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Senior D, Ahmed R, Arnavut E, Carvalho A, Lee WX, Blum K, Komatsu DE, Hadjiargyrou M, Badgaiyan RD, Thanos PK. Behavioral, Neurochemical and Developmental Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate: A Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040574. [PMID: 37108960 PMCID: PMC10144804 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of animal studies on methylphenidate (MP) use intraperitoneal (IP) injections, subcutaneous (SC) injections, or the oral gavage route of administration. While all these methods allow for delivery of MP, it is the oral route that is clinically relevant. IP injections commonly deliver an immediate and maximum dose of MP due to their quick absorption. This quick-localized effect can give timely results but will only display a small window of the psychostimulant's effects on the animal model. On the opposite side of the spectrum, a SC injection does not accurately represent the pathophysiology of an oral exposure because the metabolic rate of the drug would be much slower. The oral-gavage method, while providing an oral route, possesses some adverse effects such as potential animal injury and can be stressful to the animal compared to voluntary drinking. It is thus important to allow the animal to have free consumption of MP, and drinking it to more accurately mirror human treatment. The use of a two-bottle drinking method allows for this. Rodents typically have a faster metabolism than humans, which means this needs to be considered when administering MP orally while reaching target pharmacokinetic levels in plasma. With this oral two-bottle approach, the pathophysiological effects of MP on development, behavior, neurochemistry and brain function can be studied. The present review summarizes these effects of oral MP which have important implications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senior
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rania Ahmed
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Eliz Arnavut
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Wen Xuan Lee
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Just N, Chevillard PM, Migaud M. Imaging and spectroscopic methods to investigate adult neurogenesis in vivo: New models and new avenues. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:933947. [PMID: 35992937 PMCID: PMC9389108 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.933947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis (AN) can be defined as the birth and development of new neurons in adulthood. Until the 1990s, AN was deemed not to happen after birth. Gradually, several groups demonstrated that specific zones of the brain of various species had a neurogenic potential. AN could be the key to treating a large range of neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and metabolic diseases, with a better understanding of the mechanisms allowing for regeneration of new neurons. Despite this promising prospect, the existence of AN has not been validated in vivo in humans and therefore remains controversial. Moreover, the weight of AN-induced plasticity against other mechanisms of brain plasticity is not known, adding to the controversy. In this review, we would like to show that recent technical advances in brain MR imaging methods combined with improved models can resolve the debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Just
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager og Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, and Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
- *Correspondence: Nathalie Just
| | - Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, and Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Martine Migaud
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, and Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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Yuan A, King N, Kharas N, Yang P, Dafny N. The effect of environment on cross-sensitization between methylphenidate and amphetamine in female rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113845. [PMID: 35594929 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) and amphetamine (AMP) are both psychostimulants that are often used to treat behavioral disorders. More recently, it has also been increasingly used illicitly for recreation as well as to improve intellectual performance. Many factors such as age, gender, genetic background, and environment govern the development of behavioral sensitization to MPD and cross-sensitization with other drugs, which are experimental behavioral markers indicating potential of substance dependence and abuse. This study examines the effects of the environment and age when MPD was exposed in adulthood alone as well as in adolescence into adulthood on cross-sensitization with AMP in female SD rats by randomizing animals to either receive the drug in a home cage or a test cage during adolescence, adulthood, or both. In a 34 day experiment, 16 groups of animals starting in adolescence were treated with saline on experimental day one (ED1), followed by a 6 day (ED2-ED7) treatment with either saline, 0.6 mg/kg AMP, 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD. Experimental groups were then subject to a 3-day washout period (ED8-ED10) and then a retreatment with the respective drug on ED11 in adolescence (P-38 to P-49). Experiments continued in the same animal groups now in adulthood (P-60) with a saline treatment (ED1), followed by the same sequence of treatments in adolescence (ED2-ED11;P-61 to P-69). A rechallenge with the same AMP or MPD dose was performed on ED11 (P-70) followed by a single exposure to 0.6 mg/kg AMP on ED12 (P-71) to assess for cross sensitization between MPD and AMP. Animals treated with MPD in both adolescence and adulthood and in the last experimental day of AMP (ED12) showed higher intensity of cross-sensitivity between MPD and AMP as compared to animals treated with MPD only in adulthood. AMP and MPD treatment in adolescence and into adulthood in the home or test cage resulted in significantly higher responses to the drug as compared to those treated only in adulthood. Overall, we conclude that environmental alteration and adolescent exposure to MPD appeared to increase the risk of cross-sensitization to AMP in female SD rats i.e, using MPD in adolescence may increase the probability of becoming dependent on drugs of abuse. This further indicates that age, sex, and environment all influence the response to MPD and AMP, and further work is needed to elucidate the risks associated with MPD and AMP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Pamela Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Evidence That Methylphenidate Treatment Evokes Anxiety-Like Behavior Through Glucose Hypometabolism and Disruption of the Orbitofrontal Cortex Metabolic Networks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1830-1845. [PMID: 34797528 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet all diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without a consensus about the consequences. Here, we evaluate the effect of MPH treatment on glucose metabolism and metabolic network in the rat brain, as well as on performance in behavioral tests. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 44th postnatal day. Fluorodeoxyglucose-18 was used to investigate cerebral metabolism, and a cross-correlation matrix was used to examine the brain metabolic network in MPH-treated rats using micro-positron emission tomography imaging. Performance in the light-dark transition box, eating-related depression, and sucrose preference tests was also evaluated. While MPH provoked glucose hypermetabolism in the auditory, parietal, retrosplenial, somatosensory, and visual cortices, hypometabolism was identified in the left orbitofrontal cortex. MPH-treated rats show a brain metabolic network more efficient and connected, but careful analyses reveal that the MPH interrupts the communication of the orbitofrontal cortex with other brain areas. Anxiety-like behavior was also observed in MPH-treated rats. This study shows that glucose metabolism evaluated by micro-positron emission tomography in the brain can be affected by MPH in different ways according to the region of the brain studied. It may be related, at least in part, to a rewiring in the brain the metabolic network and behavioral changes observed, representing an important step in exploring the mechanisms and consequences of MPH treatment.
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Zhang X, Talpos J, Berridge MS, Apana SM, Slikker W, Wang C, Paule MG. MicroPET/CT assessment of neurochemical effects in the brain after long-term methylphenidate treatment in nonhuman primates. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 87:107017. [PMID: 34265415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant approved by the FDA to treatment Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). MPH is believed to exert its pharmacological effects via preferential blockade of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET), resulting in increased monoamine levels in the synapse. We used a quantitative non-invasive PET imaging technique to study the effects of long-term methylphenidate use on the central nervous system (CNS). We conducted microPET/CT scans on young adult male rhesus monkeys to monitor changes in the dopaminergic system. We used [18F] AV-133, a ligand for the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and [18F]FESP a ligand for the D2 and 5HT2 receptors. In this study we evaluated the effects if chronic MPH treatment in the nonhuman primates (NHP). Two-year-old, male rhesus monkeys were orally administered MPH diluted in the electrolyte replenisher, Prang, twice a day, five days per week (M-F) over an 8-year period. The dose of MPH was gradually escalated from 0.15 mg/kg initially to 2.5 mg/kg/dose for the low dose group, and 1.5 mg/kg to 12.5 mg/kg/dose for the high dose group (Rodriguez et al., 2010). Scans were performed on Mondays, about 60 h after their last treatment, to avoid the acute effects of MPH. Tracers were injected intravenously ten minutes before microPET/CT scanning. Sessions lasted about 120 min. The Logan reference tissue model was used to determine the Binding Potential (BP) of each tracer in the striatum with the cerebellar cortex time activity curve as an input function. Both MP treatment groups had a lower [18F] AV-133 BP, although this failed to reach statistical significance. MPH treatment did not have a significant effect on The BP of [18F] FESP in the striatum. Long-term administration of MPH did not significant change any of the marker of monoamine function used here. These data suggest that, despite lingering concerns, long-term use of methylphenidate does not negatively impact monoamine function. This study also demonstrates that microPET imaging can distinguish differences in binding potentials of a variety of radiotracers in the CNS of NHPs. This approach may provide minimally-invasive biomarkers of neurochemical processes associated with chronic exposure to CNS medications. (Supported by NCTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America.
| | - J Talpos
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - M S Berridge
- 3D Imaging, LLC, Little Rock, AR 72113 and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - S M Apana
- 3D Imaging, LLC, Little Rock, AR 72113 and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States of America
| | - W Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - C Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
| | - M G Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States of America
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Fotopoulos NH, Devenyi GA, Guay S, Sengupta SM, Chakravarty MM, Grizenko N, Karama S, Joober R. Cumulative exposure to ADHD medication is inversely related to hippocampus subregional volume in children. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102695. [PMID: 34015673 PMCID: PMC8141923 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to ADHD medication characterized as the product of lifetime duration and dose. Medication effects investigated on 51 subregional volumes. Smaller hippocampus CA1 volumes associated with higher medication exposure. Effects remained when correcting for age and ADHD symptom severity. No global effects of medication on cortical thickness or surface area detected.
Background Although there is some evidence for a normalization of brain structure following exposure to ADHD medication, literature on the effects of duration and dose of continued use on the brain is scarce. Here, we investigated the association between cumulative exposure to medication (range 1 week to 4.69 years) and cortical structures and subcortical volumes in a clinical sample of children with ADHD taking medication (n = 109). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structural MRI study investigating the effects of cumulative exposure to medication on subregional volumes in children treated for ADHD. Methods Cumulative exposure to ADHD medication (CEM) was defined as the product of duration on medication (days) and dose (mg/day), yielding the area under the curve (total mg). Cortical thickness and surface area measurements (CIVET-1.1.12), and subcortical volumes in 51 regions (MAGeT-Brain) were analyzed using general linear modelling. Results Significant effects of CEM were found in two subregions of the left hippocampus, the CA1 (df = 95; q = 0.003) and the strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare (df = 95; q = 0.003). Specifically, higher CEM was associated with smaller volumes within these subregions. No effects of medication exposure were detected on cortical thickness or surface area. Conclusions Although this study is cross-sectional, the results found within this sample of children show that prolonged ADHD medication use at higher doses is significantly associated with smaller hippocampus volumes in specific subregions. More research is required to determine whether these results are reproduced in other samples of children of ADHD, and further, whether these are beneficial or off-target effects of the medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie H Fotopoulos
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Guay
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarojini M Sengupta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Grizenko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sherif Karama
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montréal Neurological Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Ridha Joober
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Abstract
AIMS Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a higher risk of burn injury than in the normal population. Nevertheless, the influence of methylphenidate (MPH) on the risk of burn injury remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study analysed the effect of MPH on the risk of burn injury in children with ADHD. METHOD Data were from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The sample comprised individuals younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 90 634) in Taiwan's NHIRD between January 1996 and December 2013. We examined the cumulative effect of MPH on burn injury risk using Cox proportional hazards models. We conducted a sensitivity analysis for immortal time bias using a time-dependent Cox model and within-patient comparisons using the self-controlled case series model. RESULTS Children with ADHD taking MPH had a reduced risk of burn injury, with a cumulative duration of treatment dose-related effect, compared with those not taking MPH. Compared with children with ADHD not taking MPH, the adjusted hazard ratio for burn injury was 0.70 in children taking MPH for <90 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.77) and 0.43 in children taking MPH for ≥90 days (95% CI 0.40-0.47), with a 50.8% preventable fraction. The negative association of MPH was replicated in age-stratified analysis using time-dependent Cox regression and self-controlled case series models. CONCLUSION This study showed that MPH treatment was associated with a lower risk of burn injury in a cumulative duration of treatment dose-related effect manner.
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Chawana R, Patzke N, Bhagwandin A, Kaswera-Kyamakya C, Gilissen E, Bertelsen MF, Hemingway J, Manger PR. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Egyptian fruit bats from three different environments: Are interpretational variations due to the environment or methodology? J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2994-3007. [PMID: 32112418 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We quantified both proliferative (Ki-67 immunohistochemistry) and immature (doublecortin immunohistochemistry) cells within the dentate gyrus of adult Egyptian fruit bats from three distinct environments: (a) primary rainforest, (b) subtropical woodland, and (c) fifth-generation captive-bred. We used four different previously reported methods to assess the effect of the environment on proliferative and immature cells: (a) the comparison of raw totals of proliferative and immature cells; (b) these totals standardized to brain mass; (c) these totals expressed as a density using the volume of the granular cell layer (GCLv) for standardization; and (d) these totals expressed as a percentage of the total number of granule cells. For all methods, the numbers of proliferative cells did not differ statistically among the three groups, indicating that the rate of proliferation, while malleable to experimental manipulation or transiently in response to events of importance in the natural habitat, appears to occur, for the most part, at a predetermined rate within a species. For the immature cells, raw numbers and standardizations to brain mass and GCLv revealed no difference between the three groups studied; however, standardization to total granule cell numbers indicated that the two groups of wild-caught bats had significantly higher numbers of immature neurons than the captive-bred bats. These contrasting results indicate that the interpretation of the effect of the environment on the numbers of immature neurons appears method dependent. It is possible that current methods are not sensitive enough to reveal the effect of different environments on proliferative and immature cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chawana
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Nina Patzke
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.,Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jason Hemingway
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Long-term administration of high-dose methylphenidate-induced cerebellar morphology and function damage in adult rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 103:101712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Effect of chronic methylphenidate treatment on hippocampal neurovascular unit and memory performance in late adolescent rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:195-210. [PMID: 30554860 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is the classic treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children and adults. Despite its beneficial effects, non-medical use of MPH is nowadays a problem with high impact on society. Thus, our goal was to uncover the neurovascular and cognitive effects of MPH chronic use during a critical period of development in control conditions. For that, male Wistar Kyoto rats were treated with MPH (1.5 or 5 mg/kg/day at weekdays, per os) from P28 to P55. We concluded that the higher dose of MPH caused hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability by vesicular transport (transcytosis) concomitantly with the presence of peripheral immune cells in the brain parenchyma. These observations were confirmed by in vitro studies, in which the knockdown of caveolin-1 in human brain endothelial cells prevented the increased permeability and leukocytes transmigration triggered by MPH (100 µM, 24 h). Furthermore, MPH led to astrocytic atrophy and to a decrease in the levels of several synaptic proteins and impairment of AKT/CREB signaling, together with working memory deficit assessed in the Y-maze test. On the contrary, we verified that the lower dose of MPH (1.5 mg/kg/day) increased astrocytic processes and upregulated several neuronal proteins as well as signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity culminating in working memory improvement. In conclusion, the present study reveals that a lower dose of MPH in normal rats improves memory performance being associated with the modulation of astrocytic morphology and synaptic machinery. However, a higher dose of MPH leads to BBB dysfunction and memory impairment.
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Lam AP, Matthies S, Graf E, Colla M, Jacob C, Sobanski E, Alm B, Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Kis B, Abdel-Hamid M, Müller HHO, Lücke C, Huss M, Jans T, Berger M, Tebartz van Elst L, Philipsen A. Long-term Effects of Multimodal Treatment on Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms: Follow-up Analysis of the COMPAS Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e194980. [PMID: 31150084 PMCID: PMC6547099 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Knowledge about the long-term effects of multimodal treatment in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is much needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term efficacy of multimodal treatment for adult ADHD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This observer-masked, 1.5-year follow-up of the Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study (COMPAS), a prospective, multicenter randomized clinical trial, compared cognitive behavioral group psychotherapy (GPT) with individual clinical management (CM) and methylphenidate (MPH) with placebo (2 × 2 factorial design). Recruitment started January 2007 and ended August 2010, and treatments were finalized in August 2011 with follow-up through March 2013. Overall, 433 adults with ADHD participated in the trial, and 256 (59.1%) participated in the follow-up assessment. Analysis began in November 2013 and was completed in February 2018. INTERVENTIONS After 1-year treatment with GPT or CM and MPH or placebo, no further treatment restrictions were imposed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was change in the observer-masked ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score from baseline to follow-up. Secondary outcomes included further ADHD rating scale scores, observer-masked ratings of the Clinical Global Impression scale, and self-ratings of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS At follow-up, 256 of 433 randomized patients (baseline measured in 419 individuals) participated. Of the 256 patients participating in follow-up, the observer-masked ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score was assessed for 251; the mean (SD) baseline age was 36.3 (10.1) years; 125 patients (49.8%) were men; and the sample was well-balanced with respect to prior randomization (GPT and MPH: 64 of 107; GPT and placebo: 67 of 109; CM and MPH: 70 of 110; and CM and placebo: 55 of 107). At baseline, the all-group mean ADHD Index of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale score was 20.6, which improved to adjusted means of 14.2 for the GPT arm and 14.7 for the CM arm at follow-up with no significant difference between groups (difference, -0.5; 95% CI, -1.9 to 0.9; P = .48). The adjusted mean decreased to 13.8 for the MPH arm and 15.2 for the placebo arm (difference, -1.4; 95% CI, -2.8 to -0.1; P = .04). As in the core study, MPH was associated with a larger reduction in symptoms than placebo at follow-up. These results remained unchanged when accounting for MPH intake at follow-up. Compared with participants in the CM arm, patients who participated in group psychotherapy were associated with less severe symptoms as measured by the self-reported ADHD Symptoms Total Score according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM-IV) of Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (AMD, -2.1; 95% CI, -4.2 to -0.1; P = .04) and in the subscale of reducing pure hyperactive symptoms, measured via the Diagnostic Checklist for the diagnosis of ADHD in adults (AMD, -1.3; 95% CI, -2.8 to 0.1; P = .08). Regarding the Clinical Global Impression scale assessment of effectiveness, the difference between GPT and CM remained significant at follow-up (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.03-2.59; P = .04). No differences were found for any comparison concerning depression as measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results from COMPAS demonstrate a maintained improvement in ADHD symptoms for adults 1.5 years after the end of a 52-week controlled multimodal treatment period. The results indicate that MPH treatment combined with GPT or CM provides a benefit lasting 1.5 years. Confirming the results of the core study, GPT was not associated with better results regarding the primary outcome compared with CM. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN54096201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P. Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erika Graf
- Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Colla
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medius Clinic, Kirchheim, Germany
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mona Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helge H. O. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline Lücke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Jans
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Di Miceli M, Omoloye A, Gronier B. Chronic methylphenidate treatment during adolescence has long-term effects on monoaminergic function. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:109-121. [PMID: 30334678 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118805494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants like methylphenidate or D-amphetamine are often prescribed for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in children. Whether such drugs can be administered into a developing brain without consequences in adulthood is still an open question. METHODS Here, using in vivo extracellular electrophysiology in anesthetised preparations, combined with behavioural assays, we have examined the long-term consequences in adulthood of a chronic methylphenidate oral administration (5 mg/kg/day, 15 days) in early adolescent (post-natal day 28) and late adolescent (post-natal day 42) rats, by evaluating body weight change, sucrose preference (indicator of anhedonia), locomotor sensitivity to D-amphetamine and electrical activities of ventral tegmental area dopamine and dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. RESULTS Chronic methylphenidate treatment during early or late adolescence did not induce weight deficiencies and anhedonia-like behaviours at adulthood. However, it increased bursting activities of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons. Furthermore, chronic methylphenidate treatment during early but not during late adolescence enhanced D-amphetamine-induced rearing activity, as well as ventral tegmental area dopamine cell excitability (firing, burst and population activity), associated with a partial desensitisation of dopamine D2 auto-receptors. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated here that early, but not late, adolescent exposure to oral methylphenidate may induce long-lasting effects on monoamine neurotransmission. The possible clinical implication of these data will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Di Miceli
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Adesina Omoloye
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Benjamin Gronier
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Group, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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13
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Neurogenesis within the hippocampus after chronic methylphenidate exposure. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:201-209. [PMID: 30370451 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and can be altered by psychoactive medications; however, the impact of methylphenidate on neurogenesis is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of chronic low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneal doses of methylphenidate on neurogenesis in mouse hippocampus following 28 days and 56 days of treatment. Interestingly, methylphenidate, at both doses, increased neurogenesis. However, if methylphenidate treatment was not continued, the newly generated cells did not survive after 28 days. If treatment was continued, the newly generated neurons survived only in the mice receiving low-dose methylphenidate. To investigate the mechanism for this effect, we examined levels of proteins linked to cell proliferation in the hippocampus, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), and beta-catenin. BDNF or GDNF levels were not significantly different between groups. However, hippocampal VEGF, TrkB, and beta-catenin were significantly increased in mice receiving low-dose methylphenidate for 28 days compared to controls. Interestingly, high-dose methylphenidate significantly decreased beta-catenin after 28 days and decreased VEGF, beta-catenin, and TrkB after 56 days compared to controls. Thus, low-dose methylphenidate appears to increase cell proliferation and cell survival in the hippocampus, and these effects may be mediated by increase in VEGF, TrkB, and beta-catenin. While high dose methylphenidate may initially increase neuronal proliferation, newly generated neurons are unable to survive long-term, possibly due to decrease in VEGF, TrkB and beta-catenin.
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14
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Grünblatt E, Bartl J, Walitza S. Methylphenidate enhances neuronal differentiation and reduces proliferation concomitant to activation of Wnt signal transduction pathways. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:51. [PMID: 29491375 PMCID: PMC5830437 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the most commonly prescribed drug in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is suggested that in vivo, methylphenidate treatment supports cortical maturation, however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the potential effect of methylphenidate on cell proliferation and maturation in various cellular models, hypothesizing its interaction with the Wnt-signaling. The termination of cell proliferation concomitant to neuronal maturation following methylphenidate treatment was observed in all of the cell-models tested: murine neural stem-, rat PC12- and the human SH-SY5Y-cells. Inhibition of Wnt-signaling in SH-SY5Y cells with Dkk1 30 min before methylphenidate treatment suppressed neuronal differentiation but enhanced proliferation. The possible involvement of the dopamine-transporter in cell differentiation was discounted following the observation of opposing results after GBR-12909 treatment. Moreover, Wnt-activation via methylphenidate was confirmed in Wnt-luciferase-reporter assay. These findings reveal a new mechanism of action of methylphenidate that might explain long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmin Bartl
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0000 8922 7789grid.14778.3dDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Liao YT, Yang YH, Kuo TY, Liang HY, Huang KY, Wang TN, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Chen VCH. Dosage of methylphenidate and traumatic brain injury in ADHD: a population-based study in Taiwan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:279-288. [PMID: 28856464 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preventive effect of stimulants on the risk of brain injuries had been reported. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which methylphenidate (MPH) prescription moderates the risk of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Individuals with a recent diagnosis of ADHD between January 1997 and December 2013 (n = 163,618) were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 124,438 adolescents and children with ADHD and without prior TBI diagnoses were included and evaluated for subsequent TBI. Methylphenidate prescription duration was subgrouped by the annual average cumulative defined daily dose (DDD): 0, >0 to ≤28, > 28 to ≤84, and >84. We identified 11,463 diagnoses of TBI among 124,438 adolescents and children with ADHD. A Cox regression model was used to investigate whether MPH prescription influenced the risk for TBI after adjusting for sex, age, level of urbanization, seizure, autism and sedative-anxiolytics use. A reduced TBI incidence was observed with MPH prescription DDDs > 84. The protective effect of MPH against TBI persisted after adjusting for confounding factors [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.51]. There was also statistically significant difference in risk for TBI in subjects receiving > 0 to ≤28 or >28 to ≤84 DDDs of MPH treatment (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83-0.92; HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.72-0.80, respectively) when compared with subjects not receiving treatment with MPH. Treatment with MPH for greater than 84 DDDs reduced the risk for TBI among children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-To Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for Chang Gung Research Datalink, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Kuo
- Center of Excellence for Chang Gung Research Datalink, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Liang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-You Huang
- Department of Speech, Language Pathology and Audiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Nai Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 6-8, West Section, Jiapu Road, Puzi City, 613, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
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16
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Coelho-Santos V, Cardoso FL, Leitão RA, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Silva AP. Impact of developmental exposure to methylphenidate on rat brain's immune privilege and behavior: Control versus ADHD model. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:169-182. [PMID: 29061363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent childhood mental disorders that often persists into adulthood. Moreover, methylphenidate (MPH) is the mainstay of medical treatment for this disorder. Yet, not much is known about the neurobiological impact of MPH on control versus ADHD conditions, which is crucial to simultaneously clarify the misuse/abuse versus therapeutic use of this psychostimulant. In the present study, we applied biochemical and behavioral approaches to broadly explore the early-life chronic exposure of two different doses of MPH (1.5 and 5 mg/kg/day) on control and ADHD rats (Wistar Kyoto and Spontaneously Hypertensive rats, respectively). We concluded that the higher dose of MPH promoted blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and elicited anxiety-like behavior in both control and ADHD animals. BBB dysfunction triggered by MPH was particularly prominent in control rats, which was characterized by a marked disruption of intercellular junctions, an increase of endothelial vesicles, and an upregulation of adhesion molecules concomitantly with the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, both doses of MPH induced a robust neuroinflammatory and oxidative response in control rats. Curiously, in the ADHD model, the lower dose of MPH (1.5 mg/kg/day) had a beneficial effect since it balanced both immunity and behavior relative to vehicle animals. Overall, the contrasting effects of MPH observed between control and ADHD models support the importance of an appropriate MPH dose regimen for ADHD, and also suggest that MPH misuse negatively affects brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa L Cardoso
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A Leitão
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Chang Z, D’Onofrio BM, Quinn PD, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk for Depression: A Nationwide Longitudinal Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:916-922. [PMID: 27086545 PMCID: PMC4995143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. However, it is unclear whether ADHD medication increases or decreases the risk for depression. METHODS We studied all individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD born between 1960 and 1998 in Sweden (N = 38,752). We obtained data for prescription of ADHD medication, diagnosis of depression and other psychiatric disorders, and sociodemographic factors from population-based registers. The association between ADHD medication and depression was estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical confounders, ADHD medication was associated with a reduced long-term risk (i.e., 3 years later) for depression (hazard ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.67). The risk was lower for longer duration of ADHD medication. Also, ADHD medication was associated with reduced rates of concurrent depression; within-individual analysis suggested that occurrence of depression was 20% less common during periods when patients received ADHD medication compared with periods when they did not (hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that ADHD medication does not increase the risk of later depression; rather, medication was associated with a reduced risk for subsequent and concurrent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Patrick D. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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18
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Schweren LJS, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Groenman AP, Franke B, Oosterlaan J, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. Age and DRD4 Genotype Moderate Associations Between Stimulant Treatment History and Cortex Structure in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55:877-885.e3. [PMID: 27663943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with dopaminergic imbalance and subtle volume decreases in the brain. Stimulants acutely enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission. Long-term effects of prolonged manipulation of the dopaminergic system on brain structure remain poorly understood; they could be beneficial or unfavorable and could be moderated by common genetic variants and/or age. METHOD In a large observational ADHD cohort study (N = 316), the effects of cumulative stimulant treatment, genotype (for DAT1 haplotype and DRD4 variants), and treatment-by-genotype interactions on striatal, frontal, and hippocampal volumes and their interactions with age were evaluated. RESULTS No main effects of treatment were found. Associations between treatment and bilateral frontal and left hippocampal volume depended on DRD4 genotype and age. At a younger age and lower treatment levels, but not at a younger age and higher treatment levels, carriers of the DRD4 7R allele showed decreased frontal cortex volumes. At an older age, carriers and non-carriers showed smaller frontal volumes irrespective of treatment history. Left hippocampal volume was similar to that in controls at average treatment levels and increased with treatment only in carriers of the DRD4 risk allele and at a younger age. No interaction effects were found in the striatum. CONCLUSION Carriers of the DRD4 risk allele at a younger age might be sensitive to cortical remodeling after stimulant treatment. The cross-sectional nature of this study warrants cautious interpretation of age effects. The present findings, although of small effect size, might ultimately contribute to optimal care for individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J S Schweren
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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19
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Involvement of AMPA/kainate and GABAA receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate abuse sequels involving oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:181-91. [PMID: 27105819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abuses of methylphenidate (MPH) as psychostimulant cause neural damage of brain cells. Neuroprotective properties of topiramate (TPM) have been indicated in several studies but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The current study evaluates protective role of various doses of TPM and its mechanism of action in MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The neuroprotective effects of various doses of TPM against MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated and then the action of TPM was studied in presence of domoic acid (DOM), as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist and bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, in isolated rat hippocampus. Open Field Test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity changes. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. TPM (70 and 100mg/kg) decreased MPH induced motor activity disturbances and inhibit MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand pretreatment of animals with DOM or BIC, inhibit this effect of TPM and potentiate MPH induced motor activity disturbances and increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in isolated hippocampal cells and decreased reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity. It seems that TPM can protect cells of hippocampus from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and it could be partly by activation of GABAA receptor and inhibition of AMPA/kainite receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Abstract
The hippocampus has a pivotal role in learning and in the formation and consolidation of memory and is critically involved in the regulation of emotion, fear, anxiety, and stress. Studies of the hippocampus have been central to the study of memory in humans and in recent years, the regional specialization and organization of hippocampal functions have been elucidated in experimental models and in human neurological and psychiatric diseases. The hippocampus has long been considered a classic model for the study of neuroplasticity as many examples of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation and -depression have been identified and demonstrated in hippocampal circuits. Neuroplasticity is the ability to adapt and reorganize the structure or function to internal or external stimuli and occurs at the cellular, population, network or behavioral level and is reflected in the cytological and network architecture as well as in intrinsic properties of hippocampal neurons and circuits. The high degree of hippocampal neuroplasticity might, however, be also negatively reflected in the pronounced vulnerability of the hippocampus to deleterious conditions such as ischemia, epilepsy, chronic stress, neurodegeneration and aging targeting hippocampal structure and function and leading to cognitive deficits. Considering this framework of plasticity and vulnerability, we here review basic principles of hippocampal anatomy and neuroplasticity on various levels as well as recent findings regarding the functional organization of the hippocampus in light of the regional vulnerability in Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, epilepsy, neuroinflammation and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - P Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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