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Zuloaga DG, Lafrican JJ, Zuloaga KL. Androgen regulation of behavioral stress responses and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105528. [PMID: 38503191 PMCID: PMC11144109 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Testosterone is a powerful steroid hormone that can impact the brain and behavior in various ways, including regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) stress responses. Early in life androgens can act to alter development of brain regions associated with stress regulation, which ultimately impacts the display of stress responses later in life. Adult circulating androgens can also influence the expression of distinct genes and proteins that regulate stress responses. These changes in the brain are hypothesized to underlie the potent effects of androgens in regulating behaviors related to stress and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Androgens can induce alterations in these functions through direct binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or following conversion to estrogens and subsequent binding to estrogen receptors including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). In this review, we focus on the role of androgens in regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses at different stages of the lifespan and the sex hormone receptors involved in regulating these effects. We also review the specific brain regions and cell phenotypes upon which androgens are proposed to act to regulate stress responses with an emphasis on hypothalamic and extended amygdala subregions. This knowledge of androgen effects on these neural systems is critical for understanding how sex hormones regulate stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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2
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Cea Salazar VI, Perez MD, Robison AJ, Trainor BC. Impacts of sex differences on optogenetic, chemogenetic, and calcium-imaging tools. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2024; 84:102817. [PMID: 38042130 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Technical innovation in neuroscience introduced powerful tools for measuring and manipulating neuronal activity via optical, chemogenetic, and calcium-imaging tools. These tools were initially tested primarily in male animals but are now increasingly being used in females as well. In this review, we consider how these tools may work differently in males and females. For example, we review sex differences in the metabolism of chemogenetic ligands and their downstream signaling effects. Optical tools more directly alter depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, but biological sex and gonadal hormones modulate synaptic inputs and intrinsic excitability. We review studies demonstrating that optogenetic manipulations are sometimes consistent across the rodent estrous cycle but within certain circuits; manipulations can vary across the ovarian cycle. Finally, calcium-imaging methods utilize genetically encoded calcium indicators to measure neuronal activity. Testosterone and estradiol can directly modulate calcium influx, and we consider these implications for interpreting the results of calcium-imaging studies. Together, our findings suggest that these neuroscientific tools may sometimes work differently in males and females and that users should be aware of these differences when applying these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvin D Perez
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A J Robison
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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3
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Sellinger EP, Brinks AS, Javeri RR, Theurer SL, Wang R, Juraska JM. Region- and age-specific effects of perinatal phthalate exposure on developmental cell death and adult anatomy of dorsal and ventral hippocampus and associated cognitive behaviors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 99:107288. [PMID: 37595675 PMCID: PMC10530334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in food packaging/processing, PVC plastics, and personal care products. Gestational exposure may lead to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. In a rat model, perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture and dose of phthalates leads to increased developmental apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and a subsequent reduction in neurons and in cognitive flexibility measured in adults of both sexes (Sellinger et al., 2021b; Kougias et al., 2018b). However, whether these effects generalize to other cognitive regions, like the hippocampus, is less well understood as existing studies used single phthalates at large doses, unrepresentative of human exposure. In the current study, patterns of naturally occurring cell death were first established in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal subfields (CA3 and CA1). Both dorsal and ventral CA3 reached high levels of cell death on P2 while levels in dorsal and ventral CA1 peaked on P5 in both sexes. Exposure to a phthalate mixture (0.2 and 1 mg/kg/day) throughout gestation through postnatal day 10 resulted in subtle age- and region-specific decreases in developmental cell death, however there were no significant changes in adult neuron number or associated behaviors: the Morris water maze and social recognition. Therefore, perinatal exposure to a low dose mixture of phthalates does not result in the dramatic structural and behavioral changes seen with high doses of single phthalates. This study also adds to our understanding of the distinct neurodevelopmental effects of phthalates on different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Amara S Brinks
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Rajvi R Javeri
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Savannah L Theurer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
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Chappell NR, Zhou B, Hosseinzadeh P, Schutt A, Gibbons WE, Blesson CS. Hyperandrogenemia alters mitochondrial structure and function in the oocytes of obese mouse with polycystic ovary syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:101-112. [PMID: 34458875 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capsule Hyperandrogenemia in an obese PCOS mouse model results in altered glucose/insulin metabolism and mitochondrial structure and function in the oocytes, in part explaining adverse outcomes and inheritance patterns seen in PCOS. Objective To study the oocyte quality by means of mitochondrial structure and function in a well-established classic PCOS mouse model. Design Animal study using an obese PCOS mouse model compared with control. Setting Animal research facility in a tertiary care university hospital setting. Animals C57/B6J mice. Intervention Three week old mice had subdermal implants of DHT controlled release pellet or placebo for 90 days. Main Outcome Measures The mouse model was validated by performing glucose tolerance test, HbA1c levels, body weight and estrous cycle analyses. Oocytes were subsequently isolated and were used to investigate mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, ATP production, mtDNA copy number, transcript abundance, histology and electron microscopy. Results Results showed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia along with dysregulated estrus cycle. Analysis of the oocytes demonstrated impaired inner mitochondrial membrane function, increased ATP production and mtDNA copy number, altered RNA transcript abundance and aberrant ovarian histology. Electron microscopy of the oocytes showed severely impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure. Conclusion The obese PCOS mouse model shows a decreased oocyte quality related to impaired mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Chappell
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Beth Zhou
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pardis Hosseinzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Amy Schutt
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - William E Gibbons
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chellakkan S Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Sertel SM, Blumenstein W, Mandad S, Shomroni O, Salinas G, Rizzoli SO. Differences in synaptic vesicle pool behavior between male and female hippocampal cultured neurons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17374. [PMID: 34462487 PMCID: PMC8405817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong focus on sex-related differences has arisen recently in neurobiology, but most investigations focus on brain function in vivo, ignoring common experimental models like cultured neurons. A few studies have addressed morphological differences between male and female neurons in culture, but very few works focused on functional aspects, and especially on presynaptic function. To fill this gap, we studied here functional parameters of synaptic vesicle recycling in hippocampal cultures from male and female rats, which are a standard model system for many laboratories. We found that, although the total vesicle pools are similar, the recycling pool of male synapses was larger, and was more frequently used. This was in line with the observation that the male synapses engaged in stronger local translation. Nevertheless, the general network activity of the neurons was similar, and only small differences could be found when stimulating the cultures. We also found only limited differences in several other assays. We conclude that, albeit these cultures are similar in behavior, future studies of synapse behavior in culture should take the sex of the animals into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem M Sertel
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Blumenstein
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sunit Mandad
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit Göttingen (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Integrative Genomics Core Unit Göttingen (NIG), Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The hippocampus is central to spatial learning and stress responsiveness, both of which differ in form and function in males versus females, yet precisely how the hippocampus contributes to these sex differences is largely unknown. In reproductively mature individuals, sex differences in the steroid hormone milieu undergirds many sex differences in hippocampal-related endpoints. However, there is also evidence for developmental programming of adult hippocampal function, with a central role for androgens as well as their aromatized byproduct, estrogens. These include sex differences in cell genesis, synapse formation, dendritic arborization, and excitatory/inhibitory balance. Enduring effects of steroid hormone modulation occur during two developmental epochs, the first being the classic perinatal critical period of sexual differentiation of the brain and the other being adolescence and the associated hormonal changes of puberty. The cellular mechanisms by which steroid hormones enduringly modify hippocampal form and function are poorly understood, but we here review what is known and highlight where attention should be focused.
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Falvo E, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Physiopathological role of the enzymatic complex 5α-reductase and 3α/β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase in the generation of progesterone and testosterone neuroactive metabolites. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100836. [PMID: 32217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic complex 5α-reductase (5α-R) and 3α/3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (HSOR) is expressed in the nervous system, where it transforms progesterone (PROG) and testosterone (T) into neuroactive metabolites. These metabolites regulate myelination, brain maturation, neurotransmission, reproductive behavior and the stress response. The expression of 5α-R and 3α-HSOR and the levels of PROG and T reduced metabolites show regional and sex differences in the nervous system and are affected by changing physiological conditions as well as by neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. A decrease in their nervous tissue levels may negatively impact the course and outcome of some pathological events. However, in other pathological conditions their increased levels may have a negative impact. Thus, the use of synthetic analogues of these steroids or 5α-R modulation have been proposed as therapeutic approaches for several nervous system pathologies. However, further research is needed to fully understand the consequences of these manipulations, in particular with 5α-R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Falvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Serafini MM, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM, Viviani B, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in steroid levels and steroidogenesis in the nervous system: Physiopathological role. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100804. [PMID: 31689419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system, in addition to be a target for steroid hormones, is the source of a variety of neuroactive steroids, which are synthesized and metabolized by neurons and glial cells. Recent evidence indicates that the expression of neurosteroidogenic proteins and enzymes and the levels of neuroactive steroids are different in the nervous system of males and females. We here summarized the state of the art of neuroactive steroids, particularly taking in consideration sex differences occurring in the synthesis and levels of these molecules. In addition, we discuss the consequences of sex differences in neurosteroidogenesis for the function of the nervous system under healthy and pathological conditions and the implications of neuroactive steroids and neurosteroidogenesis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Cisternas CD, Cortes LR, Bruggeman EC, Yao B, Forger NG. Developmental changes and sex differences in DNA methylation and demethylation in hypothalamic regions of the mouse brain. Epigenetics 2019; 15:72-84. [PMID: 31378140 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1649528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is dynamically modulated during postnatal brain development, and plays a key role in neuronal lineage commitment. This epigenetic mark has also recently been implicated in the development of neural sex differences, many of which are found in the hypothalamus. The level of DNA methylation depends on a balance between the placement of methyl marks by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and their removal, which is catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenases. Here, we examined developmental changes and sex differences in the expression of Tet and Dnmt enzymes from birth to adulthood in two hypothalamic regions (the preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus) and the hippocampus of mice. We found highest expression of all Tet enzymes (Tet1, Tet2, Tet3) and Dnmts (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) in newborns, despite the fact that global methylation and hydroxymethylation were at their lowest levels at birth. Expression of the Dnmt co-activator, Dnmt3l, followed a pattern opposite to that of the canonical Dnmts (i.e., was very low in newborns and increased with age). Tet enzyme activity was much higher at birth than at weaning in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus, mirroring developmental changes in gene expression. Sex differences in Tet enzyme expression were seen in all brain regions examined during the first week of life, whereas Dnmt expression was more balanced between the sexes. Neonatal testosterone treatment of females only partially masculinized enzyme expression. Thus, Tet expression and activity are elevated during neonatal brain development, and may play important roles in sexual differentiation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla D Cisternas
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura R Cortes
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily C Bruggeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy G Forger
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Park SY, Yoo YM, Jung EM, Jeung EB. Distribution of and steroid hormone effects on calbindin-D 9k in the immature rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:225-235. [PMID: 31357009 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calbindin-D9k (CaBP-9k), one of the major calcium-binding and calcium-buffering proteins, is important in the physiological functioning of organs. The neuroanatomical localization of CaBP-9k in the rodent brain has not been reported; thus, this study investigated the neuroanatomical distribution of CaBP-9k and the regulation of CaBP-9k expression on steroid hormones in the immature rat brain. To confirm the influence of steroid hormones on CaBP-9k expression, immature female rats were injected for 5 days with estrogen (E2), progesterone (P4), dexamethasone (DEX), and their antagonists (ICI 182, 780 and RU 486). The localization and expression of the CaBP-9k protein in brain regions were identified by immunofluorescence and western blot assays, respectively. We observed that CaBP-9k expression was especially strong in hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem. In addition, CaBP-9k was colocalized with mature-, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and oxytocinergic neurons. We also observed that the CaBP-9k protein level was significantly increased by P4 and reversed by antagonist RU 486 treatment in immature rat brain. In summary, CaBP-9k positive cells have a wide distribution in the immature rat brain, and CaBP-9k expression is regulated by P4. We suggest that CaBP-9k expression regulated by steroid hormone may serve as an important regulator of cytosolic calcium concentration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 362-763, Republic of Korea.
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Ciprés-Flores FJ, Segura-Uribe JJ, Orozco-Suárez S, Guerra-Araiza C, Guevara-Salazar JA, Castillo-García EL, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Farfán-García ED. Beta-blockers and salbutamol limited emotional memory disturbance and damage induced by orchiectomy in the rat hippocampus. Life Sci 2019; 224:128-137. [PMID: 30905783 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the therapeutic potential of ligands of beta-adrenoceptors in cognitive disorders. Testosterone and adrenergic pathways are involved in hippocampal and emotional memory. Moreover, is strongly suggested that androgen diminishing in aging is involved in cognitive deficit, as well as beta-adrenoceptors, particularly beta2-adrenoceptor, participate in the adrenergic modulation of memory. In this regard, some animal models of memory disruption have shown improved performance after beta-drug administration. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this work, we evaluated the effects of agonists (isoproterenol and salbutamol) and antagonists (propranolol and carvedilol) on beta-adrenoceptors in orchiectomized rats, as well as their effects in the performance on avoidance task and damage in hippocampal neurons by immunohistochemistry assays. KEY FINDINGS Surprisingly, we found that both antagonists and salbutamol (but not isoproterenol) modulate the effects of hormone deprivation, improving memory and decreasing neuronal death and amyloid-beta related changes in some regions (particularly CA1-3 and dentate gyrus) of rat hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Two β-antagonists and one β2-agonist modulated the effects of hormone deprivation on memory and damage in brain. The mechanisms of signaling of these drugs for beneficial effects remain unclear, even if used β-ARs ligands share a weak activity on β-arrestin/ERK-pathway activation which can be involved in these effects as we proposed in this manuscript. Our observations could be useful for understanding effects suggested of adrenergic drugs to modulate emotional memory. But also, our results could be related to other pathologies involving neuronal death and Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola J Ciprés-Flores
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia J Segura-Uribe
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian Guerra-Araiza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan A Guevara-Salazar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emily L Castillo-García
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Eunice D Farfán-García
- Departamento de Fisiología y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Mohajeri M, Martín-Jiménez C, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Effects of estrogens and androgens on mitochondria under normal and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 176:54-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke is a relatively common and serious neurologic disorder that can affect the fetus, the preterm, and the term-born infant. It carries significant long-term disabilities. Herein we describe the current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology and classification, different presentations, and optimal early management. We discuss the role of different brain imaging modalities in defining the extent of lesions and the impact this has on the prediction of outcomes. In recent years there has been progress in treatments, making early diagnosis and the understanding of likely morbidities imperative. An overview is given of the range of possible outcomes and optimal approaches to follow-up and support for the child and their family in the light of present knowledge.
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14
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Rosenkrantz TS, Hussain Z, Fitch RH. Sex Differences in Brain Injury and Repair in Newborn Infants: Clinical Evidence and Biological Mechanisms. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:211. [PMID: 31294000 PMCID: PMC6606734 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the development of the male and female brain are an evolving area of investigation. We are beginning to understand the underpinnings of male and female advantages due to differences in brain development as well as the consequences following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the newborn. The two main factors that appear to affect outcomes are gestation age at the time of injury and sex of the subject. This review starts with a summary of differences in the anatomy and physiology of the developing male and female brain. This is followed by a review of the major factors responsible for the observed differences in the face of normal development and hypoxic injury. The last section reviews the response of male and female subjects to various neuroprotective strategies that are currently being used and where there is a need for additional information for more precise therapy based on the sex of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted S Rosenkrantz
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Zeenat Hussain
- Department of Volunteer Services, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States.,Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roslyn Holly Fitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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15
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Krzyżanowska W, Pomierny B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Broniowska Ż, Strach B, Budziszewska B. The effects of benzophenone-3 on apoptosis and the expression of sex hormone receptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Sun Z, Li Y, Zhou H, Cai M, Liu J, Gao S, Yang J, Tong L, Wang J, Zhou S, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang L, Shi F, Cao X, Zhang S, Ji Y, Zhao J. Simulated microgravity reduces intracellular-free calcium concentration by inhibiting calcium channels in primary mouse osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4009-4020. [PMID: 30260002 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis in osteoblasts plays fundamental roles in the physiology and pathology of bone tissue. Various types of mechanical stimuli promote osteogenesis and increase bone formation elicit increases in intracellular-free calcium concentration in osteoblasts. However, whether microgravity, a condition of mechanical unloading, exerts an influence on intracellular-free calcium concentration in osteoblasts or what mechanisms may underlie such an effect are unclear. Herein, we show that simulated microgravity reduces intracellular-free calcium concentration in primary mouse osteoblasts. In addition, simulated microgravity substantially suppresses the activities of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, which selectively allow calcium to cross the plasma membrane from the extracellular space. Moreover, the functional expression of ryanodine receptors and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, which mediate the release of calcium from intracellular storage, decreased under simulated microgravity conditions. These results suggest that simulated microgravity substantially reduces intracellular-free calcium concentration through inhibition of calcium channels in primary mouse osteoblasts. Our study may provide a novel mechanism for microgravity-induced detrimental effects in osteoblasts, offering a new avenue to further investigate bone loss induced by mechanical unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Medical Services Section, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Medical Services Section, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junsheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangcheng Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianchang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinsheng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhang Ji
- Medical Services Section, No. 454 Hospital of PLA, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Giatti S, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids, neurosteroidogenesis and sex. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:1-17. [PMID: 29981391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is a target and a source of steroids. Neuroactive steroids are steroids that target neurons and glial cells. They include hormonal steroids originated in the peripheral glands, steroids locally synthesized by the neurons and glial cells (neurosteroids) and synthetic steroids, some of them used in clinical practice. Here we review the mechanisms of synthesis, metabolism and action of neuroactive steroids, including the role of epigenetic modifications and the mitochondria in their sex specific actions. We examine sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels under physiological conditions and their role in the establishment of sex dimorphic structures in the nervous system and sex differences in its function. In addition, particular attention is paid to neuroactive steroids under pathological conditions, analyzing how pathology alters their levels and their role as neuroprotective factors, considering the influence of sex in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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18
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Babstock DM, Walling SG, Harley CW, Malsbury CW. Androgen receptor ontogeny in the dorsal hippocampus of male and female rats. Horm Behav 2018. [PMID: 29534889 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Babstock
- Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - S G Walling
- Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - C W Harley
- Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - C W Malsbury
- Psychology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
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19
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Hildebrandt T, Heywood A, Wesley D, Schulz K. Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal. Front Psychol 2018; 9:390. [PMID: 29651261 PMCID: PMC5885244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic androgens (i. e., anabolic-androgenic steroids) are the primary component to the majority of problematic appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use. Despite evidence that these substances are associated with increased risk for aggression, violence, body image disturbances, and polypharmacy and can develop a pattern of chronic use consistent with drug dependence, there are no formal definitions of androgen intoxication. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to establish a testable theory of androgen intoxication. We present evidence and theorize that synthetic androgen intoxication can be defined by a pattern of poor self-regulation characterized by increased propensity for a range of behaviors (e.g., aggression, sex, drug seeking, exercise, etc.) via androgen mediated effects on general brain arousal. This theory posits that androgens reduce threshold for emotional reactivity, motor response, and alertness to sensory stimuli and disrupt inhibitory control over the behaviors associated with synthetic androgen use. These changes result from alteration to basic neurocircuitry that amplifies limbic activation and reduces top-down cortical control. The implications for this definition are to inform APED specific hypotheses about the behavioral and psychological effects of APED use and provide a basis for establishing clinical, legal, and public health guidelines to address the use and misuse of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hildebrandt
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ashley Heywood
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Wesley
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kurt Schulz
- Eating and Weight Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Arbo BD, Ribeiro FS, Ribeiro MF. Astrocyte Neuroprotection and Dehydroepiandrosterone. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 108:175-203. [PMID: 30029726 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are the most abundant steroid hormones in the systemic circulation of humans. Due to their abundance and reduced production during aging, these hormones have been suggested to play a role in many aspects of health and have been used as drugs for a multiple range of therapeutic actions, including hormonal replacement and the improvement of aging-related diseases. In addition, several studies have shown that DHEA and DHEAS are neuroprotective under different experimental conditions, including models of ischemia, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Since astrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of neural tissue homeostasis and the control of neuronal energy supply, changes in astrocytic function have been associated with neuronal damage and the progression of different pathologies. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to discuss the neuroprotective effects of DHEA against different types of brain and spinal cord injuries and how the modulation of astrocytic function by DHEA could represent an interesting therapeutic approach for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D Arbo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Felipe S Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria F Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Interação Neuro-Humoral, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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21
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Wnuk A, Kajta M. Steroid and Xenobiotic Receptor Signalling in Apoptosis and Autophagy of the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112394. [PMID: 29137141 PMCID: PMC5713362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are involved in neural development and in the response of the nervous system to a variety of insults. Apoptosis is responsible for cell elimination, whereas autophagy can eliminate the cells or keep them alive, even in conditions lacking trophic factors. Therefore, both processes may function synergistically or antagonistically. Steroid and xenobiotic receptors are regulators of apoptosis and autophagy; however, their actions in various pathologies are complex. In general, the estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors mediate anti-apoptotic signalling, whereas the androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors participate in pro-apoptotic pathways. ER-mediated neuroprotection is attributed to estrogen and selective ER modulators in apoptosis- and autophagy-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and retinopathies. PR activation appeared particularly effective in treating traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries and ischemic stroke. Except for in the retina, activated GR is engaged in neuronal cell death, whereas MR signalling appeared to be associated with neuroprotection. In addition to steroid receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the induction and propagation of apoptosis, whereas the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) inhibit this programmed cell death. Most of the retinoid X receptor-related xenobiotic receptors stimulate apoptotic processes that accompany neural pathologies. Among the possible therapeutic strategies based on targeting apoptosis via steroid and xenobiotic receptors, the most promising are the selective modulators of the ER, AR, AHR, PPARγ agonists, flavonoids, and miRNAs. The prospective therapies to overcome neuronal cell death by targeting autophagy via steroid and xenobiotic receptors are much less recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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22
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James ML, Christianson T, Woo D, Kon NKK. Gonadal hormone regulation as therapeutic strategy after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105817725081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Woo
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, USA
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23
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Arbo BD, Benetti F, Ribeiro MF. Astrocytes as a target for neuroprotection: Modulation by progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:27-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Panzica G, Melcangi RC. Structural and molecular brain sexual differences: A tool to understand sex differences in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Levels and actions of neuroactive steroids in the nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions: Sex-specific features. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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26
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Gonadal hormone modulation of intracellular calcium as a mechanism of neuroprotection. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:40-52. [PMID: 26930421 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have wide-ranging effects throughout the nervous system, including the ability interact with and modulate many aspects of intracellular calcium regulation and calcium signaling. Indeed, these interactions specifically may help to explain the often opposing or paradoxical effects of hormones, such as their ability to both promote and prevent neuronal cell death during development, as well as reduce or exacerbate damage following an insult or injury in adulthood. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying intracellular calcium regulation-perhaps the most dynamic and flexible of all signaling molecules-and discuss how gonadal hormones might manipulate these mechanisms to coordinate diverse cellular responses and achieve disparate outcomes. Additional future research that specifically addresses questions of sex and hormone effects on calcium signaling at different ages will be critical to understanding hormone-mediated neuroprotection.
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27
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Qiu L, Zhao Y, Guo Q, Zhang Y, He L, Li W, Zhang J. Dose-dependent regulation of steroid receptor coactivator-1 and steroid receptors by testosterone propionate in the hippocampus of adult male mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 156:23-31. [PMID: 26607693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens have been proposed to play important roles in the regulation of hippocampus function either directly, through the androgen receptor (AR), or indirectly, through estrogen receptors (ERs), after aromatization into estradiol. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) is present in the hippocampus of several species, and its expression is regulated by development and aging, as well as by orchidectomy and aromatase inhibitor letrozole administration, while ovariectomy only transiently downregulated hippocampal SRC-1. However, whether the expression of hippocampal SRC-1 can be directly regulated by testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression of hippocampal SRC-1 after orchidectomy and testosterone treatment using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. We found that while hippocampal SRC-1 was significantly downregulated by orchidectomy (ORX), its expression was rescued by treatment with testosterone in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we noticed that the decreased expression of hippocampal AR, ERs and the synaptic proteins GluR-1 and PSD-95 induced by ORX was also rescued by testosterone treatment in a dose-dependent manner. However, we found that hippocampal membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 and dendritic spine marker spinophilin were not altered by ORX or testosterone treatment. Together, the above results provided the first direct evidence for the androgenic regulation on hippocampal SRC-1, indicating that SRC-1 may be a direct target of androgenic regulation on the hippocampus. Furthermore, because AR and ERs can be differentially regulated by testosterone, and the transcriptional activity requires the involvement of local SRC-1, and considering the complicated regulatory pathway of each individual receptor, the converged hub regulator SRC-1 of these nuclear receptor networks is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Filed Nursing, School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yangang Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Filed Nursing, School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Filed Nursing, School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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28
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Sex differences in cell genesis, hippocampal volume and behavioral outcomes in a rat model of neonatal HI. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 2:285-95. [PMID: 26376217 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) of the brain in near-term and term infants is a leading cause of infant mortality and lifelong disability but current therapeutic approaches remain limited. Males consistently display greater vulnerability to the deleterious consequences of HI in both humans and animal models. Neurogenesis increases after neonatal HI and offers a potential therapeutic target for recovery. The steroid hormone estradiol has been extensively explored as a neuroprotectant in adult models of stroke but with mixed results. Less consideration has been afforded to this naturally occurring agent in the developing brain, which has unique challenges from the adult. Using a model of term HI in the rat we have explored the impact of this insult on cell genesis in the hippocampus of males and females and the ability of estradiol treatment immediately after insult to restore function. Both short-term (3 days) and long-term (7 days) post-injury were assessed and revealed that only females had markedly increased cell genesis on the short-term but both sexes were increased long-term. A battery of behavioral tests revealed motor impairment in males and compromised episodic memory while both sexes were modestly impaired in spatial memory. Juvenile social play was also depressed in both sexes after HI. Estradiol therapy improved behavioral performance in both sexes but did not reverse a deficit in hippocampal volume ipsilateral to the insult. Thus the effects of estradiol do not appear to be via cell death or proliferation but rather involve other components of neural functioning.
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