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Pickford J, Iosif CI, Bashir ZI, Apps R. Inhibiting cholinergic signalling in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus impairs motor behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2208-2224. [PMID: 37455360 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of neuromodulators in the cerebellum is not well understood. In particular, the behavioural significance of the cholinergic system in the cerebellum is unknown. To investigate the importance of cerebellar cholinergic signalling in behaviour, we infused acetylcholine receptor antagonists, scopolamine and mecamylamine, bilaterally into the rat cerebellum (centred on interpositus nucleus) and observed the motor effects through a battery of behavioural tests. These tests included unrewarded behaviour during open field exploration and a horizontal ladder walking task and reward-based beam walking and pellet reaching tasks. Infusion of a mix of the antagonists did not impair motor learning in the horizontal ladder walking or the reaching task but reduced spontaneous movement during open field exploration, impaired coordination during beam walking and ladder walking, led to fewer reaches in the pellet reaching task, slowed goal-directed reaching behaviour and reduced reward pellet consumption in a free access to food task. Infusion of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine on its own resulted in deficits in motor performance and a reduction in the number of reward pellets consumed in the free access to food task. By contrast, infusion of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine on its own had no significant effect on any task, except beam walking traversal time, which was reduced. Together, these data suggest that acetylcholine in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus is important for the execution and coordination of voluntary movements mainly via muscarinic receptor signalling, especially in relation to reward-related behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cristiana I Iosif
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Marano M, Anzini G, Saltarocchi L, Ricciuti R, Capone F, Tan H, Torrecillos F, Lanzone J, Lazzaro VD. Left Vagus Stimulation Modulates Contralateral Subthalamic β Power Improving the Gait in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2024; 39:424-428. [PMID: 38111224 PMCID: PMC7615838 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) showed early evidence of efficacy for the gait treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES Providing data on neurophysiological and clinical effects of transauricular VNS (taVNS). METHODS Ten patients with recording deep brain stimulation (DBS) have been enrolled in a within participant design pilot study, double-blind crossover sham-controlled trial of taVNS. Subthalamic local field potentials (β band power), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scales (UPDRS), and a digital timed-up-and-go test (TUG) were measured and compared with real versus sham taVNS during medication-off/DBS-OFF condition. RESULTS The left taVNS induced a reduction of the total β power in the contralateral (ie, right) subthalamic nucleus and an improvement of TUG time, speed, and variability. The taVNS-induced β reduction correlated with the improvement of gait speed. No major clinical changes were observed at UPDRS. CONCLUSIONS taVNS is a promising strategy for the management of PD gait, deserving prospective trials of chronic neuromodulation. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marano
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Gaia Anzini
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Saltarocchi
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ricciuti
- Neurosurgery Unit, Ospedale Belcolle, ASL di Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fioravante Capone
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Huiling Tan
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Flavie Torrecillos
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacopo Lanzone
- Department of the Neurorehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Milano Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
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3
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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4
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Su JH, Hu YW, Yang Y, Li RY, Teng F, Li LX, Jin LJ. Dystonia and the pedunculopontine nucleus: Current evidences and potential mechanisms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1065163. [PMID: 36504662 PMCID: PMC9727297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1065163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major component of the midbrain locomotion region, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to have various connections with the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and motor regions of the brainstem and spinal cord. Functionally, the PPN is associated with muscle tone control and locomotion modulation, including motor initiation, rhythm and speed. In addition to its motor functions, the PPN also contribute to level of arousal, attention, memory and learning. Recent studies have revealed neuropathologic deficits in the PPN in both patients and animal models of dystonia, and deep brain stimulation of the PPN also showed alleviation of axial dystonia in patients of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate that the PPN might play an important role in the development of dystonia. Moreover, with increasing preclinical evidences showed presence of dystonia-like behaviors, muscle tone changes, impaired cognitive functions and sleep following lesion or neuromodulation of the PPN, it is assumed that the pathological changes of the PPN might contribute to both motor and non-motor manifestations of dystonia. In this review, we aim to summarize the involvement of the PPN in dystonia based on the current preclinical and clinical evidences. Moreover, potential mechanisms for its contributions to the manifestation of dystonia is also discussed base on the dystonia-related basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit, providing fundamental insight into the targeting of the PPN for the treatment of dystonia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ling-jing Jin
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5
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Choi W, Lee SJ, Ko SH, Shin YI, Min JH. Peduncular Hallucinosis 7 Months After Pontine Hemorrhage With Hypertrophic Olivary Degeneration: A Case Report. BRAIN & NEUROREHABILITATION 2022; 15:e31. [PMID: 36742085 PMCID: PMC9833485 DOI: 10.12786/bn.2022.15.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peduncular hallucinosis is a rare type of hallucination, wherein patients see colorful and vivid images. It usually appears after damage to the midbrain, pons, or thalamus. We report the case of a 56-year-old man with peduncular hallucinosis after conservative care for spontaneous pontine hemorrhage, 7 months prior to presentation. He was treated with atypical antipsychotics, which resolved the symptoms. We suggest that it is important to consider peduncular hallucinosis in patients after injuries in subcortical areas and the brainstem. Additionally, we found changes in the hypertrophic olivary degeneration using magnetic resonance imaging, and we suggest the possibility of their correlation with peduncular hallucinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosik Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - So Jung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Hong Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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6
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Noseda R. Cerebro-Cerebellar Networks in Migraine Symptoms and Headache. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:940923. [PMID: 35910262 PMCID: PMC9326053 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.940923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is associated with the biology of migraine in a variety of ways. Clinically, symptoms such as fatigue, motor weakness, vertigo, dizziness, difficulty concentrating and finding words, nausea, and visual disturbances are common in different types of migraine. The neural basis of these symptoms is complex, not completely known, and likely involve activation of both specific and shared circuits throughout the brain. Posterior circulation stroke, or neurosurgical removal of posterior fossa tumors, as well as anatomical tract tracing in animals, provided the first insights to theorize about cerebellar functions. Nowadays, with the addition of functional imaging, much progress has been done on cerebellar structure and function in health and disease, and, as a consequence, the theories refined. Accordingly, the cerebellum may be useful but not necessary for the execution of motor, sensory or cognitive tasks, but, rather, would participate as an efficiency facilitator of neurologic functions by improving speed and skill in performance of tasks produced by the cerebral area to which it is reciprocally connected. At the subcortical level, critical regions in these processes are the basal ganglia and thalamic nuclei. Altogether, a modulatory role of the cerebellum over multiple brain regions appears compelling, mainly by considering the complexity of its reciprocal connections to common neural networks involved in motor, vestibular, cognitive, affective, sensory, and autonomic processing—all functions affected at different phases and degrees across the migraine spectrum. Despite the many associations between cerebellum and migraine, it is not known whether this structure contributes to migraine initiation, symptoms generation or headache. Specific cerebellar dysfunction via genetically driven excitatory/inhibitory imbalances, oligemia and/or increased risk to white matter lesions has been proposed as a critical contributor to migraine pathogenesis. Therefore, given that neural projections and functions of many brainstem, midbrain and forebrain areas are shared between the cerebellum and migraine trigeminovascular pathways, this review will provide a synopsis on cerebellar structure and function, its role in trigeminal pain, and an updated overview of relevant clinical and preclinical literature on the potential role of cerebellar networks in migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noseda
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rodrigo Noseda
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7
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Arnavut E, Hamilton J, Yao R, Sajjad M, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu D, Thanos PK. Abstinence following intermittent methylphenidate exposure dose-dependently modifies brain glucose metabolism in the rat brain. Synapse 2022; 76:17-30. [PMID: 35730134 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a psychostimulant chronically prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, MP users may take breaks from using the medication during "drug holidays," which may include short-term or long-term breaks from medication. The present study utilized fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to analyze the effects of chronic oral MP use and abstinence on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats at two different doses: high dose (HD) and low dose (LD). The schedule of treatment was 3 weeks on-treatment and 1 week off-treatment for a period of 13 weeks, followed by an abstinence period of 4 total weeks. Results showed that chronic MP treatment using this schedule did not lead to significant changes in BGluM when comparing the control to HD MP groups. However, significant activation in BGluM was observed after periods of abstinence between control and HD MP rats in the following brain regions: the trigeminal nucleus, reticular nucleus, inferior olive, lemniscus, mesencephalic reticular formation, inferior colliculus, and several areas of the cerebellum. These brain regions and functional brain circuit play a role in facial sensory function, the auditory pathway, organizing connections between the thalamus and cortex, motor learning, auditory function, control over eye movement, auditory information integration, and both motor and cognitive functions. These results, when considered with previous studies, indicate that MP schedule of use may have differing effects on BGluM. BGluM following long-term MP use was dependent on MP dose and schedule of use in rats. This study was conducted in non-ADHD model rats with the aim to establish an understanding of the effects of MP itself, especially given the growing chronic off-label and prescribed use of MP. Further studies are needed for analysis of the drug's effects on an ADHD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliz Arnavut
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - David Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Psychology, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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8
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Silkis IG. Hypothetical Mechanism of Resting Tremor in Parkinson’s Disease. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Sival DA, Noort SAMV, Tijssen MAJ, de Koning TJ, Verbeek DS. Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and Basal Ganglia connections. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:123-129. [PMID: 34954622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of mixed phenotypes of Early Onset Ataxia (EOA) with comorbid dystonia has shifted the pathogenetic concept from the cerebellum towards the interconnected cerebellar motor network. This paper on EOA with comorbid dystonia (EOA-dystonia) explores the conceptual relationship between the motor phenotype and the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. METHODS In EOA-dystonia, we reviewed anatomic-, genetic- and biochemical-studies on the comorbidity between ataxia and dystonia. RESULTS In a clinical EOA cohort, the prevalence of dystonia was over 60%. Both human and animal studies converge on the underlying role for the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. Genetic -clinical and -in silico network studies reveal underlying biological pathways for energy production and neural signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS EOA-dystonia phenotypes are attributable to the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network, instead of to the cerebellum, alone. The underlying anatomic and pathogenetic pathways have clinical implications for our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype, neuro-metabolic and genetic testing and potentially also for new treatment strategies, including neuro-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Genetics University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Pernía-Andrade AJ, Wenger N, Esposito MS, Tovote P. Circuits for State-Dependent Modulation of Locomotion. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:745689. [PMID: 34858153 PMCID: PMC8631332 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.745689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-wide neural circuits enable bi- and quadrupeds to express adaptive locomotor behaviors in a context- and state-dependent manner, e.g., in response to threats or rewards. These behaviors include dynamic transitions between initiation, maintenance and termination of locomotion. Advances within the last decade have revealed an intricate coordination of these individual locomotion phases by complex interaction of multiple brain circuits. This review provides an overview of the neural basis of state-dependent modulation of locomotion initiation, maintenance and termination, with a focus on insights from circuit-centered studies in rodents. The reviewed evidence indicates that a brain-wide network involving excitatory circuit elements connecting cortex, midbrain and medullary areas appears to be the common substrate for the initiation of locomotion across different higher-order states. Specific network elements within motor cortex and the mesencephalic locomotor region drive the initial postural adjustment and the initiation of locomotion. Microcircuits of the basal ganglia, by implementing action-selection computations, trigger goal-directed locomotion. The initiation of locomotion is regulated by neuromodulatory circuits residing in the basal forebrain, the hypothalamus, and medullary regions such as locus coeruleus. The maintenance of locomotion requires the interaction of an even larger neuronal network involving motor, sensory and associative cortical elements, as well as defined circuits within the superior colliculus, the cerebellum, the periaqueductal gray, the mesencephalic locomotor region and the medullary reticular formation. Finally, locomotor arrest as an important component of defensive emotional states, such as acute anxiety, is mediated via a network of survival circuits involving hypothalamus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray and medullary premotor centers. By moving beyond the organizational principle of functional brain regions, this review promotes a circuit-centered perspective of locomotor regulation by higher-order states, and emphasizes the importance of individual network elements such as cell types and projection pathways. The realization that dysfunction within smaller, identifiable circuit elements can affect the larger network function supports more mechanistic and targeted therapeutic intervention in the treatment of motor network disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria S Esposito
- Medical Physics Department, Centro Atomico Bariloche, Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Philip Tovote
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Nicholson CL, Coubes P, Poulen G. Dentate nucleus as target for deep brain stimulation in dystono-dyskinetic syndromes. Neurochirurgie 2020; 66:258-265. [PMID: 32623056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the potential of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the dentate nucleus as a treatment for dystono-dyskinetic syndromes. METHODS An extensive literature review covered the anatomy and physiology of the dentate nucleus and the experimental evidence for its involvement in the pathophysiology of dystonia and dyskinesia. RESULTS Evidence from animal models and from functional imaging in humans is strongly in favor of involvement of the dentate nucleus in dystono-dyskinetic syndromes. Results from previous surgical series of dentate nucleus stimulation were promising but precise description of movement disorders being treated were lacking and outcome measures were generally not well defined. CONCLUSIONS In the light of new evidence regarding the involvement of the dentate nucleus in dystono-dyskinetic syndromes, we present a review of the current literature and discuss why the question of dentate nucleus stimulation deserves to be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Nicholson
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - P Coubes
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; IGF, 34094 Montpellier, France; CNRS UMR5203, 34094 Montpellier, France; Inserm, U661, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier I, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - G Poulen
- Service de neurochirurgie, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; IGF, 34094 Montpellier, France; CNRS UMR5203, 34094 Montpellier, France; Inserm, U661, 34094 Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier I, 34094 Montpellier, France.
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12
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Menardy F, Varani AP, Combes A, Léna C, Popa D. Functional Alteration of Cerebello-Cerebral Coupling in an Experimental Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1752-1766. [PMID: 30715237 PMCID: PMC6418382 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons is consistently associated with modified metabolic activity in the cerebellum. Here we examined the functional reorganization taking place in the cerebello-cerebral circuit in a murine model of Parkinson's disease with 6-OHDA lesion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Cerebellar optogenetic stimulations evoked similar movements in control and lesioned mice, suggesting a normal coupling of cerebellum to the motor effectors after the lesion. In freely moving animals, the firing rate in the primary motor cortex was decreased after the lesion, while cerebellar nuclei neurons showed an increased firing rate. This increase may result from reduced inhibitory Purkinje cells inputs, since a population of slow and irregular Purkinje cells was observed in the cerebellar hemispheres of lesioned animals. Moreover, cerebellar stimulations generated smaller electrocortical responses in the motor cortex of lesioned animals suggesting a weaker cerebello-cerebral coupling. Overall these results indicate the presence of functional changes in the cerebello-cerebral circuit, but their ability to correct cortical dysfunction may be limited due to functional uncoupling between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Menardy
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Pablo Varani
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Combes
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Popa
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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13
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Bostan AC, Strick PL. The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:338-350. [PMID: 29643480 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered to be distinct subcortical systems that perform unique functional operations. The outputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum influence many of the same cortical areas but do so by projecting to distinct thalamic nuclei. As a consequence, the two subcortical systems were thought to be independent and to communicate only at the level of the cerebral cortex. Here, we review recent data showing that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are interconnected at the subcortical level. The subthalamic nucleus in the basal ganglia is the source of a dense disynaptic projection to the cerebellar cortex. Similarly, the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum is the source of a dense disynaptic projection to the striatum. These observations lead to a new functional perspective that the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex form an integrated network. This network is topographically organized so that the motor, cognitive and affective territories of each node in the network are interconnected. This perspective explains how synaptic modifications or abnormal activity at one node can have network-wide effects. A future challenge is to define how the unique learning mechanisms at each network node interact to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea C Bostan
- Systems Neuroscience Center and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Peter L Strick
- Systems Neuroscience Center and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute and Departments of Neurobiology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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14
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Stefani A, Grandi LC, Galati S. Deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus modulates subthalamic pathological oscillations. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 128:49-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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15
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Vitale F, Capozzo A, Mazzone P, Scarnati E. Neurophysiology of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurobiol Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Pickford J, Apps R, Bashir ZI. Muscarinic Receptor Modulation of the Cerebellar Interpositus Nucleus In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:627-635. [PMID: 30117095 PMCID: PMC6420442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How the cerebellum carries out its functions is not clear, even for its established roles in motor control. In particular, little is known about how the cerebellar nuclei (CN) integrate their synaptic and neuromodulatory inputs to generate cerebellar output. CN neurons receive inhibitory inputs from Purkinje cells, excitatory inputs from mossy fibre and climbing fibre collaterals, as well as a variety of neuromodulatory inputs, including cholinergic inputs. In this study we tested how activation of acetylcholine receptors modulated firing rate, intrinsic properties and synaptic transmission in the CN. Using in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in the interpositus nucleus, the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol was shown to induce a short-term increase in firing rate, increase holding current and decrease input resistance of interpositus CN neurons. Carbachol also induced long-term depression of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents and a short-term depression of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents. All effects were shown to be dependent upon muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation. Overall, the present study has identified muscarinic receptor activation as a modulator of CN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pickford
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - R Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Z I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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17
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Ciric J, Kapor S, Perovic M, Saponjic J. Alterations of Sleep and Sleep Oscillations in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:148. [PMID: 30872994 PMCID: PMC6401659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) cholinopathy demonstrated the sleep-related alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations at the cortical and hippocampal levels, cortical drives, and sleep spindles (SSs) as the earliest functional biomarkers preceding hypokinesia. Our aim in this study was to follow the impact of a unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesion in rat on the cortical and hippocampal sleep architectures and their EEG microstructures, as well as the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations, and the SS and high voltage sleep spindle (HVS) dynamics during NREM and REM sleep. We performed unilateral SNpc lesions using two different concentrations/volumes of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 12 μg/1 μl or 12 μg/2 μl). Whereas the unilateral dopaminergic neuronal loss >50% throughout the overall SNpc rostro-caudal dimension prolonged the Wake state, with no change in the NREM or REM duration, there was a long-lasting theta amplitude augmentation across all sleep states in the motor cortex (MCx), but also in the CA1 hippocampus (Hipp) during both Wake and REM sleep. We demonstrate that SS are the hallmarks of NREM sleep, but that they also occur during REM sleep in the MCx and Hipp of the control rats. Whereas SS are always longer in REM vs. NREM sleep in both structures, they are consistently slower in the Hipp. The dopaminergic neuronal loss increased the density of SS in both structures and shortened them in the MCx during NREM sleep, without changing the intrinsic frequency. Conversely, HVS are the hallmarks of REM sleep in the control rats, slower in the Hipp vs. MCx, and the dopaminergic neuronal loss increased their density in the MCx, but shortened them more consistently in the Hipp during REM sleep. In addition, there was an altered synchronization of the EEG oscillations between the MCx and Hipp in different sleep states, particularly the theta and sigma coherences during REM sleep. We provide novel evidence for the importance of the SNpc dopaminergic innervation in sleep regulation, theta rhythm generation, and SS/HVS dynamics control. We suggest the importance of the underlying REM sleep regulatory substrate to HVS generation and duration and to the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Kapor
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Bedard MA, Aghourian M, Legault-Denis C, Postuma RB, Soucy JP, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A, Montplaisir J. Brain cholinergic alterations in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a PET imaging study with 18F-FEOBV. Sleep Med 2019; 58:35-41. [PMID: 31078078 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) occurs frequently in patients with synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy body, or multiple system atrophy, but may also occur as a prodromal stage of those diseases; and is termed idiopathic RBD (iRBD) when not accompanied by other symptoms. Cholinergic degeneration of the mesopontine nuclei have been described in synucleinopathies with or without RBD, but this has not yet been explored in iRBD. We sought to assess cholinergic neuronal integrity in iRBD using PET neuroimaging with the 18F-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol (FEOBV). METHODS The sample included 10 participants evenly divided between healthy subjects and patients with iRBD. Polysomnography and PET imaging with FEOBV were performed in all participants. Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were compared between the two groups using voxel wise t-tests. Non-parametric correlations were also computed in patients with iRBD between FEOBV uptake and muscle tonic and phasic activity during REM sleep. RESULTS Compared with healthy participants, significantly higher FEOBV uptakes were observed in patients with iRBD. The largest differences were observed in specific brainstem areas corresponding to the bulbar reticular formation, pontine coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex, tegmental periacqueductal grey, and mesopontine cholinergic nuclei. FEOBV uptake in iRBD was also higher than in controls in the ventromedial area of the thalamus, deep cerebellar nuclei, and some cortical territories (including the paracentral lobule, anterior cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortex). Significant correlation was found between muscle activity during REM sleep, and SUVR increases in both the mesopontine area and paracentral cortex. CONCLUSION We showed here for the first time the brain cholinergic alterations in patients with iRBD. As opposed to the cholinergic depletion described previously in RBD associated with clinical Parkinson's disease, increased cholinergic innervation was found in multiple areas in iRBD. The most significant changes were observed in brainstem areas containing structures involved in the promotion of REM sleep and muscle atonia. This suggests that iRBD might be a clinical condition in which compensatory cholinergic upregulation in those areas occurs in association with the initial phases of a neurodegenerative process leading to a clinically observable synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Bedard
- NeuroQAM Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Meghmik Aghourian
- NeuroQAM Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Camille Legault-Denis
- NeuroQAM Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- NeuroQAM Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Canada; Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada
| | - Amélie Pelletier
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada
| | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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19
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Albin RL, Bohnen NI, Muller MLTM, Dauer WT, Sarter M, Frey KA, Koeppe RA. Regional vesicular acetylcholine transporter distribution in human brain: A [ 18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol positron emission tomography study. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2884-2897. [PMID: 30255936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior efforts to image cholinergic projections in human brain in vivo had significant technical limitations. We used the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) ligand [18 F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18 F]FEOBV) and positron emission tomography to determine the regional distribution of VAChT binding sites in normal human brain. We studied 29 subjects (mean age 47 [range 20-81] years; 18 men; 11 women). [18 F]FEOBV binding was highest in striatum, intermediate in the amygdala, hippocampal formation, thalamus, rostral brainstem, some cerebellar regions, and lower in other regions. Neocortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with relatively high binding in insula, BA24, BA25, BA27, BA28, BA34, BA35, pericentral cortex, and lowest in BA17-19. Thalamic [18 F]FEOBV binding was inhomogeneous with greatest binding in the lateral geniculate nuclei and relatively high binding in medial and posterior thalamus. Cerebellar cortical [18 F]FEOBV binding was high in vermis and flocculus, and lower in the lateral cortices. Brainstem [18 F]FEOBV binding was most prominent at the mesopontine junction, likely associated with the pedunculopontine-laterodorsal tegmental complex. Significant [18 F]FEOBV binding was present throughout the brainstem. Some regions, including the striatum, primary sensorimotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex exhibited age-related decreases in [18 F]FEOBV binding. These results are consistent with prior studies of cholinergic projections in other species and prior postmortem human studies. There is a distinctive pattern of human neocortical VChAT expression. The patterns of thalamic and cerebellar cortical cholinergic terminal distribution are likely unique to humans. Normal aging is associated with regionally specific reductions in [18 F]FEOBV binding in some cortical regions and the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martijn L T M Muller
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William T Dauer
- Neurology Service & GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin Sarter
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- University of Michigan Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Research in Parkinson's Disease, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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20
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Ciric J, Lazic K, Kapor S, Perovic M, Petrovic J, Pesic V, Kanazir S, Saponjic J. Sleep disorder and altered locomotor activity as biomarkers of the Parkinson’s disease cholinopathy in rat. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Mazzone P, Vitale F, Capozzo A, Viselli F, Scarnati E. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Pienaar IS, Vernon A, Winn P. The Cellular Diversity of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus: Relevance to Behavior in Health and Aspects of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:415-431. [PMID: 27932591 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416682471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a rostral brainstem structure that has extensive connections with basal ganglia nuclei and the thalamus. Through these the PPN contributes to neural circuits that effect cortical and hippocampal activity. The PPN also has descending connections to nuclei of the pontine and medullary reticular formations, deep cerebellar nuclei, and the spinal cord. Interest in the PPN has increased dramatically since it was first suggested to be a novel target for treating patients with Parkinson's disease who are refractory to medication. However, application of frequency-specific electrical stimulation of the PPN has produced inconsistent results. A central reason for this is that the PPN is not a heterogeneous structure. In this article, we review current knowledge of the neurochemical identity and topographical distribution of neurons within the PPN of both humans and experimental animals, focusing on studies that used neuronally selective targeting strategies to ascertain how the neurochemical heterogeneity of the PPN relates to its diverse functions in relation to movement and cognitive processes. If the therapeutic potential of the PPN is to be realized, it is critical to understand the complex structure-function relationships that exist here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Pienaar
- 1 Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Cane Road, London, UK.,2 Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony Vernon
- 3 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Winn
- 4 Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Mori F, Okada KI, Nomura T, Kobayashi Y. The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus as a Motor and Cognitive Interface between the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:109. [PMID: 27872585 PMCID: PMC5097925 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component of ascending activating systems, brainstem cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) are involved in the regulation of motor control (locomotion, posture and gaze) and cognitive processes (attention, learning and memory). The PPTg is highly interconnected with several regions of the basal ganglia, and one of its key functions is to regulate and relay activity from the basal ganglia. Together, they have been implicated in the motor control system (such as voluntary movement initiation or inhibition), and modulate aspects of executive function (such as motivation). In addition to its intimate connection with the basal ganglia, projections from the PPTg to the cerebellum have been recently reported to synaptically activate the deep cerebellar nuclei. Classically, the cerebellum and basal ganglia were regarded as forming separated anatomical loops that play a distinct functional role in motor and cognitive behavioral control. Here, we suggest that the PPTg may also act as an interface device between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. As such, part of the therapeutic effect of PPTg deep brain stimulation (DBS) to relieve gait freezing and postural instability in advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients might also involve modulation of the cerebellum. We review the anatomical position and role of the PPTg in the pathway of basal ganglia and cerebellum in relation to motor control, cognitive function and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Mori
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Visual Neuroscience Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okada
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Visual Neuroscience Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Taishin Nomura
- Bio-Dynamics Group, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Visual Neuroscience Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan; Research Center for Behavioral Economics, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
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24
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Scarnati E, Vitale F, Capozzo A, Mazzone P. Cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the cerebellum: implications for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:729-30. [PMID: 27335550 PMCID: PMC4904457 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Scarnati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Medical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila-L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Medical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila-L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Capozzo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Medical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila-L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Mazzone
- Operative Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Regional Center for Functional Neurosurgery and DBS, Rome, Italy
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25
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Mena-Segovia J. Structural and functional considerations of the cholinergic brainstem. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:731-736. [PMID: 26945862 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons of the brainstem have traditionally been associated with a role in wakefulness as part of the reticular activating system, but their function cannot be explained solely on the basis of their modulation of the brain state. Recent findings about their connectivity and functional heterogeneity suggest a wider role in behavior, where basal ganglia is at the center of their influence. This review focuses on recent findings that suggest an intrinsic functional organization of the cholinergic brainstem that is closely correlated with its connectivity with midbrain and forebrain circuits. Furthermore, recent evidence on the temporal structure of the activation of brainstem cholinergic neurons reveals fundamental aspects about the nature of cholinergic signaling. Consideration of the cholinergic brainstem complex in the context of wider brain circuits is critical to understand its contribution to normal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mena-Segovia
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Aidekman Research Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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26
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Mazzone P, Vilela Filho O, Viselli F, Insola A, Sposato S, Vitale F, Scarnati E. Our first decade of experience in deep brain stimulation of the brainstem: elucidating the mechanism of action of stimulation of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:751-767. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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