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Swain PS, Panda S, Pati S, Dehury B. Computational saturation mutagenesis to explore the effect of pathogenic mutations on extra-cellular domains of TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's and Nasu-Hakola disease. J Mol Model 2023; 29:360. [PMID: 37924367 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The specialised family of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) plays a pivotal role in causing neurodegenerative disorders and activating microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder, has been associated with mutations in TREM2, which is also responsible for raising the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we have made an endeavour to differentiate the confirmed pathogenic variants in TREM2 extra-cellular domain (ECD) linked with NHD and AD using mutation-induced fold stability change (∆∆G), with the computation of 12distinct structure-based methods through saturation mutagenesis. Correlation analysis between relative solvent accessibility (RSA) and ∆∆G expresses the discrete distributive behaviour of mutants associated with TREM2 in AD (R2 = 0.061) and NHD (R2 = 0.601). Our findings put an emphasis on W50 and V126 as major players in maintaining V-like domain in TREM2. Interestingly, we discern that both of them interact with a common residue Y108, which is dissolved upon mutation. This Y108 could have structural or functional role for TREM2 which can be an ideal candidate for further study. Furthermore, the residual interaction network highlights the importance of R47 and R62 in maintaining the CDR loops that are crucial for ligand binding. Future studies using biophysical characterisation of ligand interactions in TREM2-ECD would be helpful for the development of novel therapeutics for AD and NHD. METHODS ConSurf algorithm and ENDscript were used to determine the position and conservation of each residue in the wild-type ECD of TREM2. The mutation-induced fold stability change (∆∆G) of confirmed pathogenic mutants associated with NHD and AD was estimated using 12 state-of-the-art structure-based protein stability tools. Furthermore, we also computed the effect of random mutation on these sites using computational saturation mutagenesis. Linear regression analysis was performed using mutants ∆∆G and RSA through GraphPad software. In addition, a comprehensive non-bonded residual interaction network (RIN) of wild type and its mutants of TREM2-ECD was enumerated using RING3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Sthutika Swain
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Panda
- Mycology Laboratory, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
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Park MD, Reyes-Torres I, LeBerichel J, Hamon P, LaMarche NM, Hegde S, Belabed M, Troncoso L, Grout JA, Magen A, Humblin E, Nair A, Molgora M, Hou J, Newman JH, Farkas AM, Leader AM, Dawson T, D'Souza D, Hamel S, Sanchez-Paulete AR, Maier B, Bhardwaj N, Martin JC, Kamphorst AO, Kenigsberg E, Casanova-Acebes M, Horowitz A, Brown BD, De Andrade LF, Colonna M, Marron TU, Merad M. TREM2 macrophages drive NK cell paucity and dysfunction in lung cancer. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:792-801. [PMID: 37081148 PMCID: PMC11088947 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are commonly reduced in human tumors, enabling many to evade surveillance. Here, we sought to identify cues that alter NK cell activity in tumors. We found that, in human lung cancer, the presence of NK cells inversely correlated with that of monocyte-derived macrophages (mo-macs). In a murine model of lung adenocarcinoma, we show that engulfment of tumor debris by mo-macs triggers a pro-tumorigenic program governed by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2). Genetic deletion of Trem2 rescued NK cell accumulation and enabled an NK cell-mediated regression of lung tumors. TREM2+ mo-macs reduced NK cell activity by modulating interleukin (IL)-18/IL-18BP decoy interactions and IL-15 production. Notably, TREM2 blockade synergized with an NK cell-activating agent to further inhibit tumor growth. Altogether, our findings identify a new axis, in which TREM2+ mo-macs suppress NK cell accumulation and cytolytic activity. Dual targeting of macrophages and NK cells represents a new strategy to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Park
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan Reyes-Torres
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica LeBerichel
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Hamon
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nelson M LaMarche
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samarth Hegde
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meriem Belabed
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leanna Troncoso
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Grout
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Assaf Magen
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Etienne Humblin
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Achuth Nair
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Molgora
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinchao Hou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenna H Newman
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Farkas
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Leader
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis Dawson
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darwin D'Souza
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Hamel
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez Sanchez-Paulete
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Maier
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerome C Martin
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Center for ImmunoMonitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), Nantes, France
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Immunity Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Ferrari De Andrade
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas U Marron
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Schurman CA, Burton JB, Rose J, Ellerby LM, Alliston T, Schilling B. Molecular and Cellular Crosstalk between Bone and Brain: Accessing Bidirectional Neural and Musculoskeletal Signaling during Aging and Disease. J Bone Metab 2023; 30:1-29. [PMID: 36950837 PMCID: PMC10036181 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular omics technologies, including proteomics, have enabled the elucidation of key signaling pathways that mediate bidirectional communication between the brain and bone tissues. Here we provide a brief summary of the clinical and molecular evidence of the need to study the bone-brain axis of cross-tissue cellular communication. Clear clinical and molecular evidence suggests biological interactions and similarities between bone and brain cells. Here we review the current mass spectrometric techniques for studying brain and bone diseases with an emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases and osteoarthritis/osteoporosis, respectively. Further study of the bone-brain axis on a molecular level and evaluation of the role of proteins, neuropeptides, osteokines, and hormones in molecular pathways linked to bone and brain diseases is critically needed. The use of mass spectrometry and other omics technologies to analyze these cross-tissue signaling events and interactions will help us better understand disease progression and comorbidities and potentially identify new pathways and targets for therapeutic interventions. Proteomic measurements are particularly favorable for investigating the role of signaling and secreted and circulating analytes and identifying molecular and metabolic pathways implicated in age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Rose
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA,
USA
| | | | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,
USA
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4
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Garcia G, Pinto S, Ferreira S, Lopes D, Serrador MJ, Fernandes A, Vaz AR, de Mendonça A, Edenhofer F, Malm T, Koistinaho J, Brites D. Emerging Role of miR-21-5p in Neuron-Glia Dysregulation and Exosome Transfer Using Multiple Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3377. [PMID: 36359774 PMCID: PMC9655962 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neuron-glia dysfunction and dysregulated miRNAs. We previously reported upregulated miR-124/miR-21 in AD neurons and their exosomes. However, their glial distribution, phenotypic alterations and exosomal spread are scarcely documented. Here, we show glial cell activation and miR-21 overexpression in mouse organotypic hippocampal slices transplanted with SH-SY5Y cells expressing the human APP695 Swedish mutation. The upregulation of miR-21 only in the CSF from a small series of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) AD patients, but not in non-AD MCI individuals, supports its discriminatory potential. Microglia, neurons, and astrocytes differentiated from the same induced pluripotent stem cells from PSEN1ΔE9 AD patients all showed miR-21 elevation. In AD neurons, miR-124/miR-21 overexpression was recapitulated in their exosomes. In AD microglia, the upregulation of iNOS and miR-21/miR-146a supports their activation. AD astrocytes manifested a restrained inflammatory profile, with high miR-21 but low miR-155 and depleted exosomal miRNAs. Their immunostimulation with C1q + IL-1α + TNF-α induced morphological alterations and increased S100B, inflammatory transcripts, sAPPβ, cytokine release and exosomal miR-21. PPARα, a target of miR-21, was found to be repressed in all models, except in neurons, likely due to concomitant miR-125b elevation. The data from these AD models highlight miR-21 as a promising biomarker and a disease-modifying target to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Garcia
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinto
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Lopes
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Serrador
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Microglia and microglial-based receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Ma WY, Wang SS, Wu QL, Zhou X, Chu SF, Chen NH. The versatile role of TREM2 in regulating of microglia fate in the ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108733. [PMID: 35525233 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the earliest activated and the longest lasting immune cells after stroke, and they participate in almost all the pathological reactions after stroke. However, their regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor that is mainly expressed in microglia of the central nervous system. The receptor plays an important role in regulating microglia energy metabolism and phenotypic transformation. At present, TREM2 has been developed as a potential target for AD, coronary atherosclerosis and other diseases. However, TREM2 does not provide a systematic summary of the functional transformation and intrinsic molecular mechanisms of microglia after stroke. In this paper, we have summarized the functional changes of TREM2 in microglia after stroke in recent years, and found that TREM2 has important effects on energy metabolism, phagocytosis and anti-inflammatory function of microglia after stroke, suggesting that TREM2 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qing-Lin Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medical & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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7
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Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
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8
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Richens JL, Bramble JP, Spencer HL, Cantlay F, Butler M, O'Shea P. Towards defining the Mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease based on a contextual analysis of molecular pathways. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is posing an increasingly profound problem to society. Our genuine understanding of the pathogenesis of AD is inadequate and as a consequence, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are currently insufficient. The understandable focus of many studies is the identification of molecules with high diagnostic utility however the opportunity to obtain a further understanding of the mechanistic origins of the disease from such putative biomarkers is often overlooked. This study examines the involvement of biomarkers in AD to shed light on potential mechanisms and pathways through which they are implicated in the pathology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. The computational tools required to analyse ever-growing datasets in the context of AD are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L. Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Bramble
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. Spencer
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Cantlay
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Butler
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Shea
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Address as of 1st July 2016: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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9
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Delgado A, Cholevas C, Theoharides TC. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and beneficial action of luteolin. Biofactors 2021; 47:207-217. [PMID: 33615581 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), already the world's most common form of dementia, is projected to continue increasing in prevalence over the next several decades. The current lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of AD has hampered the development of effective treatments. Historically, AD research has been predicated on the amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH), which attributes disease progression to the build-up of amyloid protein. However, multiple clinical studies of drugs interfering with ACH have failed to show any benefit demonstrating that AD etiology is more complex than previously thought. Here we review the current literature on the emerging key role of neuroinflammation, especially activation of microglia, in AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we provide compelling evidence that certain flavonoids, especially luteolin formulated in olive pomace oil together with hydroxytyrosol, offers a reasonable prophylactic treatment approach due to its many beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Delgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos Cholevas
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BrainGate, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Lee JW, Lee IH, Iimura T, Kong SW. Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy. Bone Res 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33568650 PMCID: PMC7875961 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized to their tissue-specific microenvironments, activated by various inflammatory signals and modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Osteoclasts and microglia are distinct tissue-resident cells of the macrophage lineage in bone and brain that are responsible for pathological changes in osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), respectively. Osteoporosis is more frequently observed in individuals with AD compared to the prevalence in general population. Diagnosis of AD is often delayed until underlying pathophysiological changes progress and cause irreversible damages in structure and function of brain. As such earlier diagnosis and intervention of individuals at higher risk would be indispensable to modify clinical courses. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon that a genetic variant affects multiple traits and the genetic correlation between two traits could suggest a shared molecular mechanism. In this review, we discuss that the Pyk2-mediated actin polymerization pathway in osteoclasts and microglia in bone and brain, respectively, is the horizontal pleiotropic mediator of shared risk factors for osteoporosis and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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11
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Yang J, Fu Z, Zhang X, Xiong M, Meng L, Zhang Z. TREM2 ectodomain and its soluble form in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:204. [PMID: 32635934 PMCID: PMC7341574 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a receptor mainly expressed on the surface of microglia. It mediates multiple pathophysiological processes in various diseases. Recently, TREM2 has been found to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 is a transmembrane protein that is specifically expressed on microglia in the brain. It contains a long ectodomain that directly interacts with the extracellular environment to regulate microglial function. The ectodomain of TREM2 is processed by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, resulting in the release of a soluble form of TREM2 (sTREM2). Recent studies have demonstrated that sTREM2 is a bioactive molecule capable of binding ligands, activating microglia, and regulating immune responses during the AD continuum. Clinical studies revealed that sTREM2 level is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients, and the sTREM2 level is positively correlated with the levels of classical CSF biomarkers, namely t-tau and p-tau, indicating that it is a reliable predictor of the early stages of AD. Herein, we summarize the key results on the generation, structure, and function of sTREM2 to provide new insights into TREM2-related mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and to promote the development of TREM2-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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12
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D’Argenio V, Sarnataro D. New Insights into the Molecular Bases of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020026. [PMID: 32325882 PMCID: PMC7354425 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Like several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Prion and Parkinson diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by spreading mechanism of aggregated proteins in the brain in a typical "prion-like" manner. Recent genetic studies have identified in four genes associated with inherited AD (amyloid precursor protein-APP, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2 and Apolipoprotein E), rare mutations which cause dysregulation of APP processing and alterations of folding of the derived amyloid beta peptide (A). Accumulation and aggregation of A in the brain can trigger a series of intracellular events, including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to the pathological features of AD. However, mutations in these four genes account for a small of the total genetic risk for familial AD (FAD). Genome-wide association studies have recently led to the identification of additional AD candidate genes. Here, we review an update of well-established, highly penetrant FAD-causing genes with correlation to the protein misfolding pathway, and novel emerging candidate FAD genes, as well as inherited risk factors. Knowledge of these genes and of their correlated biochemical cascade will provide several potential targets for treatment of AD and aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D’Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
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13
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Qi C, Liu A, Zhao Y. Association study of serum soluble TREM2 with vascular dementia in Chinese Han population. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:708-712. [PMID: 31847649 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1702548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recent extensive evidence suggests that the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is closely implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no relative data exist regarding vascular dementia (VD). This study aimed to investigate the association between serum soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) and vascular dementia in Chinese Han population.Methods: A total of 120 VD patients and 120 cognitively normal controls matched for age and gender were enrolled for this study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded at admission. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and serum sTREM2 levels were detected using sandwich ELISA method.Results: Demographic and clinical characteristics did not differ dramatically between groups. Serum sTREM2 levels in VD patients are significantly decreased compared with normal controls. In VD patients, the serum sTREM2 levels were positively correlated with MMSE scores (r = 0.387, p = 0.008), and the association was independent of demographic and clinical characteristics (β = 0.396, p < 0.001).Conclusion: VD patients have significantly lower serum sTREM2 levels in comparison to normal controls. Serum sTREM2 levels may be used as a potential predictive biomarker of cognitive decline in VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Central Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chunhua Qi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Baranger K, van Gijsel-Bonnello M, Stephan D, Carpentier W, Rivera S, Khrestchatisky M, Gharib B, De Reggi M, Benech P. Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1237-1254. [PMID: 31267473 PMCID: PMC6985318 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-molecular weight thiol pantethine, known as a hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic agent, is the major precursor of co-enzyme A. We have previously shown that pantethine treatment reduces amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced IL-1β release and alleviates pathological metabolic changes in primary astrocyte cultures. These properties of pantethine prompted us to investigate its potential benefits in vivo in the 5XFAD (Tg) mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD).1.5-month-old Tg and wild-type (WT) male mice were submitted to intraperitoneal administration of pantethine or saline control solution for 5.5 months. The effects of such treatments were investigated by performing behavioral tests and evaluating astrogliosis, microgliosis, Αβ deposition, and whole genome expression arrays, using RNAs extracted from the mice hippocampi. We observed that long-term pantethine treatment significantly reduced glial reactivity and Αβ deposition, and abrogated behavioral alteration in Tg mice. Moreover, the transcriptomic profiles revealed that after pantethine treatment, the expression of genes differentially expressed in Tg mice, and in particular those known to be related to AD, were significantly alleviated. Most of the genes overexpressed in Tg compared to WT were involved in inflammation, complement activation, and phagocytosis and were found repressed upon pantethine treatment. In contrast, pantethine restored the expression of a significant number of genes involved in the regulation of Αβ processing and synaptic activities, which were downregulated in Tg mice. Altogether, our data support a beneficial role for long-term pantethine treatment in preserving CNS crucial functions altered by Aβ pathogenesis in Tg mice and highlight the potential efficiency of pantethine to alleviate AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Baranger
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Manuel van Gijsel-Bonnello
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
- Present Address: MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre and School of Life Science - Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Welcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Delphine Stephan
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Wassila Carpentier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, UMS Omique, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière (P3S), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bouchra Gharib
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Max De Reggi
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Benech
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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15
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Moore Z, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The involvement of microglia in Alzheimer's disease: a new dog in the fight. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3533-3543. [PMID: 30445661 PMCID: PMC6715787 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
First described clinically in 1906, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and form of dementia worldwide. Despite its prevalence, only five therapies are currently approved for AD, all dealing with the symptoms rather than the underlying causes of the disease. A multitude of experimental evidence has suggested that the once thought inconsequential process of neuroinflammation does, in fact, contribute to the AD pathogenesis. One such CNS cell type critical to this process are microglia. Plastic in nature with varied roles, microglia are emerging as key contributors to AD pathology. This review will focus on the role of microglia in the neuroinflammatory response in AD, highlighting recent studies implicating aberrant changes in microglial function in disease progression. Of critical note is that with these advances, a reconceptualization of the framework in which we view microglia is required. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery Moore
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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16
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Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. Alzheimer's Disease Research Using Human Microglia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080838. [PMID: 31387311 PMCID: PMC6721636 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have mostly investigated microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. This review focused on human microglia obtained at rapid autopsies. Studies employing methods to isolate and culture human brain microglia in high purity for experimental studies were discussed. These methods were employed to isolate human microglia for investigation of a number of features of neuroinflammation, including activation phenotypes, neurotoxicity, responses to abnormal aggregated proteins such as amyloid beta, phagocytosis, and the effects of aging and disease on microglia cellular properties. In recent years, interest in human microglia and neuroinflammation has been renewed due to the identification of inflammation-related AD genetic risk factors, in particular the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2. Because of the difficulties in developing effective treatments for AD, there has been a general need for greater understanding of the functions of microglia in normal and AD brains. While most experimental studies on neuroinflammation have employed rodent microglia, this review considered the role of human microglia in experimental studies. This review focused on the development of in vitro methodology for the culture of postmortem human microglia and the key findings obtained from experimental studies with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA.
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520, Japan
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17
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Rezazadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Moradi M, Salek Esfahani B, Talebian S, Parvin S, Gharesouran J. Genetic discoveries and advances in late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16873-16884. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Division of Medical Genetics Tabriz Children’s Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Moradi
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Behnaz Salek Esfahani
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Shahrzad Talebian
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Shaho Parvin
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Division of Medical Genetics Tabriz Children’s Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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18
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Jonavičė U, Tunaitis V, Kriaučiūnaitė K, Jarmalavičiūtė A, Pivoriūnas A. Extracellular vesicles can act as a potent immunomodulators of human microglial cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:309-318. [PMID: 30650469 DOI: 10.1002/term.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional impairments of microglia have been recently associated with several neurological conditions. Therefore, modulation of anti-inflammatory and phagocytic properties of microglial cells could represent a novel therapeutic approach. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) on the inflammatory response and functional properties of immortalized human microglial cells. NFκB reporter assays demonstrated that EVs suppressed LPS-induced activation of NFκB signalling pathway in human microglial cells. The effect was similar to that obtained with anti-TLR4 blocking antibody. We also show that EVs differentially affected phagocytic activity of unpolarized (M0) and polarized (M1 and M2) microglial cells. EVs induced significant upregulation of phagocytic activity in M0 cells (by 39%), slight decrease in M1 cells, and moderate increase (by 21%) in M2 cells. The Seahorse XF Glycolysis Stress Test revealed that EVs induced an immediate and sustained increase of glycolytic activity in M0, M1, and M2 cells. Interestingly, EVs acted in an inverse dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that EVs can induce glycolytic reprogramming of unpolarized and polarized human microglial cells. In conclusion, our pilot study demonstrates that EVs derived from SHEDs can act as a potent immunomodulators of human microglial cells. These findings could be potentially exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammatory microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugnė Jonavičė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Tunaitis
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Kriaučiūnaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akvilė Jarmalavičiūtė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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19
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Morris G, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Could Alzheimer's Disease Originate in the Periphery and If So How So? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:406-434. [PMID: 29705945 PMCID: PMC6372984 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The classical amyloid cascade model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been challenged by several findings. Here, an alternative molecular neurobiological model is proposed. It is shown that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, altered miRNA expression and epigenetic dysregulation in the promoter region and exon 1 of TREM2, as well as ANK1 hypermethylation and altered levels of histone post-translational methylation leading to increased transcription of TNFA, could variously explain increased levels of peripheral and central inflammation found in AD. In particular, as a result of increased activity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), the presence of the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) isoform, and changes in ANK1 expression, with subsequent changes in miR-486 leading to altered levels of protein kinase B (Akt), mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), all of which play major roles in microglial activation, proliferation and survival, there is activation of microglia, leading to the subsequent (further) production of cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and other mediators of inflammation and neurotoxicity. These changes are associated with the development of amyloid and tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction (including impaired activity of the electron transport chain, depleted basal mitochondrial potential and oxidative damage to key tricarboxylic acid enzymes), synaptic dysfunction, altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, mTOR activation, impairment of autophagy, compromised ubiquitin-proteasome system, iron dyshomeostasis, changes in APP translation, amyloid plaque formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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20
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Moustafa AA, Hassan M, Hewedi DH, Hewedi I, Garami JK, Al Ashwal H, Zaki N, Seo SY, Cutsuridis V, Angulo SL, Natesh JY, Herzallah MM, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Salama M, Mohamed W, El Haj M, Hornberger M. Genetic underpinnings in Alzheimer's disease - a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:21-38. [PMID: 28949931 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the genetic etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we review genetic links to protein signaling pathways as novel pharmacological targets to treat AD. Moreover, we also discuss the clumps of AD-m ediated genes according to their single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Rigorous data mining approaches justified the significant role of genes in AD prevalence. Pedigree analysis and twin studies suggest that genetic components are part of the etiology, rather than only being risk factors for AD. The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple genomic areas have implications for the treatment of AD. We conclude this review with future directions and clinical implications of genetic research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Doaa H Hewedi
- Psychogeriatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Hewedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Julia K Garami
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sergio L Angulo
- Departments of Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joman Y Natesh
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitive Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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21
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Massenzio F, Peña-Altamira E, Petralla S, Virgili M, Zuccheri G, Miti A, Polazzi E, Mengoni I, Piffaretti D, Monti B. Microglial overexpression of fALS-linked mutant SOD1 induces SOD1 processing impairment, activation and neurotoxicity and is counteracted by the autophagy inducer trehalose. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3771-3785. [PMID: 30315929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) are responsible for most familiar cases, but the role of mutant SOD1 protein dysfunction in non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration, especially in relation to microglial activation, is still unclear. Here, we focused our study on microglial cells, which release SOD1 also through exosomes. We observed that in rat primary microglia the overexpression of the most-common SOD1 mutations linked to fALS (G93A and A4V) leads to SOD1 intracellular accumulation, which correlates to autophagy dysfunction and microglial activation. In primary contact co-cultures, fALS mutant SOD1 overexpression by microglial cells appears to be neurotoxic by itself. Treatment with the autophagy-inducer trehalose reduced mutant SOD1 accumulation in microglial cells, decreased microglial activation and abrogated neurotoxicity in the co-culture model. These data suggest that i) the alteration of the autophagic pathway due to mutant SOD1 overexpression is involved in microglial activation and neurotoxicity; ii) the induction of autophagy with trehalose reduces microglial SOD1 accumulation through proteasome degradation and activation, leading to neuroprotection. Our results provide a novel contribution towards better understanding key cellular mechanisms in non-cell autonomous ALS neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Petralla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Virgili
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Zuccheri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Life and Health Sciences at the University of Bologna, Italy; S3 Center of the Institute of Nanoscience of the National Research Council (C.N.R.), Italy
| | - Andrea Miti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Polazzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mengoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Deborah Piffaretti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Cellular Receptors of Amyloid β Oligomers (AβOs) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071884. [PMID: 29954063 PMCID: PMC6073792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects tens of millions of people, comprising not only suffering patients, but also their relatives and caregivers. AD is one of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by progressive synaptic damage and neuronal loss, which result in gradual cognitive impairment leading to dementia. The cause of AD remains still unresolved, despite being studied for more than a century. The hallmark pathological features of this disease are senile plaques within patients’ brain composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of Tau protein. However, the roles of Aβ and Tau in AD pathology are being questioned and other causes of AD are postulated. One of the most interesting theories proposed is the causative role of amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) aggregation in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, binding of AβOs to cell membranes is probably mediated by certain proteins on the neuronal cell surface acting as AβO receptors. The aim of our paper is to describe alternative hypotheses of AD etiology, including genetic alterations and the role of misfolded proteins, especially Aβ oligomers, in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, in this review we present various putative cellular AβO receptors related to toxic activity of oligomers.
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23
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Upregulation of histone deacetylase 2 in laser capture nigral microglia in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 68:134-141. [PMID: 29803514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been widely reported to have considerable therapeutic potential in a host of neurodegenerative diseases. However, HDAC inhibitor selectivity and specificity in specific cell classes have been a source of much debate. To address the role of HDAC2 in specific cell classes, and in disease, we examined glial protein and mRNA levels in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls (NCs) by immunohistochemistry and laser captured microdissection followed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Differential expression analysis in immunohistochemically defined laser capture microglia revealed significant upregulation of HDAC2 in the PD SN compared to NC subjects. Complementary in vivo evidence reveals significant upregulation of HDAC2 protein levels in PD SN microglia compared to NC subjects. Correspondingly, human immortalized telencephalic/mesencephalic microglial cells reveal significant upregulation of HDAC2 in the presence of the potent microglial activator lipopolysaccharide. These data provide evidence that selective inhibition of HDAC2 in PD SN microglia could be a promising approach to treat microglial-initiated nigral dopaminergic neuronal cell loss in PD.
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24
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Köseoğlu E, Tepgeç F, Yetkin MF, Uyguner O, Ekinci A, Abdülrezzak Ü, Hanağasi H. Nasu Hakola Disease: A Rare Cause of Dementia and Cystic Bone Lesions, Report of a New Turkish Family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:98-102. [PMID: 30042649 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of young-onset progressive dementia is an issue that requires effort. Recording the family history and careful clinical evaluation are useful tools in the diagnosis. In case of genetic bases, definitive diagnosis requires molecular analysis. We report consanguineous two patients presenting with young-onset progressive dementia characterized by behavioral changes and with bone cysts. Concomitant bone pathology and inheritance pattern directed us to investigate TREM2 gene, for differential diagnosis, which resulted with the identification of a causative mutation that confirmed the diagnosis of Nasu Hakola disease. The mutation (c.113A>G) is the same for a Turkish family with Nasu Hakola disease reported before. But the presence of bone cysts and absence of epilepsy in our patients are the different findings. Molecular analysis should be considered in patients with young age onset behavioral and cognitive deficits, with white matter lesions in brain magnetic resonance imaging, if especially associated with cystic bone lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Köseoğlu
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tepgeç
- Department of Molecular Genetics, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Yetkin
- Department of Neurology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Oya Uyguner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayten Ekinci
- Department of Psychology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ümmühan Abdülrezzak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Haşmet Hanağasi
- Department of Neurology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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25
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Novel targets in Alzheimer's disease: A special focus on microglia. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:402-413. [PMID: 29391235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several years after the intriguing novelty in the β-amyloid (Aβ) cascade hypothesis, where the Aβ oligomers emerged as the most detrimental species in the neuropathogenic process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in place of fibrillar plaques, more recently innate immune system have come on stage as the other prominent factor. Neuroinflammation apparently contributes to AD eziopathogenesis, in large part through overactivation of microglia cells. Genetic and experimental studies strongly support the contribution of the immune system to increasing the risk of AD and participating in its progression. Besides the central immune response mediated by resident microglial cells, peripheral immune challenges may have profound negative effects on brain physiology as well, such as those originating from the gut microbiota. Despite the initial immune response to defend the organism, perpetuation seemingly turns into a chronic detrimental phenomenon that contributes to neuronal dysfunction and exacerbation of the disease. Several new immune-druggable targets are now under investigation, but much still remains to be defined about their precise role and whether and how their physiological activity changes in the injurious context of AD. From a therapeutic perspective, we can undoubtedly consider that AD is no longer solely an Aβ pathology, but rather a multifaceted disorder calling for multi-target therapies. New therapies fighting AD must still counteract Aβ but must also restore appropriate immune defences by tempering maladaptive factors and enabling beneficial responses.
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26
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Mecca C, Giambanco I, Donato R, Arcuri C. Microglia and Aging: The Role of the TREM2-DAP12 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Axes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E318. [PMID: 29361745 PMCID: PMC5796261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the species, microglial cells represent 5-20% of glial cells in the adult brain. As the innate immune effector of the brain, microglia are involved in several functions: regulation of inflammation, synaptic connectivity, programmed cell death, wiring and circuitry formation, phagocytosis of cell debris, and synaptic pruning and sculpting of postnatal neural circuits. Moreover, microglia contribute to some neurodevelopmental disorders such as Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), and to aged-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and others. There is evidence that human and rodent microglia may become senescent. This event determines alterations in the microglia activation status, associated with a chronic inflammation phenotype and with the loss of neuroprotective functions that lead to a greater susceptibility to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging. In the central nervous system (CNS), Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2-DNAX activation protein 12 (TREM2-DAP12) is a signaling complex expressed exclusively in microglia. As a microglial surface receptor, TREM2 interacts with DAP12 to initiate signal transduction pathways that promote microglial cell activation, phagocytosis, and microglial cell survival. Defective TREM2-DAP12 functions play a central role in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The CX3CL1 (fractalkine)-CX3CR1 signaling represents the most important communication channel between neurons and microglia. The expression of CX3CL1 in neurons and of its receptor CX3CR1 in microglia determines a specific interaction, playing fundamental roles in the regulation of the maturation and function of these cells. Here, we review the role of the TREM2-DAP12 and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axes in aged microglia and the involvement of these pathways in physiological CNS aging and in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mecca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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27
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Lim SM, Kim YE, Choi WJ, Oh KW, Noh MY, Kwon MS, Nahm M, Kim N, Ki CS, Kim SH. CLEC4C p.K210del variant causes impaired cell surface transport in plasmacytoid dendritic cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24942-9. [PMID: 26943047 PMCID: PMC5041881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type II C-type lectin CLEC4C is a transmembrane protein selectively expressed on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). Although its mechanism of action remains unclear, triggering of the extracellular C-terminal C-type carbohydrate recognition region of CLEC4C regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs in PDCs. Applying whole-exome sequencing in a patient with juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and both healthy parents, we identified a de novo CLEC4C variant (c.629_631delAGA; p.Lys210del). In this study, we report that the deletion of a lysine residue at the extracellular region of CLEC4C yields a C-terminal dilysine motif that results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of the protein in transfected HeLa and Jurkat T lymphoma cell models. As a consequence, a decrease in the surface expression of CLEC4C and the ER localization of the mutant construct were observed. Furthermore, depletion of the cell surface CLEC4C level was also observed in the patient PDCs, further suggesting that the variant p.Lys210del CLEC4C may contribute to juvenile ALS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Lim
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Epigenomics Research Center Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Scott-Hewitt NJ, Folts CJ, Hogestyn JM, Piester G, Mayer-Pröschel M, Noble MD. Heterozygote galactocerebrosidase (GALC) mutants have reduced remyelination and impaired myelin debris clearance following demyelinating injury. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:2825-2837. [PMID: 28575206 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies are identifying multiple genetic risk factors for several diseases, but the functional role of these changes remains mostly unknown. Variants in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene, for example, were identified as a risk factor for Multiple Sclerosis (MS); however, the potential biological relevance of GALC variants to MS remains elusive. We found that heterozygote GALC mutant mice have reduced myelin debris clearance and diminished remyelination after a demyelinating insult. We found no histological or behavioral differences between adult wild-type and GALC +/- animals under normal conditions. Following exposure to the demyelinating agent cuprizone, however, GALC +/- animals had significantly reduced remyelination during recovery. In addition, the microglial phagocytic response and elevation of Trem2, both necessary for clearing damaged myelin, were markedly reduced in GALC +/- animals. These altered responses could be corrected in vitro by treatment with NKH-477, a compound discovered as protective in our previous studies on Krabbe disease, which is caused by mutations in both GALC alleles. Our data are the first to show remyelination defects in individuals with a single mutant GALC allele, suggesting such carriers may have increased vulnerability to myelin damage following injury or disease due to inefficient myelin debris clearance. We thus provide a potential functional link between GALC variants and increased MS susceptibility, particularly due to the failure of remyelination associated with progressive MS. Finally, this work demonstrates that genetic variants identified through genome-wide association studies may contribute significantly to complex diseases, not by driving initial symptoms, but by altering repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Scott-Hewitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christopher J Folts
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jessica M Hogestyn
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gavin Piester
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mark D Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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29
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Scott-Hewitt NJ, Folts CJ, Noble MD. Heterozygous carriers of galactocerebrosidase mutations that cause Krabbe disease have impaired microglial function and defective repair of myelin damage. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:393-401. [PMID: 29623914 PMCID: PMC5900492 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.228712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses two puzzling findings related to mutations in galactocerebrosidase (GALC) that cause Krabbe disease (KD), a severe lysosomal storage disorder characterized by extensive myelin damage in children with mutations in both GALC alleles. First, heterozygous carriers of KD-causing mutations, which include the biological parents of children with KD, exhibit increased risk for developing other diseases. Second, variants in the GALC locus increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), another disease characterized by extensive myelin damage. What explains these correlations? In studies on cuprizone-induced myelin damage in heterozygous (GALC+/–) mice carrying one copy of a mutation that causes KD-like disease, the extent of damage was similar in GALC+/– and wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, GALC+/- mice had striking defects in repair of cuprizone-induced damage. We further found unexpected microglial defects in myelin debris clearance and in the ability to up-regulate the Trem2 microglial protein critical for debris uptake. These defects were rescued by exposure to a lysosomal re-acidifying drug discovered in our studies on KD, and which provides multiple clinically relevant benefits in the twitcher (GALC+/–) mouse model of KD. Thus, heterozygous GALC mutations cause effects on biological function that may help to understand the increased disease risk in heterozygous carriers of such mutations and to understand why GALC variations increase the risk of MS. Our findings indicate that while some genetic risk factors may contribute to complex diseases by increasing the risk of tissue damage, others may do so by compromising tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Scott-Hewitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher J Folts
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark D Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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30
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Abstract
The production of soluble amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) and the activation of inflammation are two important early steps in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The central role of oligomers as responsible for the neuronal dysfunction associated with the clinical features has been extended to the other protein misfolding disorders definable, on this basis, as oligomeropathies. In AD, recent evidence indicates that the mechanism of inflammation as a consequence of neurodegeneration must be assessed in favor of a more direct role of glial activation in the alteration of synaptic function. Our own experimental models demonstrate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments in preventing the cognitive deficits induced acutely by AβOs applied directly in the brain. Moreover, some promising clinical tools are based on immunological activation reducing the presence of cerebral Aβ deposits. However, the strategies based on the control of inflammatory factors as well as the amyloid aggregation show poor or non-therapeutic efficacy. Numerous studies have examined inflammatory factors in biological fluids as possible markers of the neuroinflammation in AD. In some cases, altered levels of cytokines or other inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with the severity of the disease. Here we propose, according to the precision medicine principles, innovative therapeutic approaches to AD based on the patient's inflammatory profile/state. The earlier intervention and a multifactor approach are two other elements considered essential to improve the chances of effective therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano, Italy
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31
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Sun Q, Xie N, Tang B, Li R, Shen Y. Alzheimer's Disease: From Genetic Variants to the Distinct Pathological Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:319. [PMID: 29056900 PMCID: PMC5635057 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the most common cause of dementia, AD is a polygenic and neurodegenerative disease. Complex and multiple factors have been shown to be involved in its pathogenesis, of which the genetics play an indispensable role. It is widely accepted that discovery of potential genes related to the pathogenesis of AD would be of great help for the understanding of neurodegeneration and thus further promote molecular diagnosis in clinic settings. Generally, AD could be clarified into two types according to the onset age, the early-onset AD (EOAD) and the late-onset AD (LOAD). Progresses made by genetic studies on both EOAD and LOAD are believed to be essential not only for the revolution of conventional ideas but also for the revelation of new pathological mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis. Currently, albeit the genetics of LOAD is much less well-understood compared to EOAD due to its complicated and multifactorial essence, Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have identified dozens of novel genes that may provide insight mechanism of LOAD. In this review, we analyze functions of the genes and summarize the distinct pathological mechanisms of how these genes would be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Nina Xie
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rena Li
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei Material Science at Microscale National Laboratory, Hefei, China
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32
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Feuerbach D, Schindler P, Barske C, Joller S, Beng-Louka E, Worringer KA, Kommineni S, Kaykas A, Ho DJ, Ye C, Welzenbach K, Elain G, Klein L, Brzak I, Mir AK, Farady CJ, Aichholz R, Popp S, George N, Neumann U. ADAM17 is the main sheddase for the generation of human triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells (hTREM2) ectodomain and cleaves TREM2 after Histidine 157. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:109-114. [PMID: 28923481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells (TREM2) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, microglia, and osteoclasts. TREM2 plays a role in phagocytosis, regulates release of cytokine, contributes to microglia maintenance, and its ectodomain is shed from the cell surface. Here, the question was addressed at which position sheddases cleave TREM2 and what are the proteases involved in this process. Using both pharmacological and genetic approaches we report that the main protease contributing to the release of TREM2 ectodomain is ADAM17, (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain containing protein, also called TACE, TNFα converting enzyme) while ADAM10 plays a minor role. Complementary biochemical experiments reveal that cleavage occurs between histidine 157 and serine 158. Shedding is not altered for the R47H-mutated TREM2 protein that confers an increased risk for the development of Alzheimers disease. These findings reveal a link between shedding of TREM2 and its regulation during inflammatory conditions or chronic neurodegenerative disease like AD in which activity or expression of sheddases might be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Schindler
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Barske
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwige Beng-Louka
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katie A Worringer
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sravya Kommineni
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ajamete Kaykas
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Ho
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chaoyang Ye
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl Welzenbach
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gaelle Elain
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Klein
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irena Brzak
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anis K Mir
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher J Farady
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Aichholz
- PK Sciences Department, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Popp
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie George
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Arcuri C, Mecca C, Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Donato R. The Pathophysiological Role of Microglia in Dynamic Surveillance, Phagocytosis and Structural Remodeling of the Developing CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:191. [PMID: 28674485 PMCID: PMC5474494 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, during an early wave of hematopoiesis in the yolk sac between embryonic day E7.0 and E9.0, cells of mesodermal leaflet addressed to macrophage lineage enter in developing central nervous system (CNS) and originate the developing native microglial cells. Depending on the species, microglial cells represent 5–20% of glial cells resident in adult brain. Here, we briefly discuss some canonical functions of the microglia, i.e., cytokine secretion and functional transition from M1 to M2 phenotype. In addition, we review studies on the non-canonical functions of microglia such as regulation of phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and sculpting postnatal neural circuits. In this latter context the contribution of microglia to some neurodevelopmental disorders is now well established. Nasu-Hakola (NHD) disease is considered a primary microgliopathy with alterations of the DNAX activation protein 12 (DAP12)-Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) signaling and removal of macromolecules and apoptotic cells followed by secondary microglia activation. In Rett syndrome Mecp2-/- microglia shows a substantial impairment of phagocytic ability, although the role of microglia is not yet clear. In a mouse model of Tourette syndrome (TS), microglia abnormalities have also been described, and deficient microglia-mediated neuroprotection is obvious. Here we review the role of microglial cells in neurodevelopmental disorders without inflammation and on the complex role of microglia in developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Mecca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Perugia Medical School, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
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Efthymiou AG, Goate AM. Late onset Alzheimer's disease genetics implicates microglial pathways in disease risk. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:43. [PMID: 28549481 PMCID: PMC5446752 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly heritable complex disease with no current effective prevention or treatment. The majority of drugs developed for AD focus on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which implicates Aß plaques as a causal factor in the disease. However, it is possible that other underexplored disease-associated pathways may be more fruitful targets for drug development. Findings from gene network analyses implicate immune networks as being enriched in AD; many of the genes in these networks fall within genomic regions that contain common and rare variants that are associated with increased risk of developing AD. Of these genes, several (including CR1, SPI1, the MS4As, TREM2, ABCA7, CD33, and INPP5D) are expressed by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. We summarize the gene network and genetics findings that implicate that these microglial genes are involved in AD, as well as several studies that have looked at the expression and function of these genes in microglia and in the context of AD. We propose that these genes are contributing to AD in a non-Aß-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G. Efthymiou
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Kata D, Földesi I, Feher LZ, Hackler L, Puskas LG, Gulya K. A novel pleiotropic effect of aspirin: Beneficial regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in microglial cells. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:61-74. [PMID: 28528204 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin, one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, has extensively studied effects on the cardiovascular system. To reveal further pleiotropic, beneficial effects of aspirin on a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial mechanisms, we performed morphometric and functional studies relating to phagocytosis, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-10, respectively) and analyzed the expression of a number of inflammation-related genes, including those related to the above functions, in pure microglial cells. We examined the effects of aspirin (0.1mM and 1mM) in unchallenged (control) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged secondary microglial cultures. Aspirin affected microglial morphology and functions in a dose-dependent manner as it inhibited LPS-elicited microglial activation by promoting ramification and the inhibition of phagocytosis in both concentrations. Remarkably, aspirin strongly reduced the pro-inflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α production, while it increased the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level in LPS-challenged cells. Moreover, aspirin differentially regulated the expression of a number of inflammation-related genes as it downregulated such pro-inflammatory genes as Nos2, Kng1, IL1β, Ptgs2 or Ccr1, while it upregulated some anti-inflammatory genes such as IL10, Csf2, Cxcl1, Ccl5 or Tgfb1. Thus, the use of aspirin could be beneficial for the prophylaxis of certain neurodegenerative disorders as it effectively ameliorates inflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Kata
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Bürger K, Arzberger T, Stephan J, Levin J, Edbauer D. [Pathomechanisms and clinical aspects of frontotemporal lobar degeneration]. DER NERVENARZT 2016; 88:163-172. [PMID: 27999880 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-016-0259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) includes a spectrum of heterogeneous clinical and neuropathological diseases. In a strict sense this includes the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and both variants can be associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS). In a broader sense FTLD also includes progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). In recent years the strong genetic component of FTLD has become increasingly clear. OBJECTIVE The association between clinical presentation, neuropathology, genetics and pathophysiological mechanisms of FTLD are presented. RESULTS The diagnostic criteria and tools for the clinical differential diagnosis of FTLD are presented. At autopsy patients show neuronal and glial inclusions of Tau, TDP-43 or FUS. While Tau pathology is often associated with extrapyramidal symptoms, patients with TDP-43 and FUS inclusions often also show signs of ALS. Pathogenic mutations directly increase the aggregation propensity of these proteins or impair protein degradation through autophagy or the proteasome. Pathogenic mutations in most FTLD genes trigger cytoplasmic missorting and aggregation of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 and thus lead to a nuclear loss of TDP-43 function. Microgliosis and mutations in GRN and TREM2 suggest an important role of neuroinflammation in FTLD. CONCLUSION There is still no causal therapy for FTLD but preclinical studies focusing on pathogenic mutations in C9orf72, GRN and Tau may lead to clinical trials soon; therefore, establishing large well characterized patient cohorts is crucial for trial readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bürger
- Institut für Schlaganfall und Demenzforschung, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, München, Deutschland
| | - T Arzberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, München, Deutschland
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - J Stephan
- Institut für Schlaganfall und Demenzforschung, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - J Levin
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, München, Deutschland
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - D Edbauer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, München, Deutschland.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
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Cuyvers E, Sleegers K. Genetic variations underlying Alzheimer's disease: evidence from genome-wide association studies and beyond. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:857-868. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Selkoe DJ, Hardy J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease at 25 years. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:595-608. [PMID: 27025652 PMCID: PMC4888851 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3678] [Impact Index Per Article: 459.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuing debate about the amyloid β-protein (or Aβ hypothesis, new lines of evidence from laboratories and clinics worldwide support the concept that an imbalance between production and clearance of Aβ42 and related Aβ peptides is a very early, often initiating factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Confirmation that presenilin is the catalytic site of γ-secretase has provided a linchpin: all dominant mutations causing early-onset AD occur either in the substrate (amyloid precursor protein, APP) or the protease (presenilin) of the reaction that generates Aβ. Duplication of the wild-type APP gene in Down's syndrome leads to Aβ deposits in the teens, followed by microgliosis, astrocytosis, and neurofibrillary tangles typical of AD Apolipoprotein E4, which predisposes to AD in > 40% of cases, has been found to impair Aβ clearance from the brain. Soluble oligomers of Aβ42 isolated from AD patients' brains can decrease synapse number, inhibit long-term potentiation, and enhance long-term synaptic depression in rodent hippocampus, and injecting them into healthy rats impairs memory. The human oligomers also induce hyperphosphorylation of tau at AD-relevant epitopes and cause neuritic dystrophy in cultured neurons. Crossing human APP with human tau transgenic mice enhances tau-positive neurotoxicity. In humans, new studies show that low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 and amyloid-PET positivity precede other AD manifestations by many years. Most importantly, recent trials of three different Aβ antibodies (solanezumab, crenezumab, and aducanumab) have suggested a slowing of cognitive decline in post hoc analyses of mild AD subjects. Although many factors contribute to AD pathogenesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis has emerged as the most extensively validated and compelling therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Yoshino Y, Kawabe K, Yamazaki K, Watanabe S, Numata S, Mori Y, Yoshida T, Iga J, Ohmori T, Ueno SI. Elevated TREM2 mRNA expression in leukocytes in schizophrenia but not major depressive disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:637-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Celarain N, Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa J, Zelaya MV, Roldán M, Larumbe R, Pulido L, Echavarri C, Mendioroz M. TREM2 upregulation correlates with 5-hydroxymethycytosine enrichment in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:37. [PMID: 27051467 PMCID: PMC4820985 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent genome-wide association studies revealed TREM2 rs75932628-T variant to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role that TREM2 plays in sporadic AD is largely unknown. Our aim was to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels and DNA methylation profiling of TREM2 in human hippocampus in AD brain. We measured TREM2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus in a cohort of neuropathologically confirmed controls and pure AD cases showing no other protein deposits than β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau. We also examined DNA methylation levels in the TREM2 transcription start site (TSS)-associated region by bisulfite cloning sequencing and further extended the study by measuring 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5hmC) enrichment at different regions of TREM2 by 5hmC DNA immunoprecipitation combined with real-time qPCR. Results A 3.4-fold increase in TREM2 mRNA levels was observed in the hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls (p = 1.1E-05). Interestingly, TREM2 methylation was higher in AD cases compared to controls (76.2 % ± 15.5 versus 57.9 % ± 17.1; p = 0.0016). Moreover, TREM2 mRNA levels in the AD hippocampus correlated with enrichment in 5hmC at the TREM2 gene body (r = 0.771; p = 0.005). Conclusions TREM2 mRNA levels are increased in the human hippocampus in AD cases compared to controls. DNA methylation, and particularly 5hmC, may be involved in regulating TREM2 mRNA expression in the AD brain. Further studies are guaranteed to investigate in depth the role of 5hmC in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0202-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Celarain
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Present address: Clínica San Miguel, Pamplona, Navarra 31006 Spain
| | - María Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Rosa Larumbe
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Laura Pulido
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Present address: Clínica San Miguel, Pamplona, Navarra 31006 Spain
| | - Carmen Echavarri
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Hospital Psicogeriátrico Josefina Arregui, Alsasua, Navarra 31800 Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
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Glebov K, Wunderlich P, Karaca I, Walter J. Functional involvement of γ-secretase in signaling of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:17. [PMID: 26792193 PMCID: PMC4721188 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) exerts important functions in the regulation of monocytes, like dendritic cells, osteoclasts, tissue macrophages, and microglia. Mutations in TREM2 are associated with several diseases, including Nasu-Hakola disease, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 undergoes sequential proteolytic processing by ectodomain shedding and intramembrane proteolysis. FINDINGS We show that inhibition of γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of the TREM2 C-terminal fragment in cellular membranes interferes with TREM2-dependent signaling and cellular function. Inhibition of γ-secretase decreases membrane-proximal signaling and intracellular Ca(2+) response. Decreased signaling alters morphological changes and phagocytic activity of cells upon selective stimulation of TREM2. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate the importance of γ-secretase-dependent intramembrane processing in TREM2-mediated signaling and, thus, a functional relation of two AD-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Glebov
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ilker Karaca
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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42
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Wang B, Wang XQ, Yang SS, Liu X, Feng DY, Lu FF, Zhu YQ, Lu D, Tao L, Ge SN, Gao L, Qu Y, Gao GD. Neuroprotective effects of nitidine in Parkinson's disease models through inhibiting microglia activation: role of the Jak2–Stat3 pathway. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we found that nitidine could significantly suppress microglial activationviathe Jak2–Stat3 pathway and obviously improve behavioural function in Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models, which sheds light on PD treatment.
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43
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Heywood WE, Galimberti D, Bliss E, Sirka E, Paterson RW, Magdalinou NK, Carecchio M, Reid E, Heslegrave A, Fenoglio C, Scarpini E, Schott JM, Fox NC, Hardy J, Bhatia K, Bahtia K, Heales S, Sebire NJ, Zetterberg H, Zetterburg H, Mills K. Identification of novel CSF biomarkers for neurodegeneration and their validation by a high-throughput multiplexed targeted proteomic assay. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:64. [PMID: 26627638 PMCID: PMC4666172 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently there are no effective treatments for many neurodegenerative diseases. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and stratifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is considered an under diagnosed form of dementia for which markers are needed to discriminate LBD from other forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This work describes a Label-Free proteomic profiling analysis of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from non-neurodegenerative controls and patients with LBD. Using this technology we identified several potential novel markers for LBD. These were then combined with other biomarkers from previously published studies, to create a 10 min multiplexed targeted and translational MRM-LC-MS/MS assay. This test was used to validate our new assay in a larger cohort of samples including controls and the other neurodegenerative conditions of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD). RESULTS Thirty eight proteins showed significantly (p < 0.05) altered expression in LBD CSF by proteomic profiling. The targeted MRM-LC-MS/MS assay revealed 4 proteins that were specific for the identification of AD from LBD: ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (p < 0.0001), lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (p < 0.0001), pro-orexin (p < 0.0017) and transthyretin (p < 0.0001). Nineteen proteins were elevated significantly in both AD and LBD versus the control group of which 4 proteins are novel (malate dehydrogenase 1, serum amyloid A4, GM2-activator protein, and prosaposin). Protein-DJ1 was only elevated significantly in the PD group and not in either LBD or AD samples. Correlations with Alzheimer-associated amyloid β-42 levels, determined by ELISA, were observed for transthyretin, GM2 activator protein and IGF2 in the AD disease group (r(2) ≥ 0.39, p ≤ 0.012). Cystatin C, ubiquitin and osteopontin showed a strong significant linear relationship (r(2) ≥ 0.4, p ≤ 0.03) with phosphorylated-tau levels in all groups, whilst malate dehydrogenase and apolipoprotein E demonstrated a linear relationship with phosphorylated-tau and total-tau levels in only AD and LBD disease groups. CONCLUSIONS Using proteomics we have identified several potential and novel markers of neurodegeneration and subsequently validated them using a rapid, multiplexed mass spectral test. This targeted proteomic platform can measure common markers of neurodegeneration that correlate with existing diagnostic makers as well as some that have potential to show changes between AD from LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Heywood
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Neuropediatrics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Via F.Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emily Bliss
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Ernestas Sirka
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Nadia K Magdalinou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Neuropediatrics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Emma Reid
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Via F.Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Via F.Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Kailiash Bhatia
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Kailash Bahtia
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Simon Heales
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Henrik Zetterburg
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK. .,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Translational Omics, University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. .,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Kata D, Földesi I, Feher LZ, Hackler L, Puskas LG, Gulya K. Rosuvastatin enhances anti-inflammatory and inhibits pro-inflammatory functions in cultured microglial cells. Neuroscience 2015; 314:47-63. [PMID: 26633263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation results in profound morphological, functional and gene expression changes that affect the pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of these cells. Although statins have beneficial effects on inflammation, they have not been thoroughly investigated for their ability to affect microglial functions. Therefore the effects of rosuvastatin, one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in cardiovascular therapy, either alone or in combination with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were profiled in pure microglial cultures derived from the forebrains of 18-day-old rat embryos. To reveal the effects of rosuvastatin on a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we performed morphometric, functional and gene expression studies relating to cell adhesion and proliferation, phagocytosis, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-10, respectively) production, and the expression of various inflammation-related genes, including those related to the above morphological parameters and cellular functions. We found that microglia could be an important therapeutic target of rosuvastatin. In unchallenged (control) microglia, rosuvastatin inhibited proliferation and cell adhesion, but promoted microspike formation and elevated the expression of certain anti-inflammatory genes (Cxcl1, Ccl5, Mbl2), while phagocytosis or pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production were unaffected. Moreover, rosuvastatin markedly inhibited microglial activation in LPS-challenged cells by affecting both their morphology and functions as it inhibited LPS-elicited phagocytosis and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α) production, concomitantly increasing the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Finally, rosuvastatin beneficially and differentially affected the expression of a number of inflammation-related genes in LPS-challenged cells by inhibiting numerous pro-inflammatory and stimulating several anti-inflammatory genes. Since the microglia could elicit pro-inflammatory responses leading to neurodegeneration, it is important to attenuate such mechanisms and promote anti-inflammatory properties, and develop prophylactic therapies. By beneficially regulating both pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial functions, rosuvastatin may be considered as a prophylactic agent in the prevention of inflammation-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kata
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - K Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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45
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Minter MR, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:457-74. [PMID: 26509334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) remains a hallmark feature of the disease, yet the precise mechanism(s) by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remain unknown. Neuroinflammation has long been implicated in AD pathology, yet its contribution to disease progression is still not understood. Recent evidence suggests that various Aβ complexes interact with microglial and astrocytic expressed pattern recognition receptors that initiate innate immunity. This process involves secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and generation of reactive oxygen species that, in excess, drive a dysregulated immune response that contributes to neurodegeneration. The mechanisms by which a neuroinflammatory response can influence Aβ production, aggregation and eventual clearance are now becoming key areas where future therapeutic intervention may slow progression of AD. This review will focus on evidence supporting the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD, describing the key cell types, pathways and mediators involved. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Deposition of intracellular plaques containing amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a hallmark proteinopathy of the disease yet the precise mechanisms by which this peptide induces neurotoxicity remains unknown. A neuroinflammatory response involving polarized microglial activity, enhanced astrocyte reactivity and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine load has long been implicated in AD and proposed to facilitate neurodegeneration. In this issue we discuss key receptor systems of innate immunity that detect Aβ, drive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and influence Aβ aggregation and clearance. Evidence summarized in this review supports the combined neuroinflammatory-amyloid hypothesis for pathogenesis of AD and highlights the potential of immunomodulatory agents as potential future therapies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Friedrich U, Datta S, Schubert T, Plössl K, Schneider M, Grassmann F, Fuchshofer R, Tiefenbach KJ, Längst G, Weber BHF. Synonymous variants in HTRA1 implicated in AMD susceptibility impair its capacity to regulate TGF-β signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6361-73. [PMID: 26310622 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-temperature requirement A1 (HTRA1) is a secreted serine protease reported to play a role in the development of several cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Still, the mechanism underlying the disease processes largely remains undetermined. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a common cause of vision impairment and blindness in industrialized societies, two synonymous polymorphisms (rs1049331:C>T, and rs2293870:G>T) in exon 1 of the HTRA1 gene were associated with a high risk to develop disease. Here, we show that the two polymorphisms result in a protein with altered thermophoretic properties upon heat-induced unfolding, trypsin accessibility and secretion behavior, suggesting unique structural features of the AMD-risk-associated HTRA1 protein. Applying MicroScale Thermophoresis and protease digestion analysis, we demonstrate direct binding and proteolysis of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) by normal HTRA1 but not the AMD-risk-associated isoform. As a consequence, both HTRA1 isoforms strongly differed in their ability to control TGF-β mediated signaling, as revealed by reporter assays targeting the TGF-β1-induced serpin peptidase inhibitor (SERPINE1, alias PAI-1) promoter. In addition, structurally altered HTRA1 led to an impaired autocrine TGF-β signaling in microglia, as measured by a strong down-regulation of downstream effectors of the TGF-β cascade such as phosphorylated SMAD2 and PAI-1 expression. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the effects of two synonymous HTRA1 variants on protein structure and protein interaction with TGF-β1. As a consequence, this leads to an impairment of TGF-β signaling and microglial regulation. Functional implications of the altered properties on AMD pathogenesis remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Friedrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shyamtanu Datta
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 2bind GmbH, Josef Engert Straße 13, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Plössl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Jürgen Tiefenbach
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and
| | - Gernot Längst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regensburg
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany,
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Lefterov I, Schug J, Mounier A, Nam KN, Fitz NF, Koldamova R. RNA-sequencing reveals transcriptional up-regulation of Trem2 in response to bexarotene treatment. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:132-140. [PMID: 26071899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that short term bexarotene treatment of APP/PS1 mice significantly improves their cognitive performance. While there were no changes in plaque load, or insoluble Aβ levels in brain, biochemical analysis strongly suggested improved clearance of soluble Aβ, including Aβ oligomers. To get further insight into molecular mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect, we explored genome-wide differential gene expression in brain of bexarotene and control treated APP/PS1 mice. We performed high throughput massively parallel sequencing on mRNA libraries generated from cortices of bexarotene or vehicle treated APP/PS1 mice and compared the expression profiles for differential gene expression. Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Process categories with the highest fold enrichment and lowest False Discovery Rate (FDR) are clustered in GO terms immune response, inflammatory response, oxidation-reduction and immunoglobulin mediated immune response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by ChIP-QPCR, and RT-QPCR expression assays were used to validate select genes, including Trem2, Tyrobp, Apoe and Ttr, differentially expressed in response to Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) activation. We found that bexarotene significantly increased the phagocytosis of soluble and insoluble Aβ in BV2 cells. The results of our study demonstrate that in AD model mice expressing human APP, gene networks up-regulated in response to RXR activation by the specific, small molecule, ligand bexarotene may influence diverse regulatory pathways that are considered critical for cognitive performance, inflammatory response and Aβ clearance, and may provide an explanation of the bexarotene therapeutic effect at the molecular level. This study also confirms that unbiased massive parallel sequencing approaches are useful and highly informative for revealing brain molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying responses to activated nuclear hormone receptors in AD animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Functional Genomics Core, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anais Mounier
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Xing J, Titus AR, Humphrey MB. The TREM2-DAP12 signaling pathway in Nasu-Hakola disease: a molecular genetics perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:89-100. [PMID: 26478868 PMCID: PMC4605443 DOI: 10.2147/rrbc.s58057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nasu–Hakola disease or polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL) is a rare recessively inherited disease that is associated with early dementia and bone cysts with fractures. Here, we review the genetic causes of PLOSL with loss-of-function mutations or deletions in one of two genes, TYROBP and TREM2, encoding for two proteins DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2). TREM2 and DAP12 form an immunoreceptor signaling complex that mediates myeloid cell, including microglia and osteoclasts, development, activation, and function. Functionally, TREM2-DAP12 mediates osteoclast multi-nucleation, migration, and resorption. In microglia, TREM2-DAP12 participates in recognition and apoptosis of neuronal debris and amyloid deposits. Review of the complex immunoregulatory roles of TREM2-DAP12 in the innate immune system, where it can both promote and inhibit pro-inflammatory responses, is given. Little is known about the function of TREM2-DAP12 in normal brain homeostasis or in pathological central nervous system diseases. Based on the state of the field, genetic testing now aids in diagnosis of PLOSL, but therapeutics and interventions are still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xing
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of Microbiology and immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Amanda R Titus
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of Microbiology and immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA ; Department of veteran's Affairs, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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50
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Strobel S, Grünblatt E, Riederer P, Heinsen H, Arzberger T, Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, Ferrer I, Monoranu CM. Changes in the expression of genes related to neuroinflammation over the course of sporadic Alzheimer's disease progression: CX3CL1, TREM2, and PPARγ. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:1069-76. [PMID: 25596843 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has become more evident in recent years. Research on the etiology and pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) has focused on the role of chemokines such as CX3CL1, on the triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells (TREMs), especially TREM2, and on the transcription factor/nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Here we analyzed the expression levels of CX3CL1, TREM2, and PPARγ in tissue homogenates from human brain regions that have different degrees of vulnerability to neuropathological AD-related changes to obtain insights into the pathogenesis and progression of AD. We found that CX3CL1 and TREM2, two genes related to neuroinflammation, are more highly expressed in brain regions with pronounced vulnerability to AD-related changes, such as the hippocampus, and that the expression levels reflect the course of the disease, whereas regions with low vulnerability to AD, seemed generally less affected by neuroinflammation. Furthermore, our results support previous findings of significantly higher CX3CL1 plasma levels in patients with mild to moderate AD than in patients with severe AD. Thus, CX3CL1 should be considered as promising additional marker for the early diagnosis of AD and underlines once more, the involvement of the neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strobel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
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