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Bobkova NV, Chuvakova LN, Kovalev VI, Zhdanova DY, Chaplygina AV, Rezvykh AP, Evgen'ev MB. A Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease with Elements of Major Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04346-7. [PMID: 38980563 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
After olfactory bulbectomy, animals are often used as a model of major depression or sporadic Alzheimer's disease and, hence, the status of this model is still disputable. To elucidate the nature of alterations in the expression of the genome after the operation, we analyzed transcriptomes of the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice. Analysis of the functional significance of genes in the brain of OBX mice indicates that the balance of the GABA/glutamatergic systems is disturbed with hyperactivation of the latter in the hippocampus, leading to the development of excitotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in the background of severe mitochondrial dysfunction and astrogliosis. On top of this, the synthesis of neurotrophic factors decreases leading to the disruption of the cytoskeleton of neurons, an increase in the level of intracellular calcium, and the activation of tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, the acetylcholinergic system is deficient in the background of the hyperactivation of acetylcholinesterase. Importantly, the activity of the dopaminergic, endorphin, and opiate systems in OBX mice decreases, leading to hormonal dysfunction. On the other hand, genes responsible for the regulation of circadian rhythms, cell migration, and innate immunity are activated in OBX animals. All this takes place in the background of a drastic downregulation of ribosomal protein genes in the brain. The obtained results indicate that OBX mice represent a model of Alzheimer's disease with elements of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - L N Chuvakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Kovalev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - D Y Zhdanova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A V Chaplygina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences-Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - A P Rezvykh
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Evgen'ev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Bhalla K, Rosier K, Monnens Y, Meulemans S, Vervoort E, Thorrez L, Agostinis P, Meier DT, Rochtus A, Resnick JL, Creemers JWM. Similar metabolic pathways are affected in both Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome-22 and Prader-Willi Syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167175. [PMID: 38626828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Loss of prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL) encoding a serine hydrolase with (thio)esterase activity leads to the recessive metabolic disorder Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome-22 (CMS22). It is characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia, feeding problems, growth retardation, and hyperphagia leading to rapid weight gain later in childhood. The phenotypic similarities with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are striking, suggesting that similar pathways are affected. The aim of this study was to identify changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in mouse models for both disorders and to examine mitochondrial function in skin fibroblasts of patients and knockout cell lines. We have demonstrated that Prepl is downregulated in the brains of neonatal PWS-IC-p/+m mice. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is similarly affected in both Prepl-/- and PWS-IC-p/+m mice resulting in defective orexigenic signaling and growth retardation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mitochondrial function is altered in PREPL knockout HEK293T cells and can be rescued with the supplementation of coenzyme Q10. Finally, PREPL-deficient and PWS patient skin fibroblasts display defective mitochondrial bioenergetics. The mitochondrial dysfunction in PWS fibroblasts can be rescued by overexpression of PREPL. In conclusion, we provide the first molecular parallels between CMS22 and PWS, raising the possibility that PREPL substrates might become therapeutic targets for treating both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Bhalla
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Rosier
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yenthe Monnens
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Meulemans
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Vervoort
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research & Therapy, VIB, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research & Therapy, VIB, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James L Resnick
- Department of Molecular genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Rosier K, McDevitt MT, Smet J, Floyd BJ, Verschoore M, Marcaida MJ, Bingman CA, Lemmens I, Dal Peraro M, Tavernier J, Cravatt BF, Gounko NV, Vints K, Monnens Y, Bhalla K, Aerts L, Rashan EH, Vanlander AV, Van Coster R, Régal L, Pagliarini DJ, Creemers JW. Prolyl endopeptidase-like is a (thio)esterase involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain function. iScience 2021; 24:103460. [PMID: 34888501 PMCID: PMC8634043 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the serine hydrolase prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL) causes a recessive metabolic disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, feeding difficulties, and growth hormone deficiency. The pathophysiology of PREPL deficiency and the physiological substrates of PREPL remain largely unknown. In this study, we connect PREPL with mitochondrial gene expression and oxidative phosphorylation by analyzing its protein interactors. We demonstrate that the long PREPLL isoform localizes to mitochondria, whereas PREPLS remains cytosolic. Prepl KO mice showed reduced mitochondrial complex activities and disrupted mitochondrial gene expression. Furthermore, mitochondrial ultrastructure was abnormal in a PREPL-deficient patient and Prepl KO mice. In addition, we reveal that PREPL has (thio)esterase activity and inhibition of PREPL by Palmostatin M suggests a depalmitoylating function. We subsequently determined the crystal structure of PREPL, thereby providing insight into the mechanism of action. Taken together, PREPL is a (thio)esterase rather than a peptidase and PREPLL is involved in mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rosier
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Molly T. McDevitt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joél Smet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brendan J. Floyd
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maxime Verschoore
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria J. Marcaida
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig A. Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Irma Lemmens
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia V. Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yenthe Monnens
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kritika Bhalla
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Aerts
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edrees H. Rashan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Arnaud V. Vanlander
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudy Van Coster
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J. Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John W.M. Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Prolyl Endopeptidase-Like Facilitates the α-Synuclein Aggregation Seeding, and This Effect Is Reverted by Serine Peptidase Inhibitor PMSF. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060962. [PMID: 32630529 PMCID: PMC7355856 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is a characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD). α-Syn oligomerization/aggregation is accelerated by the serine peptidase, prolyl oligopeptidase (POP). Factors that affect POP conformation, including most of its inhibitors and an impairing mutation in its active site, influence the acceleration of α-Syn aggregation resulting from the interaction of these proteins. It is noteworthy, however, that α-Syn is not cleaved by POP. Prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL) protein is structurally related to the serine peptidases belonging to the POP family. Based on the α-Syn–POP studies and knowing that PREPL may contribute to the regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, when this protein can encounter α-Syn, we investigated the α-Syn–PREPL interaction. The binding of these two human proteins was observed with an apparent affinity constant of about 5.7 μM and, as in the α-Syn assays with POP, the presence of PREPL accelerated the oligomerization/aggregation events, with no α-Syn cleavage. Furthermore, despite this lack of hydrolytic cleavage, the serine peptidase active site inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) abolished the enhancement of the α-Syn aggregation by PREPL. Therefore, given the attention to POP inhibitors as potential drugs to treat synucleinopathies, the present data point to PREPL as another potential target to be explored for this purpose.
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Elmore MRP, Hohsfield LA, Kramár EA, Soreq L, Lee RJ, Pham ST, Najafi AR, Spangenberg EE, Wood MA, West BL, Green KN. Replacement of microglia in the aged brain reverses cognitive, synaptic, and neuronal deficits in mice. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12832. [PMID: 30276955 PMCID: PMC6260908 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain, can be eliminated via pharmacological inhibition of the colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Withdrawal of CSF1R inhibition then stimulates microglial repopulation, effectively replacing the microglial compartment. In the aged brain, microglia take on a “primed” phenotype and studies indicate that this coincides with age‐related cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the effects of replacing the aged microglial compartment with new microglia using CSF1R inhibitor‐induced microglial repopulation. With 28 days of repopulation, replacement of resident microglia in aged mice (24 months) improved spatial memory and restored physical microglial tissue characteristics (cell densities and morphologies) to those found in young adult animals (4 months). However, inflammation‐related gene expression was not broadly altered with repopulation nor the response to immune challenges. Instead, microglial repopulation resulted in a reversal of age‐related changes in neuronal gene expression, including expression of genes associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling and synaptogenesis. Age‐related changes in hippocampal neuronal complexity were reversed with both microglial elimination and repopulation, while microglial elimination increased both neurogenesis and dendritic spine densities. These changes were accompanied by a full rescue of age‐induced deficits in long‐term potentiation with microglial repopulation. Thus, several key aspects of the aged brain can be reversed by acute noninvasive replacement of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R. P. Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Enikö A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Lilach Soreq
- University College London; London UK
- The Francis Crick Institute; London UK
| | - Rafael J. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Stephanie T. Pham
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Allison R. Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Elizabeth E. Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | | | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND); Irvine California
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Régal L, Mårtensson E, Maystadt I, Voermans N, Lederer D, Burlina A, Juan Fita MJ, Hoogeboom AJM, Olsson Engman M, Hollemans T, Schouten M, Meulemans S, Jonson T, François I, Gil Ortega D, Kamsteeg EJ, Creemers JWM. PREPL deficiency: delineation of the phenotype and development of a functional blood assay. Genet Med 2017; 20:109-118. [PMID: 28726805 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposePREPL deficiency causes neonatal hypotonia, ptosis, neonatal feeding difficulties, childhood obesity, xerostomia, and growth hormone deficiency. Different recessive contiguous gene deletion syndromes involving PREPL and a variable combination of SLC3A1 (hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome), CAMKMT (atypical hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome), and PPM1B (2p21 deletion syndrome) have been described. In isolated PREPL deficiency, previously described only once, the absence of cystinuria complicates the diagnosis. Therefore, we developed a PREPL blood assay and further delineated the phenotype.MethodsClinical features of new subjects with PREPL deficiency were recorded. The presence of PREPL in lymphocytes and its reactivity with an activity-based probe were evaluated by western blot.ResultsFive subjects with isolated PREPL deficiency, three with hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome, and two with atypical hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome had nine novel alleles. Their IQs ranged from 64 to 112. Adult neuromuscular signs included ptosis, nasal dysarthria, facial weakness, and variable proximal and neck flexor weakness. Autonomic features are prevalent. PREPL protein and reactivity were absent in lymphocytes from subjects with PREPL deficiency, but normal in the clinically similar Prader-Willi syndrome.ConclusionPREPL deficiency causes neuromuscular, autonomic, cognitive, endocrine, and dysmorphic clinical features. PREPL is not deficient in Prader-Willi syndrome. The novel blood test should facilitate the confirmation of PREPL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Régal
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Mårtensson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Region Skåne and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicol Voermans
- Department of Neurology, RadboudUMC Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Lederer
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - María Jesús Juan Fita
- Unidad de Metabolopatías, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Jeannette M Hoogeboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tess Hollemans
- Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Meyke Schouten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, RadboudUMC Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Meulemans
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tord Jonson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Region Skåne and Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inge François
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Gil Ortega
- Unidad de Metabolopatías, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, RadboudUMC Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Majumder P, Roy K, Singh BK, Jana NR, Mukhopadhyay D. Cellular levels of Grb2 and cytoskeleton stability are correlated in a neurodegenerative scenario. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:655-669. [PMID: 28360125 PMCID: PMC5451165 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests as neuronal loss. On the premise of Grb2 overexpression in AD mouse brain and brain tissues of AD patients, our study primarily focuses on the stability of cytoskeletal proteins in the context of degenerative AD-like conditions. Two predominant molecular features of AD, extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid oligomers and intracellular elevation of amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain levels, have been used to closely inspect the series of signalling events. In their presence, multiple signalling pathways involving ROCK and PAK1 proteins lead to disassembly of the cytoskeleton, and Grb2 partially counterbalances the cytoskeletal loss. Increased Grb2-NOX4 interactions play a preventive role against cytoskeletal disassembly, in turn blocking the activity of nitrogen oxides and decreasing the expression of slingshot homolog 1 (SSH-1) protein, a potent inducer of cytoskeleton disassembly. This study unravels a unique role of Grb2 in protecting the cytoskeletal architecture in AD-like conditions and presents a potential new strategy for controlling neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Majumder
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Kasturi Roy
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon 122 050, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon 122 050, India
| | - Debashis Mukhopadhyay
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
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Männistö PT, García-Horsman JA. Mechanism of Action of Prolyl Oligopeptidase (PREP) in Degenerative Brain Diseases: Has Peptidase Activity Only a Modulatory Role on the Interactions of PREP with Proteins? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28261087 PMCID: PMC5306367 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging brain, the correct balance of neural transmission and its regulation is of particular significance, and neuropeptides have a significant role. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a protein highly expressed in brain, and evidence indicates that it is related to aging and in neurodegenration. Although PREP is regarded as a peptidase, the physiological substrates in the brain have not been defined, and after intense research, the molecular mechanisms where this protein is involved have not been defined. We propose that PREP functions as a regulator of other proteins though peptide gated direct interaction. We speculate that, at least in some processes where PREP has shown to be relevant, the peptidase activity is only a consequence of the interactions, and not the main physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Arturo García-Horsman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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Höfling C, Kulesskaya N, Jaako K, Peltonen I, Männistö PT, Nurmi A, Vartiainen N, Morawski M, Zharkovsky A, Võikar V, Roßner S, García-Horsman JA. Deficiency of prolyl oligopeptidase in mice disturbs synaptic plasticity and reduces anxiety-like behaviour, body weight, and brain volume. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1048-61. [PMID: 26996375 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been implicated in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and has been considered a drug target to enhance memory in dementia. However, the true physiological role of PREP is not yet understood. In this paper, we report the phenotyping of a mouse line where the PREP gene has been knocked out. This work indicates that the lack of PREP in mice causes reduced anxiety but also hyperactivity. The cortical volumes of PREP knockout mice were smaller than those of wild type littermates. Additionally, we found increased expression of diazepam binding inhibitor protein in the cortex and of the somatostatin receptor-2 in the hippocampus of PREP knockout mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and tail suspension test revealed lack of response of PREP knockout mice to lipopolysaccharide insult. Further analysis revealed significantly increased levels of polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule in PREP deficient mice. These findings might be explained as possible alteration in brain plasticity caused by PREP deficiency, which in turn affect behaviour and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Külli Jaako
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Iida Peltonen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka T Männistö
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Nurmi
- Charles River Drug Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Germany
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High-level expression of prolyl endopeptidase in Pichia pastoris using PLA 2 as a fusion partner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lone AM, Leidl M, McFedries AK, Horner JW, Creemers J, Saghatelian A. Deletion of PREPl causes growth impairment and hypotonia in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89160. [PMID: 24586561 PMCID: PMC3938459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of rare diseases can identify genes of unknown function that strongly impact human physiology. Prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL) is an uncharacterized member of the prolyl peptidase family that was discovered because of its deletion in humans with hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome (HCS). HCS is characterized by a number of physiological changes including diminished growth and neonatal hypotonia or low muscle tone. HCS patients have deletions in other genes as well, making it difficult to tease apart the specific role of PREPL. Here, we develop a PREPL null (PREPL(-/-)) mouse model to address the physiological role of this enzyme. Deletion of exon 11 from the Prepl gene, which encodes key catalytic amino acids, leads to a loss of PREPL protein as well as lower Prepl mRNA levels. PREPL(-/-) mice have a pronounced growth phenotype, being significantly shorter and lighter than their wild type (PREPL(+/+)) counterparts. A righting assay revealed that PREPL(-/-) pups took significantly longer than PREPL(+/+) pups to right themselves when placed on their backs. This deficit indicates that PREPL(-/-) mice suffer from neonatal hypotonia. According to these results, PREPL regulates growth and neonatal hypotonia in mice, which supports the idea that PREPL causes diminished growth and neonatal hypotonia in humans with HCS. These animals provide a valuable asset in deciphering the underlying biochemical, cellular and physiological pathways that link PREPL to HCS, and this may eventually lead to new insights in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mari Lone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Leidl
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda K. McFedries
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James W. Horner
- Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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