisphere. These findings suggest that responses after a single bout of exercise may not reflect longer term adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno van der Groen
- Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Latella
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Dylan Edwards
- Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janet L Taylor
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
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Pethick J, Tallent J. The Neuromuscular Fatigue-Induced Loss of Muscle Force Control. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110184. [PMID: 36422953 PMCID: PMC9694672 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue is characterised not only by a reduction in the capacity to generate maximal muscle force, but also in the ability to control submaximal muscle forces, i.e., to generate task-relevant and precise levels of force. This decreased ability to control force is quantified according to a greater magnitude and lower complexity (temporal structure) of force fluctuations, which are indicative of decreased force steadiness and adaptability, respectively. The “loss of force control” is affected by the type of muscle contraction used in the fatiguing exercise, potentially differing between typical laboratory tests of fatigue (e.g., isometric contractions) and the contractions typical of everyday and sporting movements (e.g., dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions), and can be attenuated through the use of ergogenic aids. The loss of force control appears to relate to a fatigue-induced increase in common synaptic input to muscle, though the extent to which various mechanisms (afferent feedback, neuromodulatory pathways, cortical/reticulospinal pathways) contribute to this remains to be determined. Importantly, this fatigue-induced loss of force control could have important implications for task performance, as force control is correlated with performance in a range of tasks that are associated with activities of daily living, occupational duties, and sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Pethick
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Vymyslický P, Pavlů D, Pánek D. Effect of Mental Task on Sex Differences in Muscle Fatigability: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13621. [PMID: 36294199 PMCID: PMC9603675 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research demonstrated that there are observable sex differences in developing muscle fatigue when mental task during fatiguing activity is present; however, there is no available review on this matter. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the findings of previous studies investigating the effect of mental task on muscle fatigue in men and women. To conduct the review, we utilized searches using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO Cinahl Ultimate. The studies included had no limited publication date and examined the effects of mental task on muscle fatigue in a healthy adult population of any age. The evaluation was performed using the following criteria: time to failure, or subjective scale in various modifications (visual analog scale-VAS, rate of perceived effort-RPE, rate of perceived fatigue-RPF, rate of perceived discomfort-RPD). A total of seven studies met the set criteria, which were subsequently analyzed. Heavy mental task (more demanding math tasks) can reduce the time to failure for both men and women, with the reduction being more pronounced for women than for men. For light mental task (simple math tasks), no reduction in time to failure was observed to a great extent. The mental task in any of the included studies did not affect the subjective perception of fatigue, effort, discomfort, or pain. Although the studies investigating the effect of mental task on sex differences in muscle fatigability are limited, based on our findings we can assume that in jobs requiring heavier mental task, women may be more prone to the faster development of muscle fatigue; thus, employers might consider paying attention to the possibility of adequate rest.
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Rusip G, Ilyas S, Lister INE, Ginting CN, Mukti I. The effect of ingestion of red dragon fruit extract on levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase after strenuous exercise in rats (Rattus norvegicus). F1000Res 2022; 10:1061. [PMID: 35966961 PMCID: PMC9345267 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.54254.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolonged activation of skeletal muscles causes a decrease in the production of fatigue. Exercise with strenuous intensity causes an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). An increase in free radicals causes oxidative stress resulting in damage to cell function to mitochondrial dysfunction, and fatigue. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red dragon fruit (RDF) to delay fatigue due to oxidative stress, which improves cell function in mitochondria. Methods: 25 male rats
(Rattus norvegicus) aged three months were divided into five groups: Group K1 was N.A. (No Activity) but drinking and eating; Group K2 performed strenuous exercise without RDF treatment; Groups 3, 4, and 5 (P1, P2 and P3, respectively) performed strenuous exercise and were treated with 75 mg kg
-1.bw, 150 mg kg
-1.bw, and 300 mg kg
-1.bw of RDF extract, respectively. The exercise for the rats involved intense swimming for 20 minutes a day three time a week for fouweeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) dan SOD was measured with the ELISA and histopathology for muscle soleus and lung tissue. Results: Strenuous exercise followed by RDF extract ingestion was compared for fatigue in terms of duration and time; before (24.55±1.38 minute) and after (95.31±7.82 minute) and led to a significant difference of 39% (p<0.01). The study also compared MDA before and after RDF extract ingestion in the K2 vs. the P1 group (p<0.05). At the same time, P2 differed more significantly (p<0.01). This indicated a spread of free radicals and featured histopathological damage of muscle cells. However, ingestion of RDF extract leads to improvement of soleus muscle cells; thus, repairs cell function, delaying fatigue. Conclusion: This study confirmed that strenuous exercise, which causes an increase in ROS, intensifies free radicals with RDF extract ingestion and declines oxidative stress, repairing cell function and delaying fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusbakti Rusip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20118, Indonesia
| | - Syafrudin Ilyas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20132, Indonesia
| | - I. Nyoman Ehrich Lister
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20118, Indonesia
| | | | - Indra Mukti
- Department of Surgery, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
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8
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Marillier M, Gruet M, Bernard AC, Verges S, Neder JA. The Exercising Brain: An Overlooked Factor Limiting the Tolerance to Physical Exertion in Major Cardiorespiratory Diseases? Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:789053. [PMID: 35126072 PMCID: PMC8813863 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.789053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
“Exercise starts and ends in the brain”: this was the title of a review article authored by Dr. Bengt Kayser back in 2003. In this piece of work, the author highlights that pioneer studies have primarily focused on the cardiorespiratory-muscle axis to set the human limits to whole-body exercise tolerance. In some circumstances, however, exercise cessation may not be solely attributable to these players: the central nervous system is thought to hold a relevant role as the ultimate site of exercise termination. In fact, there has been a growing interest relative to the “brain” response to exercise in chronic cardiorespiratory diseases, and its potential implication in limiting the tolerance to physical exertion in patients. To reach these overarching goals, non-invasive techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been successfully applied to get insights into the underlying mechanisms of exercise limitation in clinical populations. This review provides an up-to-date outline of the rationale for the “brain” as the organ limiting the tolerance to physical exertion in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases. We first outline some key methodological aspects of neuromuscular function and cerebral hemodynamics assessment in response to different exercise paradigms. We then review the most prominent studies, which explored the influence of major cardiorespiratory diseases on these outcomes. After a balanced summary of existing evidence, we finalize by detailing the rationale for investigating the “brain” contribution to exercise limitation in hitherto unexplored cardiorespiratory diseases, an endeavor that might lead to innovative lines of applied physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Gruet
- IAPS Laboratory, University of Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Bernard
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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9
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Rusip G, Ilyas S, Lister INE, Ginting CN, Mukti I. The effect of ingestion of red dragon fruit extract on levels of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase after strenuous exercise in rats ( Rattus norvegicus). F1000Res 2021; 10:1061. [PMID: 35966961 PMCID: PMC9345267 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.54254.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prolonged activation of skeletal muscles causes a decrease in the production of fatigue. Exercise with strenuous intensity causes an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). An increase in free radicals causes oxidative stress resulting in damage to cell function to mitochondrial dysfunction, and fatigue. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red dragon fruit (RDF) to delay fatigue due to oxidative stress, which improves cell function in mitochondria. Methods: 25 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged three months were divided into five groups: Group K1 was N.A. (No Activity) but drinking and eating; Group K2 performed strenuous exercise without RDF treatment; Groups 3, 4, and 5 (P1, P2 and P3, respectively) performed strenuous exercise and were treated with 75 mg kg -1.bw, 150 mg kg -1.bw, and 300 mg kg -1.bw of RDF extract, respectively. The exercise for the rats involved intense swimming for 20 minutes a day three time a week for fouweeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA) dan SOD was measured with the ELISA and histopathology for muscle soleus and lung tissue. Results: Strenuous exercise followed by RDF extract ingestion was compared for fatigue in terms of duration and time; before (24.55±1.38 minute) and after (95.31±7.82 minute) and led to a significant difference of 39% (p<0.01). The study also compared MDA before and after RDF extract ingestion in the K2 vs. the P1 group (p<0.05). At the same time, P2 differed more significantly (p<0.01). This indicated a spread of free radicals and featured histopathological damage of muscle cells. However, ingestion of RDF extract leads to improvement of soleus muscle cells; thus, repairs cell function, delaying fatigue. Conclusion: This study confirmed that strenuous exercise, which causes an increase in ROS, intensifies free radicals with RDF extract ingestion and declines oxidative stress, repairing cell function and delaying fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusbakti Rusip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20118, Indonesia
| | - Syafrudin Ilyas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University Sumatera Utara, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20132, Indonesia
| | - I. Nyoman Ehrich Lister
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara, 20118, Indonesia
| | | | - Indra Mukti
- Department of Surgery, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
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10
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Kataoka R, Vasenina E, Hammert WB, Ibrahim AH, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL. Is there Evidence for the Suggestion that Fatigue Accumulates Following Resistance Exercise? Sports Med 2021; 52:25-36. [PMID: 34613589 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that improper post-exercise recovery or improper sequence of training may result in an 'accumulation' of fatigue. Despite this suggestion, there is a lack of clarity regarding which physiological mechanisms may be proposed to contribute to fatigue accumulation. The present paper explores the time course of the changes in various fatigue-related measures in order to understand how they may accumulate or lessen over time following an exercise bout or in the context of an exercise program. Regarding peripheral fatigue, the depletion of energy substrates and accumulation of metabolic byproducts has been demonstrated to occur following an acute bout of resistance training; however, peripheral accumulation and depletion appear unlikely candidates to accumulate over time. A number of mechanisms may contribute to the development of central fatigue, postulating the need for prolonged periods of recovery; however, a time course is difficult to determine and is dependent on which measurement is examined. In addition, it has not been demonstrated that central fatigue measures accumulate over time. A potential candidate that may be interpreted as accumulated fatigue is muscle damage, which shares similar characteristics (i.e., prolonged strength loss). Due to the delayed appearance of muscle damage, it may be interpreted as accumulated fatigue. Overall, evidence for the presence of fatigue accumulation with resistance training is equivocal, making it difficult to draw the conclusion that fatigue accumulates. Considerable work remains as to whether fatigue can accumulate over time. Future studies are warranted to elucidate potential mechanisms underlying the concept of fatigue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Ecaterina Vasenina
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Adam H Ibrahim
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Lab, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. PED 214, Tampa, FL, 33620-8600, USA.
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Hurrie DMG, Talebian Nia M, Power KE, Stecina K, Gardiner P, Lockyer EJ, Giesbrecht GG. Spinal and corticospinal excitability in response to reductions in skin and core temperature via whole-body cooling. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:195-205. [PMID: 34582724 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress impairs fine and gross motor movements. Although peripheral effects of muscle cooling on performance are well understood, less is known about central mechanisms. This study characterized corticospinal and spinal excitability during surface cooling, reducing skin (Tsk) and core (Tes) temperature. Ten subjects (3 female) wore a liquid-perfused suit and were cooled (9°C perfusate, 90 min) and rewarmed (41°C perfusate, 30 min). Transcranial magnetic stimulation [eliciting motor evoked potentials (MEPs)], as well as transmastoid [eliciting cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs)] and brachial plexus [eliciting maximal compound motor action potentials (Mmax)] electrical stimulation, were applied at baseline, every 20 min during cooling, and following rewarming. Sixty minutes of cooling, reduced Tsk by 9.6°C (P<0.001) but Tes remained unchanged (P=0.92). Tes then decreased ~0.6℃ in the next 30 minutes of cooling (P<0.001). Eight subjects shivered. During rewarming, shivering was abolished, and Tsk returned to baseline while Tes did not increase. During cooling and rewarming, Mmax, MEP, and MEP/Mmax were unchanged from baseline. However, CMEP and CMEP/Mmax increased during cooling by ~85% and 79% (P<0.001) respectively, and remained elevated post-rewarming. Results suggest that spinal excitability is facilitated by reduced Tsk during cooling, and reduced Tes during warming, while corticospinal excitability remains unchanged. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04253730 Novelty: • This is the first study to characterize corticospinal, and spinal excitability during whole body cooling, and rewarming in humans. • Whole body cooling did not affect corticospinal excitability. • Spinal excitability was facilitated during reductions in both skin and core temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Michael George Hurrie
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
| | - Morteza Talebian Nia
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and recreation management, 87 Radcliffe Rd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 3H2;
| | - Kevin E Power
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, Physical Education Building, Room 2022a, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C 5S7;
| | - Katinka Stecina
- University of Manitoba, 8664, Kinesiology and Recreation Management, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada;
| | - Phillip Gardiner
- University of Manitoba College of Medicine, 12359, Physiology, 745 Bannatyne, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3P5;
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Human Kinetics, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, Physical Education Building, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, A1C5S7;
| | - Gordon G Giesbrecht
- University of Manitoba, KRM, 102 Frank Kennedy Centre, U of Man, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2;
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12
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Dhondt E, Danneels L, Rijckaert J, Palmans T, Van Oosterwijck S, Van Oosterwijck J. Does muscular or mental fatigue have an influence on the nociceptive flexion reflex? A randomized cross-over study in healthy people. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:1508-1524. [PMID: 33721359 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinally-mediated withdrawal reflex occurring in response to noxious stimuli and is used as an electrophysiological marker of spinal nociception. Although it is well-documented that the NFR is subject to powerful modulation of several personal factors, the effects of experimentally induced fatigue on the NFR have not yet been examined. Hence, this study aimed to characterize if and how fatigue affects spinal nociception in healthy adults. METHODS The NFR of 58 healthy people was measured prior to and following rest and two fatiguing tasks performed in randomized order. The NFR was elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and objectified by electromyographic recordings from the biceps femoris muscle. An isokinetic fatiguing protocol was used to induce localized muscle fatigue of the hamstrings. The modified incongruent Stroop-word task was used to provoke mental fatigue. A linear mixed model analysis was performed to assess the influence of fatigue on the NFR. RESULTS Low-to-moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR in healthy adults. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. CONCLUSIONS The relative robustness of the NFR to fatigue may be beneficial in both clinical and research settings where the influence of confounders complicates interpretation. Furthermore, the findings possibly help enhance our understanding on why even demanding cognitive/physical exercise-based treatment programs form effective treatment strategies for patients with chronic pain. SIGNIFICANCE The present study unraveled that low-to-moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. This relative robustness of the NFR may be beneficial in a clinical setting in which the evaluation of spinal nociception that is unaffected by clinical symptoms of fatigue may be useful (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer-related fatigue, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Dhondt
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group
| | - Lieven Danneels
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Rijckaert
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Audiology, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanneke Palmans
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jessica Van Oosterwijck
- SPINE Research Unit Ghent, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Pain in Motion, International Research Group.,Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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13
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On the Impact of Biceps Muscle Fatigue in Human Activity Recognition. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041070. [PMID: 33557239 PMCID: PMC7913896 DOI: 10.3390/s21041070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems, which use wearables and smart systems, are a part of our daily life. Despite the abundance of literature in the area, little is known about the impact of muscle fatigue on these systems’ performance. In this work, we use the biceps concentration curls exercise as an example of a HAR activity to observe the impact of fatigue impact on such systems. Our dataset consists of 3000 biceps concentration curls performed and collected from 20 volunteers aged between 20–35. Our findings indicate that fatigue often occurs in later sets of an exercise and extends the completion time of later sets by up to 31% and decreases muscular endurance by 4.1%. Another finding shows that changes in data patterns are often occurring during fatigue presence, causing seven features to become statistically insignificant. Further findings indicate that fatigue can cause a substantial decrease in performance in both subject-specific and cross-subject models. Finally, we observed that a Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) showed the best performance in both cross-subject and subject-specific models in all our evaluations.
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14
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Brownstein CG, Millet GY, Thomas K. Neuromuscular responses to fatiguing locomotor exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13533. [PMID: 32627930 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an abundance of research has explored the impact of fatiguing locomotor exercise on the neuromuscular system. Neurostimulation techniques have been implemented prior to and following locomotor exercise tasks of a wide variety of intensities, durations, and modes. These techniques have allowed for the assessment of alterations occurring within the central nervous system and the muscle, while techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and spinal electrical stimulation have permitted further segmentalization of locomotor exercise-induced changes along the motor pathway. To this end, the present review provides a comprehensive synopsis of the literature pertaining to neuromuscular responses to locomotor exercise. Sections of the review were divided to discuss neuromuscular responses to maximal, severe, heavy and moderate intensity, high-intensity intermittent exercise, and differences in neuromuscular responses between exercise modalities. During maximal and severe intensity exercise, alterations in neuromuscular function reside primarily within the muscle. Although post-exercise reductions in voluntary activation following maximal and severe intensity exercise are generally modest, several studies have observed alterations occurring at the cortical and/or spinal level. During prolonged heavy and moderate intensity exercise, impairments in contractile function are attenuated with respect to severe intensity exercise, but are still widely observed. While reductions in voluntary activation are greater during heavy and moderate intensity exercise, the specific alterations occurring within the central nervous system remain unclear. Further work utilizing stimulation techniques during exercise and integrating new and emerging techniques such as high-density electromyography is warranted to provide further insight into neuromuscular responses to locomotor exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G. Brownstein
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology Université LyonUJM‐Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology Université LyonUJM‐Saint‐Etienne Saint‐Etienne France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) France
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom
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15
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Towards Detecting Biceps Muscle Fatigue in Gym Activity Using Wearables. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030759. [PMID: 33498702 PMCID: PMC7865622 DOI: 10.3390/s21030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a naturally occurring phenomenon during human activities, but it poses a bigger risk for injuries during physically demanding activities, such as gym activities and athletics. Several studies show that bicep muscle fatigue can lead to various injuries that may require up to 22 weeks of treatment. In this work, we adopt a wearable approach to detect biceps muscle fatigue during a bicep concentration curl exercise as an example of a gym activity. Our dataset consists of 3000 bicep curls from twenty middle-aged volunteers at ages between 27 to 30 and Body Mass Index (BMI) ranging between 18 to 28. All volunteers have been gym-goers for at least 1 year with no records of chronic diseases, muscle, or bone surgeries. We encountered two main challenges while collecting our dataset. The first challenge was the dumbbell's suitability, where we found that a dumbbell weight (4.5 kg) provides the best tradeoff between longer recording sessions and the occurrence of fatigue on exercises. The second challenge is the subjectivity of RPE, where we average the reported RPE with the measured heart rate converted to RPE. We observed from our data that fatigue reduces the biceps' angular velocity; therefore, it increases the completion time for later sets. We extracted a total of 33 features from our dataset, which have been reduced to 16 features. These features are the most overall representative and correlated with bicep curl movement, yet they are fatigue-specific features. We utilized these features in five machine learning models, which are Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forests (RF), Decision Trees (DT), and Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN). We found that using a two-layer FNN achieves an accuracy of 98% and 88% for subject-specific and cross-subject models, respectively. The results presented in this work are useful and represent a solid start for moving into a real-world application for detecting the fatigue level in bicep muscles using wearable sensors as we advise athletes to take fatigue into consideration to avoid fatigue-induced injuries.
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16
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Espeit L, Brownstein CG, Royer N, Besson T, Martin V, Millet GY, Lapole T. Central fatigue aetiology in prolonged trail running races. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:663-672. [DOI: 10.1113/ep089177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loic Espeit
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
| | - Nicolas Royer
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
| | - Thibault Besson
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Clermont‐Auvergne University AME2P Clermont‐Ferrand 63000 France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Univ Lyon UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology EA 7424 Saint‐Etienne F‐42023 France
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17
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Nakashima A, Moriuchi T, Matsuda D, Hasegawa T, Nakamura J, Anan K, Satoh K, Suzuki T, Higashi T, Sugawara K. Corticospinal excitability during motor imagery is diminished by continuous repetition-induced fatigue. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1031-1036. [PMID: 33269747 PMCID: PMC8224107 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of continuous repetition of motor imagery can improve the performance of exercise tasks. However, there is a lack of more detailed neurophysiological evidence to support the formulation of clear standards for interventions using motor imagery. Moreover, identification of motor imagery intervention time is necessary because it exhibits possible central fatigue. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the development of fatigue during continuous repetition of motor imagery through objective and subjective evaluation. The study involved two experiments. In experiment 1, 14 healthy young volunteers were required to imagine grasping and lifting a 1.5-L plastic bottle using the whole hand. Each participant performed the motor imagery task 100 times under each condition with 48 hours interval between two conditions: 500 mL or 1500 mL of water in the bottle during the demonstration phase. Mental fatigue and a decrease in pinch power appeared under the 1500-mL condition. There were changes in concentration ability or corticospinal excitability, as assessed by motor evoked potentials, between each set with continuous repetition of motor imagery also under the 1500-mL condition. Therefore, in experiment 2, 12 healthy volunteers were required to perform the motor imagery task 200 times under the 1500-mL condition. Both concentration ability and corticospinal excitability decreased. This is the first study to show that continuous repetition of motor imagery can decrease corticospinal excitability in addition to producing mental fatigue. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee at the Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences (approval No. 18121302) on January 30, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakashima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juzenkai Hospital; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takefumi Moriuchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jirou Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kimika Anan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- School of Rehabilitation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toshio Higashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sugawara
- School of Rehabilitation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
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18
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The Development and Evaluation of a Training Monitoring System for Amateur Rugby Union. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A training monitoring system (TMS) should be both attainable and scientifically grounded; however, the optimal method of monitoring training is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an online TMS for amateur rugby union. The experimental approach to the problem consisted of five phases: (1) establishing the current training and training load (TL) monitoring practices of amateur rugby union teams, (2) designing and developing the TMS, (3) recruiting teams and subsequently introducing the TMS, (4) supporting the strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches using the TMS, and (5) evaluating the TMS. The findings of this study support the use of an online TMS as a useful and effective method of facilitating training prescription and design in an effort to reduce injury risk and enhance performance. The main barriers impeding player compliance are the lack of feedback on their data and evidence of its use in training design, coaching, and prescription. The effectiveness of the system is dependent on the extent to which the associated challenges are mitigated to ensure quality and consistent data. However, this study offers a method of monitoring training that can be effective while also establishing pitfalls to avoid for both practitioners and researchers alike.
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19
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Marillier M, Bernard AC, Verges S, Neder JA. The role of peripheral muscle fatigability on exercise intolerance in COPD. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 15:117-129. [PMID: 33148059 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1836964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is multi-factorial; however, growing evidence indicates that muscle dysfunction may contribute in some patients. AREAS COVERED This work outlines current evidence for and against increased peripheral muscle fatigability in COPD through a comprehensive review of relevant literature available on PubMed/MEDLINE until May 2020. The authors first discuss key methodological issues relative to muscle fatigue assessment by non-volitional techniques, particularly magnetic stimulation. The authors then provide a detailed discussion of critical studies to have objectively measured skeletal muscle fatigue in individuals with COPD. EXPERT OPINION Current evidence indicates that localized (knee extension) and cycling exercise are associated with increased quadriceps fatigability in most COPD patients. Increased fatigability, however, has not been consistently found in response to walking, likely reflecting the tendency of 'central' respiratory constraints to overshadow potential functional impairments in the appendicular muscles in this form of exercise. Thus, addressing skeletal muscle abnormalities may be critical to translate improvements in lung mechanics (e.g., due to bronchodilator therapy) into better exercise tolerance. The positive effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on muscle fatigability are particularly encouraging and suggest a role for these measurements to test the efficacy of emerging adjunct training strategies focused on the peripheral muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital , Kingston, ON, Canada.,HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University , Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Bernard
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital , Kingston, ON, Canada.,HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University , Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, Grenoble Alpes University , Grenoble, France
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital , Kingston, ON, Canada
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20
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Wolke R, Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Deuschl G, Margraf NG. Insufficiency of trunk extension and impaired control of muscle force in Parkinson's disease with camptocormia. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2621-2629. [PMID: 32932021 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the aetiology of parkinsonian camptocormia, a non-fixed pathological forward bending of the trunk, by measuring trunk muscle activation and force regulation in Parkinson patients with (PD + CC) and without (PD) camptocormia matched for disease severity, and in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). METHODS The isometric forces of trunk extension and flexion were measured in PD + CC, PD and HC. Neuromuscular efficiency (increase of extension force per increase of paravertebral muscle surface electromyography signal) and the ability to maintain a constant submaximal trunk extension force were examined. RESULTS Peak trunk extension force was significantly lower in PD + CC and PD than in HC, with PD + CC non-significantly weaker than PD. Compared with HC and with PD, the neuromuscular efficiency of trunk extension was significantly reduced in PD + CC. The variability of the force output (coefficient of variation) was significantly larger for PD + CC than for HC or PD. CONCLUSION The reduced neuromuscular efficiency of trunk extension separates PD + CC from PD. Moreover, control of the trunk extensor force is impaired in PD + CC. SIGNIFICANCE There is weakness and a force control deficit in parkinsonian camptocormia suggesting a disturbed sensory-motor integration, which may contribute to myopathic changes in the trunk extensor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolke
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, UKSH, Germany
| | | | - G Deuschl
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, UKSH, Germany.
| | - N G Margraf
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, UKSH, Germany
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21
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Neige C, Grosprêtre S, Martin A, Lebon F. Influence of Voluntary Contraction Level, Test Stimulus Intensity and Normalization Procedures on the Evaluation of Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070433. [PMID: 32650395 PMCID: PMC7407177 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) represents an inhibitory phenomenon acting at the cortical level. However, SICI estimation is based on the amplitude of a motor-evoked potential (MEP), which depends on the discharge of spinal motoneurones and the generation of compound muscle action potential (M-wave). In this study, we underpin the importance of taking into account the proportion of spinal motoneurones that are activated or not when investigating the SICI of the right flexor carpi radialis (normalization with maximal M-wave (Mmax) and MEPtest, respectively), in 15 healthy subjects. We probed SICI changes according to various MEPtest amplitudes that were modulated actively (four levels of muscle contraction: rest, 10%, 20% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and passively (two intensities of test transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): 120 and 130% of motor thresholds). When normalized to MEPtest, SICI remained unchanged by stimulation intensity and only decreased at 30% of MVC when compared with rest. However, when normalized to Mmax, we provided the first evidence of a strong individual relationship between SICI and MEPtest, which was ultimately independent from experimental conditions (muscle states and TMS intensities). Under similar experimental conditions, it is thus possible to predict SICI individually from a specific level of corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-8039-6761
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- EA4660-C3S Laboratory—Culture, Sport, Health and Society, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
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22
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Opplert J, Paizis C, Papitsa A, Blazevich AJ, Cometti C, Babault N. Static stretch and dynamic muscle activity induce acute similar increase in corticospinal excitability. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230388. [PMID: 32191755 PMCID: PMC7082006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the acute effects of pre-exercise static stretching and dynamic muscle activity on muscular and functional performance have been largely investigated, their effects on the corticospinal pathway are still unclear. For that reason, this study examined the acute effects of 5×20 s of static stretching, dynamic muscle activity and a control condition on spinal excitability, corticospinal excitability and plantar flexor neuromuscular properties. Fifteen volunteers were randomly tested on separate days. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to investigate corticospinal excitability by recording the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) and the duration of the cortical silent period (cSP). Peripheral nerve stimulation was applied to investigate (i) spinal excitability using the Hoffmann reflex (Hmax), and (ii) neuromuscular properties using the amplitude of the maximal M-wave (Mmax) and corresponding peak twitch torque. These measurements were performed with a background 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Finally, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque and the corresponding electromyography (EMG) from soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis were recorded. These parameters were measured immediately before and 10 s after each conditioning activity of plantar flexors. Corticospinal excitability (MEP/Mmax) was significantly enhanced after static stretching in soleus (P = 0.001; ES = 0.54) and gastrocnemius lateralis (P<0.001; ES = 0.64), and after dynamic muscle activity in gastrocnemius lateralis (P = 0.003; ES = 0.53) only. On the other hand, spinal excitability (Hmax/Mmax), cSP duration, muscle activation (EMG/Mmax) as well as maximal voluntary and evoked torque remained unaltered after all pre-exercise interventions. These findings indicate the presence of facilitation of the corticospinal pathway without change in muscle function after both static stretching (particularly) and dynamic muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Opplert
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christos Paizis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Athina Papitsa
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Anthony J. Blazevich
- School of Medical and Health Sciences and Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Carole Cometti
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
- Performance Expertise Center, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Dijon, France
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Ramos G, Vaz JR, Mendonça GV, Pezarat-Correia P, Rodrigues J, Alfaras M, Gamboa H. Fatigue Evaluation through Machine Learning and a Global Fatigue Descriptor. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2020; 2020:6484129. [PMID: 31998469 PMCID: PMC6969995 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6484129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research in physiology and sports science has shown that fatigue, a complex psychophysiological phenomenon, has a relevant impact in performance and in the correct functioning of our motricity system, potentially being a cause of damage to the human organism. Fatigue can be seen as a subjective or objective phenomenon. Subjective fatigue corresponds to a mental and cognitive event, while fatigue referred as objective is a physical phenomenon. Despite the fact that subjective fatigue is often undervalued, only a physically and mentally healthy athlete is able to achieve top performance in a discipline. Therefore, we argue that physical training programs should address the preventive assessment of both subjective and objective fatigue mechanisms in order to minimize the risk of injuries. In this context, our paper presents a machine-learning system capable of extracting individual fatigue descriptors (IFDs) from electromyographic (EMG) and heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. Our novel approach, using two types of biosignals so that a global (mental and physical) fatigue assessment is taken into account, reflects the onset of fatigue by implementing a combination of a dimensionless (0-1) global fatigue descriptor (GFD) and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The system, based on 9 main combined features, achieves fatigue regime classification performances of 0.82 ± 0.24, ensuring a successful preventive assessment when dangerous fatigue levels are reached. Training data were acquired in a constant work rate test (executed by 14 subjects using a cycloergometry device), where the variable under study (fatigue) gradually increased until the volunteer reached an objective exhaustion state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ramos
- PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A, Avenida 5 Outubro 70, 1050-59 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. R. Vaz
- Department of Biomechanics and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
- Universidade Europeia, Laureate International Universities, Lisbon, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G. V. Mendonça
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. Rodrigues
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Faculty of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Alfaras
- PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A, Avenida 5 Outubro 70, 1050-59 Lisbon, Portugal
- Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - H. Gamboa
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Faculty of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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Older Adults Differentially Modulate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography Measures of Cortical Inhibition during Maximal Single-joint Exercise. Neuroscience 2019; 425:181-193. [PMID: 31809730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of muscle fatigue are known to be altered in older adults, and age-related changes in the brain are likely to be a contributing factor. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these changes are not known. The aim of the current study was to use transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to investigate age-related changes in cortical excitability with muscle fatigue. In 23 young (mean age ± SD: 22 ± 2 years) and 17 older (mean age ± SD: 68.3 ± 5.6 years) adults, single-pulse TMS-EEG was applied before, during and after the performance of fatiguing, intermittent isometric abduction of the index finger. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) measures of cortical excitability were increased during (estimated mean difference, 123.3%; P < 0.0001) and after (estimated mean difference, 117.5%; P = 0.001) fatigue and this was not different between groups (P > 0.5). For TMS-EEG, the amplitude of the P30 and P180 potentials were unaffected by fatigue in older participants (P > 0.05). In contrast, the amplitude of the N45 potential in older adults was significantly reduced both during (positive cluster: mean voltage difference = 0.7 µV, P < 0.005; negative cluster: mean voltage difference = 0.9 µV, P < 0.0005) and after (mean voltage difference = 0.5 µV, P < 0.005) fatiguing exercise, whereas this response was absent in young participants. These results suggest that performance of maximal intermittent isometric exercise in old but not young adults is associated with modulation of cortical inhibition likely mediated by activation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.
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25
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Cinelli KTM, Green LA, Kalmar JM. The Task at Hand: Fatigue-Associated Changes in Cortical Excitability during Writing. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120353. [PMID: 31810290 PMCID: PMC6955716 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures of corticospinal excitability (CSE) made via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) depend on the task performed during stimulation. Our purpose was to determine whether fatigue-induced changes in CSE made during a conventional laboratory task (isometric finger abduction) reflect the changes measured during a natural motor task (writing). We assessed single-and paired-pulse motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of 19 participants before and after a fatigue protocol (submaximal isometric contractions) on two randomized days. The fatigue protocol was identical on the two days, but the tasks used to assess CSE before and after fatigue differed. Specifically, MEPs were evoked during a writing task on one day and during isometric finger abduction to a low-level target that matched muscle activation during writing on the other day. There was greater variability in MEP amplitude (F (1,18) = 13.55, p < 0.01) during writing compared to abduction. When participants were divided into groups according to writing style (printers, n = 8; cursive writers, n = 8), a task x fatigue x style interaction was revealed for intracortical facilitation (F (1,14) = 9.90, p < 0.01), which increased by 28% after fatigue in printers but did not change in cursive writers nor during the abduction task. This study is the first to assess CSE during hand-writing. Our finding that fatigue-induced changes in intracortical facilitation depend on the motor task used during TMS, highlights the need to consider the task-dependent nature of CSE when applying results to movement outside of the laboratory.
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26
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Latella C, van der Groen O, Ruas CV, Taylor JL. Effect of fatigue-related group III/IV afferent firing on intracortical inhibition and facilitation in hand muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:149-158. [PMID: 31725359 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatiguing exercise causes a reduction in motor drive to the muscle. Group III/IV muscle afferent firing is thought to contribute to this process; however, the effect on corticospinal and intracortical networks is poorly understood. In two experiments, participants performed sustained maximal isometric finger abductions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, with postexercise blood flow occlusion (OCC) to maintain the firing of group III/IV afferents or without occlusion (control; CON). Before and after exercise, single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) tested motor evoked potentials (MEPs), intracortical facilitation [ICF (12 ms)], and short-interval intracortical inhibition [SICI2 (2 ms), SICI3 (3 ms)]. Ulnar nerve stimulation elicited maximal M waves (MMAX). For experiment 1 (n = 16 participants), TMS intensities were 70% and 120% of resting motor threshold (RMT) for the conditioning and MEP stimuli, respectively. For experiment 2 (n = 16 participants), the MEP was maintained at 1 mV before and after exercise and the conditioning stimulus individualized. In experiment 1, MEP/MMAX was reduced after exercise (~48%, P = 0.007) but was not different between conditions. No changes occurred in ICF or SICI. In experiment 2, MEP/MMAX increased (~27%, P = 0.027) and less inhibition (SICI2: ~21%, P = 0.021) occurred after exercise for both conditions, whereas ICF decreased for CON only (~28%, P = 0.006). MEPs and SICI2 were modulated by fatiguing contractions but not by group III/IV afferent firing, whereas sustained afferent firing appeared to counteract postexercise reductions in ICF in FDI. The findings do not support the idea that actions of group III/IV afferents on motor cortical networks contribute to the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate, in human hand muscles, the action of fatigue-related group III/IV muscle afferent firing on intracortical facilitation and inhibition. In fatigued and nonexercised hand muscles, intracortical inhibition is reduced after exercise but is not modulated differently by the firing of group III/IV afferents. However, facilitation is maintained for the fatigued muscle when group III/IV afferents fire, but these results are unlikely to explain the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Onno van der Groen
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cassio V Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Bächinger M, Lehner R, Thomas F, Hanimann S, Balsters J, Wenderoth N. Human motor fatigability as evoked by repetitive movements results from a gradual breakdown of surround inhibition. eLife 2019; 8:46750. [PMID: 31524600 PMCID: PMC6746551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor fatigability emerges when demanding tasks are executed over an extended period of time. Here, we used repetitive low-force movements that cause a gradual reduction in movement speed (or 'motor slowing') to study the central component of fatigability in healthy adults. We show that motor slowing is associated with a gradual increase of net excitability in the motor network and, specifically, in primary motor cortex (M1), which results from overall disinhibition. Importantly, we link performance decrements to a breakdown of surround inhibition in M1, which is associated with high coactivation of antagonistic muscle groups. This is consistent with the model that a loss of inhibitory control might broaden the tuning of population vectors such that movement patterns become more variable, ill-timed and effortful. We propose that the release of inhibition in M1 is an important mechanism underpinning motor fatigability and, potentially, also pathological fatigue as frequently observed in patients with brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bächinger
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rea Lehner
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Thomas
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samira Hanimann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Balsters
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University and Balgrist Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Feng LR, Regan J, Shrader JA, Liwang J, Ross A, Kumar S, Saligan LN. Cognitive and motor aspects of cancer-related fatigue. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5840-5849. [PMID: 31407525 PMCID: PMC6792503 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating symptom frequently reported by patients during and after treatment for cancer. CRF is a multidimensional experience and is often solely assessed by self-report measures. The goal of the study is to examine the physical and cognitive aspects of self-reported CRF using a cognitive function test and a physical fatigue index in order to provide objective measures that can characterize the CRF phenotype. METHODS A total of 59 subjects with nonmetastatic prostate cancer receiving external beam radiation therapy were included in the study. Fatigue was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue (FACT-F) questionnaire. Cognitive characteristics of CRF was measured using the Stroop Color-Word Interference computerized test and the motor aspect of fatigue was measured using the static fatigue test using a handgrip dynamometer. FINDINGS Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Fatigue scores significantly correlated with the Stroop Interference score, but not performance accuracy in all test conditions. Fatigued subjects exhibited a more rapid decline to 50% of maximal strength and increased static fatigue index in the handgrip test, whereas maximal grip strength was not affected. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that CRF exhibits both cognitive and physical characteristics. Subjective fatigue was associated with increased time required to overcome cognitive interference, but not cognitive performance accuracy. Fatigued patients exhibited decreased physical endurance and the ability to sustain maximal strength over time. These objective measures may serve as valuable tools for clinicians to detect cognitive and physical impairment associated with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Rebekah Feng
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeniece Regan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Shrader
- Clinical Center Rehabilitation Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Josephine Liwang
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander Ross
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Saloni Kumar
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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29
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Hendy AM, Ekblom MM, Latella C, Teo WP. Investigating the effects of muscle contraction and conditioning stimulus intensity on short-interval intracortical inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3133-3140. [PMID: 31199534 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) has been shown to accompany acute or chronic resistance exercise; however, little is known about how SICI is modulated under different contraction intensities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of muscle contraction and conditioning stimulus intensity on the modulation of SICI. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to the primary motor cortex (M1), and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii in 16 adults (10M/6F). A conditioning-test stimulus paradigm (3 ms inter-stimulus intervals) was delivered during 10%, 20%, 40% and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). At each force level, conditioning stimulus intensities of 60%, 70% and 80% of active motor threshold (AMT) were tested. Single-pulse MEPs were expressed as a proportion of the maximal muscle compound action potential, while SICI was quantified as a ratio of the unconditioned MEP. MEP amplitude increased with force output, with the greatest increase at 75% of MVIC. A reduction in SICI was observed from 40% to 75% of MVIC, but not 10%-40% of MVIC. There was no significant interaction between conditioning stimulus intensity and force level. The conditioning stimulus intensity (60%, 70% or 80% of AMT) did not alter the modulation of SICI. SICI was reduced at 75% of MVIC compared with the lower force outputs, and the magnitude of SICI in individual participants at different force outputs was not related. The findings suggest that strong muscle contractions are accompanied by less inhibition, which may have implications for neuroplasticity in exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M Hendy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria M Ekblom
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Latella
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Le Roux-Mallouf T, Laurent J, Besset D, Marillier M, Larribaut J, Belaidi E, Corne C, Doutreleau S, Verges S. Effects of acute nitric oxide precursor intake on peripheral and central fatigue during knee extensions in healthy men. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1100-1114. [PMID: 31004378 DOI: 10.1113/ep087493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of acute NO precursor intake on vascular function, muscle and cerebral oxygenation and peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue during knee-extension exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute NO precursor ingestion increases the plasma concentrations of NO precursors (nitrate, arginine and citrulline) and enhances post-ischaemic vasodilatation, but has no significant effect on muscle and cerebral oxygenation, peripheral and central mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and, consequently, does not improve exercise performance. ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in matching blood flow to oxygen demand in the brain and contracting muscles during exercise. Previous studies have shown that increasing NO bioavailability can improve muscle function. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acute NO precursor intake on muscle and cerebral oxygenation and on peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue during exercise. In four experimental sessions, 15 healthy men performed a thigh ischaemia-reperfusion test followed by submaximal isometric knee extensions (5 s on-4 s off; 45% of maximal voluntary contraction) until task failure. In each session, subjects drank a nitrate-rich beetroot juice containing 520 mg nitrate (N), N and citrulline (6 g; N+C), N and arginine (6 g; N+A) or a placebo (PLA). Prefrontal cortex and quadriceps near-infrared spectroscopy parameters were monitored continuously. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and femoral nerve electrical stimulation were used to assess central and peripheral determinants of fatigue. The post-ischaemic increase in thigh blood total haemoglobin concentration was larger in N (10.1 ± 3.7 mmol) and N+C (10.9 ± 3.3 mmol) compared with PLA (8.2 ± 2.7 mmol; P < 0.05). Nitric oxide precursors had no significant effect on muscle and cerebral oxygenation or on peripheral and central mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue during exercise. The total number of knee extensions did not differ between sessions (N, 71.9 ± 33.2; N+A, 73.3 ± 39.4; N+C, 74.6 ± 34.0; PLA, 71.8 ± 39.9; P > 0.05). In contrast to the post-ischaemic hyperaemic response, NO bioavailability in healthy subjects might not be the limiting factor for tissue perfusion and oxygenation during submaximal knee extensions to task failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Laurent
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitri Besset
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Larribaut
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Elise Belaidi
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Inherited Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Biology, Biology and Pathology Institute, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Doutreleau
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Sport and Pathologies Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- Laboratoire HP2 (U1042 INSERM), Université, Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Sport and Pathologies Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Hôpital Michallon, Grenoble, France
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31
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Walsh JA. The Rise of Elite Short-Course Triathlon Re-Emphasises the Necessity to Transition Efficiently from Cycling to Running. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050099. [PMID: 31035687 PMCID: PMC6571801 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitioning efficiently between cycling and running is considered an indication of overall performance, and as a result the cycle–run (C–R) transition is one of the most researched areas of triathlon. Previous studies have thoroughly investigated the impact of prior cycling on running performance. However, with the increasing number of short-course events and the inclusion of the mixed relay at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, efficiently transitioning from cycle–run has been re-emphasised and with it, any potential limitations to running performance among elite triathletes. This short communication provides coaches and sports scientists a review of the literature detailing the negative effects of prior variable-cycling on running performance experienced among elite, short-course and Olympic distance triathletes; as well as discussing practical methods to minimise any negative impact of cycling on running performance. The current literature suggests that variable-cycling negatively effects running ability in at least some elite triathletes and that improving swimming performance, drafting during cycling and C–R training at race intensity could improve an athlete’s triathlon running performance. It is recommended that future research clearly define the performance level, competitive format of the experimental population and use protocols that are specific to the experimental population in order to improve the training and practical application of the research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Walsh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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32
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Neuromuscular evaluation of arm-cycling repeated sprints under hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1533-1545. [PMID: 31011807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction (BFR) on an arm-cycling repeated sprint ability test (aRSA) and its impact on elbow flexor neuromuscular function. METHODS Fourteen volunteers performed an aRSA (10 s sprint/20 s recovery) to exhaustion in four randomized conditions: normoxia (NOR), normoxia plus BFR (NBFR), hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13, HYP) and hypoxia plus BFR (HBFR). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force (Db10), and electromyographic responses from the elbow flexors [biceps brachii (BB)] to electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained to assess neuromuscular function. Main effects of hypoxia, BFR, and interaction were analyzed on delta values from pre- to post-exercise. RESULTS BFR and hypoxia decreased the number of sprints during aRSA with no significant cumulative effect (NOR 16 ± 8; NBFR 12 ± 4; HYP 10 ± 3 and HBFR 8 ± 3; P < 0.01). MVC decrease from pre- to post-exercise was comparable whatever the condition. M-wave amplitude (- 9.4 ± 1.9% vs. + 0.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.01) and Db10 force (- 41.8 ± 4.7% vs. - 27.9 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01) were more altered after aRSA with BFR compared to without BFR. The exercise-induced increase in corticospinal excitability was significantly lower in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions (e.g., BB motor evoked potential at 75% of MVC: - 2.4 ± 4.2% vs. + 16.0 ± 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION BFR and hypoxia led to comparable aRSA performance impairments but with distinct fatigue etiology. BFR impaired the muscle excitation-contraction coupling whereas hypoxia predominantly affected corticospinal excitability indicating incapacity of the corticospinal pathway to adapt to fatigue as in normoxia.
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Branscheidt M, Kassavetis P, Anaya M, Rogers D, Huang HD, Lindquist MA, Celnik P. Fatigue induces long-lasting detrimental changes in motor-skill learning. eLife 2019; 8:40578. [PMID: 30832766 PMCID: PMC6443347 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue due to physical exertion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in everyday life and especially common in a range of neurological diseases. While the effect of fatigue on limiting skill execution are well known, its influence on learning new skills is unclear. This is of particular interest as it is common practice to train athletes, musicians or perform rehabilitation exercises up to and beyond a point of fatigue. In a series of experiments, we describe how muscle fatigue, defined as degradation of maximum force after exertion, impairs motor-skill learning beyond its effects on task execution. The negative effects on learning are evidenced by impaired task acquisition on subsequent practice days even in the absence of fatigue. Further, we found that this effect is in part mediated centrally and can be alleviated by altering motor cortex function. Thus, the common practice of training while, or beyond, fatigue levels should be carefully reconsidered, since this affects overall long-term skill learning. Mastering a new movement requires practice. Intensive and repetitive training is essential for musicians, athletes, or surgeons. It is also important for people undergoing rehabilitation to help them regain normal movements after an illness or injury. Although practice is said to make perfect, there comes the point when it also causes physical fatigue. Fatigue can impair how well a person performs a movement, but its effects on learning a task are less clear. Now, Branscheidt et al. show that being physically fatigued interferes with learning a new movement skill. In the experiments, volunteers were divided in two groups: the first group had to learn a new motor skill after their hand muscles were physically fatigued, the second group learned the same task without being worn out. The fatigued volunteers had a harder time learning a new motor task both on the day of the task and on the following days, even after they had recovered from the fatigue. The same experiment was repeated, but instead of learning a motor task, the volunteers were asked to learn a sequence of keystrokes. The volunteers in both groups learned this new thinking task easily. This suggests that learning new thinking tasks is not affected by physical fatigue. Branscheidt et al. also disrupted memory formation in part of the brain that controls movement after volunteers finished learning the motor task using a technique called repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. This eliminated the motor learning deficit in the fatigued group. This may suggest that memories formed after fatigue may impair later motor learning and that physical training or rehabilitation that pushes people to work past fatigue may be counterproductive. Further study of these processes may help to develop better training regimens and rehabilitation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Branscheidt
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Kassavetis
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neurology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Manuel Anaya
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Davis Rogers
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Han Debra Huang
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin A Lindquist
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Celnik
- The Human Brain Physiology and Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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34
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Chatain C, Radel R, Vercruyssen F, Rabahi T, Vallier JM, Bernard T, Gruet M. Influence of cognitive load on the dynamics of neurophysiological adjustments during fatiguing exercise. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13343. [PMID: 30734321 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with reduced endurance performance during cognitive-motor dual task at different levels of cognitive load, compared to a motor task alone. Eighteen healthy men performed isometric quadriceps contractions at 15% of maximal voluntary contraction (blocks of 170 s interspaced by neuromuscular evaluations) until exhaustion. This task was performed on three separate days: (a) in the absence of concomitant cognitive task, (b) with concomitant 1-back task, and (c) with concomitant 2-back task. Autonomic nervous system activity, perceived exertion, and cognitive performance were continuously monitored. Peripheral and central determinants of neuromuscular function were assessed at rest, between each block, and at task failure using femoral nerve stimulation. Endurance time was shorter during 2-back (982 ± 545 s) and 1-back (1,128 ± 592 s) conditions, compared with control (1,306 ± 836 s). Voluntary activation level was lower in 2-back (87.1%; p < 0.001) and 1-back (88.6%; p = 0.04) conditions compared to control (91.2%) at isotime (100% of the shortest test duration). Sympathetic activity showed a greater increase in 2-back condition compared to control. Perceived muscular exertion was higher during 2-back than during control. Cognitive performance decreased similarly with time during both cognitive-motor dual task but was always lower during 2-back condition. Motor performance is reduced when adding a concomitant demanding memory task to a prolonged isometric exercise. This can be explained by the interaction of various psychological and neurophysiological factors including higher perceived exertion, greater perturbations of autonomic nervous system activity, and cerebral impairments leading to earlier onset of central fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rémi Radel
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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35
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Thomas K, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Electrical stimulation of human corticospinal axons at the level of the lumbar spinal segments. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1254-1267. [PMID: 30589956 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation over the mastoids or thoracic spinous processes has been used to assess subcortical contribution to corticospinal excitability, but responses are difficult to evoke in the resting lower limbs or are limited to only a few muscle groups. This might be mitigated by delivering the stimuli lower on the spinal column, where the descending tracts contain a greater relative density of motoneurons projecting to lower limb muscles. We investigated activation of the corticospinal axons innervating tibialis anterior (TA) and rectus femoris (RF) by applying a single electrical stimulus over the first lumbar spinous process (LS). LS was paired with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of -16 (TMS before LS) to 14 ms (LS before TMS). The relationship between muscle contraction strength (10%-100% maximal) and the amplitude of single-pulse TMS and LS responses was also investigated. Compared to the responses to TMS alone, responses to paired stimulation were significantly occluded in both muscles for ISIs ≥-8 ms (p ≤ 0.035), consistent with collision of descending volleys from TMS with antidromic volleys originating from LS. This suggests that TMS and LS activate some of the same corticospinal axons. Additionally, the amplitude of TMS and LS responses increased with increasing contraction strengths with no change in onset latency, suggesting responses to LS are evoked transsynaptically and have a monosynaptic component. Taken together, these experiments provide evidence that LS is an alternative method that could be used to discern segmental changes in the corticospinal tract when targeting lower limb muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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36
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Kalmar JM. On task: Considerations and future directions for studies of corticospinal excitability in exercise neuroscience and related disciplines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1113-1121. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a conventional laboratory technique in human neurophysiological research. Exercise neuroscientists have used TMS to study central nervous system contributions to fatigue, training, and performance in health, injury, and disease. In such studies, corticospinal excitability is often assessed at rest or during simple isometric tasks with the implication that the results may be extrapolated to more functional and complex movement outside of the laboratory. However, the neural mechanisms that influence corticospinal excitability are both state- and task-dependent. Furthermore, there are many sites of modulation along the pathway from the motor cortex to the muscle; a fact that is somewhat obscured by the all-encompassing and poorly defined term “corticospinal excitability”. Therefore, the tasks we use to assess corticospinal excitability and the conclusions that we draw from such a global measure of the motor pathway must be taken into consideration. The overall objective of this review is to highlight the task-dependent nature of corticospinal excitability and the tools used to assess modulation at cortical and spinal sites of modulation. By weighing the advantages and constraints of conventional approaches to studying corticospinal excitability, and considering some new and novel approaches, we will continue to advance our understanding of the neural control of movement during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne M. Kalmar
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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37
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Gruet M. Fatigue in Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Theoretical Framework and Implications For Real-Life Performance and Rehabilitation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1285. [PMID: 30283347 PMCID: PMC6156387 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a primary disabling symptom in chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) with major clinical implications. However, fatigue is not yet sufficiently explored and is still poorly understood in CRD, making this symptom underdiagnosed and undertreated in these populations. Fatigue is a dynamic phenomenon, particularly in such evolving diseases punctuated by acute events which can, alone or in combination, modulate the degree of fatigue experienced by the patients. This review supports a comprehensive inter-disciplinary approach of CRD-related fatigue and emphasizes the need to consider both its performance and perceived components. Most studies in CRD evaluated perceived fatigue as a trait characteristic using multidimensional scales, providing precious information about its prevalence and clinical impact. However, these scales are not adapted to understand the complex dynamics of fatigue in real-life settings and should be augmented with ecological assessment of fatigue. The state level of fatigue must also be considered during physical tasks as severe fatigue can emerge rapidly during exercise. CRD patients exhibit alterations in both peripheral and central nervous systems and these abnormalities can be exacerbated during exercise. Laboratory tests are necessary to provide mechanistic insights into how and why fatigue develops during exercise in CRD. A better knowledge of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying perceived and performance fatigability and their influence on real-life performance will enable the development of new individualized countermeasures. This review aims first to shed light on the terminology of fatigue and then critically considers the contemporary models of fatigue and their relevance in the particular context of CRD. This article then briefly reports the prevalence and clinical consequences of fatigue in CRD and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of various fatigue scales. This review also provides several arguments to select the ideal test of performance fatigability in CRD and to translate the mechanistic laboratory findings into the clinical practice and real-world performance. Finally, this article discusses the dose-response relationship to training and the feasibility and validity of using the fatigue produced during exercise training sessions in CRD to optimize exercise training efficiency. Methodological concerns, examples of applications in selected diseases and avenues for future research are also provided.
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Brownstein CG, Ansdell P, Škarabot J, Howatson G, Goodall S, Thomas K. An optimal protocol for measurement of corticospinal excitability, short intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation in the rectus femoris. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:45-56. [PMID: 30216757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the optimal application of single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the rectus femoris. Twenty-nine male adults participated in the study, which involved 5 separate experiments. Experiments 1 to 3 assessed the effect of conditioning stimulus (CS) intensity (60, 70, 80 and 90% active motor threshold, AMT), contraction strength (5, 10, 20 and 50% maximum voluntary contraction, MVC), and inter-stimulus interval (ISI, 2-5 ms for short-interval intracortical inhibition, SICI and 10-15 ms for intracortical facilitation, ICF) on SICI and ICF. In Experiment 4, 30 measurements of corticospinal excitability (CSE), SICI and ICF were recorded, with the minimum number of consecutive measurements required as a probability of falling within the 95% CI determined. In Experiment 5, within- and between-day reliability of CSE, SICI and ICF was assessed. The results suggest that for SICI, a CS of 70% AMT, ISI of 2 ms, and contraction strength of 5 or 10% MVC induces the greatest level of inhibition. Negligible differences in ICF were seen across stimulus variables. The minimum number of measurements required to obtain an accurate estimate of CSE, SICI and ICF was 21, 18 and 17, respectively. Using the optimal stimulus variables and number of measurements, CSE, SICI and ICF can be measured reliably both within- and between-days (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC ≥ 0.87, ≥0.74, and ≥0.61, respectively). The current findings can be used to guide future investigations using single- and paired-pulse TMS to elicit responses in the rectus femoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Brownstein
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Lam CLM, Liu HL, Huang CM, Wai YY, Lee SH, Yiend J, Lin C, Lee TMC. The neural correlates of perceived energy levels in older adults with late-life depression. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 13:1397-1405. [PMID: 30159766 PMCID: PMC6732126 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Late-life depression is common among older adults. Although white-matter abnormality is highly implicated, the extent to which the corticospinal tract is associated with the pathophysiology of late-life depression is unclear. The current study aims to investigate the white-matter structural integrity of the corticospinal tract and determine its cognitive and functional correlates in older adults with late-life depression. Twenty-eight older adults with clinical depression and 23 healthy age-matched older adults participated in the study. The white matter volume and the white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) of the corticospinal tract, as well as the global WMHs, were measured. Psychomotor processing speed, severity of depression, perceived levels of energy and physical functioning were measured to examine the relationships among the correlates in the depressed participants. The right corticospinal tract volume was significantly higher in depressed older adults relative to healthy controls. Moreover, the right corticospinal tract volume was significantly associated with the overall severity of depression and accounted for 17% of its variance. It further attenuated the relationship between the severity of depression and perceived levels of energy. Our findings suggested that higher volume in the right corticospinal tract is implicated in LLD and may relate to lower perceived levels of energy experienced by older adults with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene L M Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Ling Liu
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Yau Wai
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jenny Yiend
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung City, Taiwan.
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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40
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Aboodarda SJ, Mira J, Floreani M, Jaswal R, Moon SJ, Amery K, Rupp T, Millet GY. Effects of endurance cycling training on neuromuscular fatigue in healthy active men. Part II: Corticospinal excitability and voluntary activation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2295-2305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Performance fatigability is characterized as an acute decline in motor performance caused by an exercise-induced reduction in force or power of the involved muscles. Multiple mechanisms contribute to performance fatigability and originate from neural and muscular processes, with the task demands dictating the mechanisms. This review highlights that (1) inadequate activation of the motoneuron pool can contribute to performance fatigability, and (2) the demands of the task and the physiological characteristics of the population assessed, dictate fatigability and the involved mechanisms. Examples of task and population differences in fatigability highlighted in this review include contraction intensity and velocity, stability and support provided to the fatiguing limb, sex differences, and aging. A future challenge is to define specific mechanisms of fatigability and to translate these findings to real-world performance and exercise training in healthy and clinical populations across the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
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42
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LAURENT JULIEN, GUINOT MICHEL, LE ROUX MALLOUF THIBAULT, MARILLIER MATHIEU, LARRIBAUT JULIE, VERGES SAMUEL. Effects of Acute Salbutamol Intake on Peripheral and Central Fatigue in Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:1267-1276. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Goodall S, Howatson G, Thomas K. Modulation of specific inhibitory networks in fatigued locomotor muscles of healthy males. Exp Brain Res 2017; 236:463-473. [PMID: 29214392 PMCID: PMC5809538 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reduced maximal force capability of skeletal muscle, as a consequence of exercise, can be due to peripheral or central fatigue mechanisms. In upper-limb muscles, neuromuscular fatigue is concurrent with reduced corticospinal excitability and increased inhibition (lengthened corticospinal silent period [CSP]; reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition [SICI] ratio). However, it is unclear whether these adjustments occur in response to fatiguing exercise of locomotor muscles. This study examined the effect of fatiguing, maximal, knee-extensor exercise on motor cortical excitability and inhibition. Thirteen males performed three 30-s maximal, isometric contractions with the dominant knee-extensors (MVC1, MVC2 and MVC3), separated by 60 s. At the end of, and between each MVC, neuromuscular fatigue, corticospinal excitability, CSP and SICI were assessed with supramaximal stimulation of the femoral nerve, and motor cortical stimulation, respectively. Repeated MVCs caused progressive reductions in MVC (- 10, - 24 and - 29%, respectively, P ≤ 0.01), along with significant peripheral (reductions in potentiated twitch of - 23, -53 and - 60%, respectively, P < 0.001) and central (reductions in VA of - 10% and - 13% post-MVC2 and 3, respectively, P ≤ 0.01) fatigue. Following MVC1 corticospinal excitability was reduced, and remained depressed thereafter. CSP increased in duration and remained longer throughout the protocol; whereas, no change in SICI was observed. Repeated, sustained, maximal contractions of the knee-extensors elicited substantial peripheral and central fatigue that was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in corticospinal excitability. However, divergent responses exist between inhibitory networks within the motor cortex, the activity of inhibitory networks mediated by GABAB are increased, whereas those mediated by GABAA are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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44
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Souron R, Besson T, Lapole T, Millet GY. Neural adaptations in quadriceps muscle after 4 weeks of local vibration training in young versus older subjects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:427-436. [PMID: 29172028 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 4-week local vibration training (LVT) on the function of the knee extensors and corticospinal properties in healthy young and older subjects. Seventeen subjects (9 young and 8 older) performed 3 testing sessions: before (PRE1) and after (PRE2) a 4-week resting period to control the repeatability of the data as well as after the LVT (POST). Jump performance, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and electromyographic (EMG) activity on vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscles were assessed. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allowed evaluation of cortical voluntary activation (VATMS), motor evoked potential (MEP) area, and silent period (SP) duration. All training adaptations were similar between young and older subjects (p > 0.05) and the following results reflect the pooled sample of subjects. MVC (+11.9% ± 8.0%, p < 0.001) and VATMS (+3.6% ± 5.2%, p = 0.004) were significantly increased at POST compared with PRE2. Maximal vastus lateralis EMG was significantly increased at POST (+21.9% ± 33.7%, p = 0.03). No changes were reported for MEPs on both muscles (p > 0.05). SPs recorded during maximal and submaximal contractions decreased in both muscles at POST (p < 0.05). Vertical jump performance was increased at POST (p < 0.05). LVT seems as effective in young as in older subjects to improve maximal functional capacities through neural modulations occurring at least partly at the supra-spinal level. Local vibration may be used as an efficient alternative training method to improve muscular performance in both healthy young and older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Souron
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,b Université de Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thibault Besson
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.,b Université de Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Lapole
- b Université de Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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45
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Brownstein CG, Dent JP, Parker P, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Goodall S, Thomas K. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Fatigue following Competitive Soccer Match-Play. Front Physiol 2017; 8:831. [PMID: 29118716 PMCID: PMC5661001 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Previous research into the etiology of neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play has primarily focused on peripheral perturbations, with limited research assessing central nervous system function in the days post-match. The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution and time-course of recovery of central and peripheral factors toward neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play. Methods: Sixteen male semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-min soccer match. Pre-, post- and at 24, 48, and 72 h participants completed a battery of neuromuscular, physical, and perceptual tests. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical (femoral nerve) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex during isometric knee-extension and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (potentiated twitch force, Qtw, pot) function. Electromyography responses of the rectus femoris to single- and paired-pulse TMS were used to assess corticospinal excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), respectively. Fatigue and perceptions of muscle soreness were assessed via visual analog scales, and physical function was assessed through measures of jump (countermovement jump height and reactive strength index) and sprint performance. Results: Competitive match-play elicited significant post-match declines in MVC force (−14%, P < 0.001) that persisted for 48 h (−4%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 72 h post-exercise. VA (motor point stimulation) was reduced immediately post-match (−8%, P < 0.001), and remained depressed at 24 h (−5%, P = 0.01) before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. Qtw,pot was reduced post-match (−14%, P < 0.001), remained depressed at 24 h (−6%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. No changes were evident in corticospinal excitability or SICI. Jump performance took 48 h to recover, while perceptions of fatigue persisted at 72 h. Conclusion: Competitive soccer match-play elicits substantial impairments in central nervous system and muscle function, requiring up to 48 h to resolve. The results of the study could have important implications for fixture scheduling, the optimal management of the training process, squad rotation during congested competitive schedules, and the implementation of appropriate recovery interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Brownstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack P Dent
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Parker
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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46
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Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e384. [PMID: 28983090 PMCID: PMC5668469 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a common complaint in clinical practice. In humans, muscle fatigue can be defined as exercise-induced decrease in the ability to produce force. Here, to provide a general understanding and describe potential therapies for muscle fatigue, we summarize studies on muscle fatigue, including topics such as the sequence of events observed during force production, in vivo fatigue-site evaluation techniques, diagnostic markers and non-specific but effective treatments.
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47
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Thomas K, Elmeua M, Howatson G, Goodall S. Intensity-Dependent Contribution of Neuromuscular Fatigue after Constant-Load Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:1751-60. [PMID: 27187101 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that central and peripheral fatigue after constant-load cycling exercise would vary with exercise intensity and duration. METHODS Twelve well-trained male cyclists (V˙O2max, 4.49 ± 0.35 L·min) completed three constant-load cycling trials to the limit of tolerance in a randomized crossover design. Exercise intensities were set according to the respiratory responses to a preliminary ramp test to elicit cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses consistent with exercise in the severe and heavy exercise domains: 1) at power at V˙O2max (S+, 379 ± 31 W), 2) at 60% of the difference between gas exchange threshold and V˙O2max (S-, 305 ± 23 W), and 3) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP, 254 ± 26 W). Pre- and postexercise twitch responses from the quadriceps to the electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve and magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex were recorded to assess neuromuscular and corticospinal function, respectively. RESULTS Exercise time was 3.14 ± 0.59, 11.11 ± 1.86, and 42.14 ± 9.09 min for S+, S-, and RCP, respectively. All trials resulted in similar reductions in maximum voluntary force (P = 0.61). However, the degree of peripheral fatigue varied in an intensity-dependent manner, with greater reductions in potentiated twitch force after S+ (-33% ± 9%) compared with both S- (-16% ± 9%, P < 0.001) and RCP trials (-11% ± 9%, P < 0.001) and greater after S- compared with RCP (P < 0.05). For central fatigue, this trend was reversed, with smaller reductions in voluntary activation after S+ compared with RCP (-2.7% ± 2.2% vs -9.0% ± 4.7%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION These data suggest the magnitude of peripheral and central fatigue after locomotor cycling exercise is exacerbated with exercise intensity and duration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Thomas
- 1Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, SOUTH AFRICA
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48
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Peripheral muscle abnormalities in cystic fibrosis: Etiology, clinical implications and response to therapeutic interventions. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 16:538-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Edwards EK, Christie AD. Assessment of motor cortex excitability and inhibition during a cognitive task in individuals with concussion. Brain Inj 2017; 31:1348-1355. [PMID: 28657363 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1327671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To examine the function of the motor cortex during executive function tasks in individuals with concussion, relative to healthy controls. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess motor cortex excitability and inhibition acutely, within 72 hours, and over two months, post-concussion in 23 participants, nine individuals with concussion and 14 controls. Participants performed a cognitive task during TMS to determine the impact of cognitive task on the motor cortex. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Resting motor threshold (p = 0.02) and motor-evoked potential (MEPRest) amplitude (p = 0.03) were different between groups, both suggesting greater corticospinal excitability in individuals with concussion. Cortical silent period (CSP) duration was greater at 72 hours (p = 0.03), one month (p = 0.003) and two months (p = 0.05) in individuals with concussion, suggesting increased intracortical inhibition. The performance of a cognitive task caused an increase in MEPRest (p = 0.006) and CSP (p = 0.04), compared to baseline in both groups, but no interaction of condition by group (p ≥ 0.91) for either measure. CONCLUSION Simultaneously performing a cognitive task during motor cortex assessments increased corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition; however, the increase was not different between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli K Edwards
- a Department of Human Physiology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA
| | - Anita D Christie
- a Department of Human Physiology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA
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Neuromuscular fatigue during exercise: Methodological considerations, etiology and potential role in chronic fatigue. Neurophysiol Clin 2017; 47:95-110. [PMID: 28434551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term fatigue is used to describe a distressing and persistent symptom of physical and/or mental tiredness in certain clinical populations, with distinct but ultimately complex, multifactorial and heterogenous pathophysiology. Chronic fatigue impacts on quality of life, reduces the capacity to perform activities of daily living, and is typically measured using subjective self-report tools. Fatigue also refers to an acute reduction in the ability to produce maximal force or power due to exercise. The classical measurement of exercise-induced fatigue involves neuromuscular assessments before and after a fatiguing task. The limitations and alternatives to this approach are reviewed in this paper in relation to the lower limb and whole-body exercise, given the functional relevance to locomotion, rehabilitation and activities of daily living. It is suggested that under some circumstances, alterations in the central and/or peripheral mechanisms of fatigue during exercise may be related to the sensations of chronic fatigue. As such, the neurophysiological correlates of exercise-induced fatigue are briefly examined in two clinical examples where chronic fatigue is common: cancer survivors and people with multiple sclerosis. This review highlights the relationship between objective measures of fatigability with whole-body exercise and perceptions of fatigue as a priority for future research, given the importance of exercise in relieving symptoms of chronic fatigue and/or overall disease management. As chronic fatigue is likely to be specific to the individual and unlikely to be due to a simple biological or psychosocial explanation, tailored exercise programmes are a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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