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Garofalo M, Vansenne F, Sival DA, Verbeek DS. Pathogenetic Insights into Developmental Coordination Disorder Reveal Substantial Overlap with Movement Disorders. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1625. [PMID: 38137073 PMCID: PMC10741651 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by non-progressive central motor impairments. Mild movement disorder features have been observed in DCD. Until now, the etiology of DCD has been unclear. Recent studies suggested a genetic substrate in some patients with DCD, but comprehensive knowledge about associated genes and underlying pathogenetic mechanisms is still lacking. In this study, we first identified genes described in the literature in patients with a diagnosis of DCD according to the official diagnostic criteria. Second, we exposed the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of DCD, by investigating tissue- and temporal gene expression patterns and brain-specific biological mechanisms. Third, we explored putative shared pathogenetic mechanisms between DCD and frequent movement disorders with a known genetic component, including ataxia, chorea, dystonia, and myoclonus. We identified 12 genes associated with DCD in the literature, which are ubiquitously expressed in the central nervous system throughout brain development. These genes are involved in cellular processes, neural signaling, and nervous system development. There was a remarkable overlap (62%) in pathogenetic mechanisms between DCD-associated genes and genes linked with movement disorders. Our findings suggest that some patients might have a genetic etiology of DCD, which could be considered part of a pathogenetic movement disorder spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinica Garofalo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (D.A.S.)
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Fleur Vansenne
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah A. Sival
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (D.A.S.)
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Noort SAM, van der Veen S, de Koning TJ, de Koning-Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS, Sival DA. Early onset ataxia with comorbid myoclonus and epilepsy: A disease spectrum with shared molecular pathways and cortico-thalamo-cerebellar network involvement. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 45:47-54. [PMID: 37301083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early onset ataxia (EOA) concerns a heterogeneous disease group, often presenting with other comorbid phenotypes such as myoclonus and epilepsy. Due to genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, it can be difficult to identify the underlying gene defect from the clinical symptoms. The pathological mechanisms underlying comorbid EOA phenotypes remain largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the key pathological mechanisms in EOA with myoclonus and/or epilepsy. METHODS For 154 EOA-genes we investigated (1) the associated phenotype (2) reported anatomical neuroimaging abnormalities, and (3) functionally enriched biological pathways through in silico analysis. We assessed the validity of our in silico results by outcome comparison to a clinical EOA-cohort (80 patients, 31 genes). RESULTS EOA associated gene mutations cause a spectrum of disorders, including myoclonic and epileptic phenotypes. Cerebellar imaging abnormalities were observed in 73-86% (cohort and in silico respectively) of EOA-genes independently of phenotypic comorbidity. EOA phenotypes with comorbid myoclonus and myoclonus/epilepsy were specifically associated with abnormalities in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. EOA, myoclonus and epilepsy genes shared enriched pathways involved in neurotransmission and neurodevelopment both in the in silico and clinical genes. EOA gene subgroups with myoclonus and epilepsy showed specific enrichment for lysosomal and lipid processes. CONCLUSIONS The investigated EOA phenotypes revealed predominantly cerebellar abnormalities, with thalamo-cortical abnormalities in the mixed phenotypes, suggesting anatomical network involvement in EOA pathogenesis. The studied phenotypes exhibit a shared biomolecular pathogenesis, with some specific phenotype-dependent pathways. Mutations in EOA, epilepsy and myoclonus associated genes can all cause heterogeneous ataxia phenotypes, which supports exome sequencing with a movement disorder panel over conventional single gene panel testing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sterre van der Veen
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina A J de Koning-Tijssen
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah A Sival
- Department of Paediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Garofalo M, Vansenne F, Verbeek DS, Sival DA. The pathogenetic basis for a disease continuum in early- and late-onset ataxia-dystonia supports a unified genetic diagnostic approach. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 43:44-51. [PMID: 36905829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetically inherited ataxic disorders are classified by their age of disease presentation into early- and late-onset ataxia (EOA and LOA, presenting before or after the 25th year-of-life). In both disease groups, comorbid dystonia co-occurs frequently. Despite overlapping genes and pathogenetic features, EOA, LOA and dystonia are considered as different genetic entities with a separate diagnostic approach. This often leads to diagnostic delay. So far, the possibility of a disease continuum between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia has not been explored in silico. In the present study, we analyzed the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. METHODS We analyzed the association of 267 ataxia genes with comorbid dystonia and anatomical MRI lesions in literature. We compared anatomical damage, biological pathways, and temporal cerebellar gene expression between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. RESULTS The majority (≈65%) of ataxia genes were associated with comorbid dystonia in literature. Both EOA and LOA gene groups with comorbid dystonia were significantly associated with lesions in the cortico-basal-ganglia-pontocerebellar network. EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups were enriched for biological pathways related to nervous system development, neural signaling and cellular processes. All genes revealed similar cerebellar gene expression levels before and after 25 years of age and during cerebellar development. CONCLUSION In EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups, our findings show similar anatomical damage, underlying biological pathways and temporal cerebellar gene expression patterns. These findings may suggest the existence of a disease continuum, supporting the diagnostic use of a unified genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Vansenne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Ghorbani F, de Boer EN, Benjamins-Stok M, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Knapper J, de Boer-Bergsma J, de Vries JJ, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Verbeek DS, Westers H, van Diemen CC. Copy Number Variant Analysis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Genes in a Cohort of Dutch Patients With Cerebellar Ataxia. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200050. [PMID: 38058854 PMCID: PMC10696507 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders generally caused by single nucleotide variants (SNVs) or indels in coding regions or by repeat expansions in coding and noncoding regions of SCA genes. Copy number variants (CNVs) have now also been reported for 3 genes-ITPR1, FGF14, and SPTBN2-but not all SCA genes have been screened for CNVs as the underlying cause of the disease in patients. In this study, we aim to assess the prevalence of CNVs encompassing 36 known SCA genes. Methods A cohort of patients with cerebellar ataxia who were referred to the University Medical Center Groningen for SCA genetic diagnostics was selected for this study. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed using the Infinium Global Screening Array. Following data processing, genotyping data were uploaded into NxClinical software to perform CNV analysis per patient and to visualize identified CNVs in 36 genes with allocated SCA symbols. The clinical relevance of detected CNVs was determined using evidence from studies based on PubMed literature searches for similar CNVs and phenotypic features. Results Of the 338 patients with cerebellar ataxia, we identified putative clinically relevant CNV deletions in 3 patients: an identical deletion encompassing ITPR1 in 2 patients, who turned out to be related, and a deletion involving PPP2R2B in another patient. Although the CNV deletion in ITPR1 was clearly the underlying cause of SCA15 in the 2 related patients, the clinical significance of the deletion in PPP2R2B remained unknown. Discussion We showed that CNVs detectable with the limited resolution of SNP array are a very rare cause of SCA. Nevertheless, we suggest adding CNV analysis alongside SNV analysis to SCA gene diagnostics using next-generation sequencing approaches, at least for ITPR1, to improve the genetic diagnostics for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eddy N de Boer
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Benjamins-Stok
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corien C Verschuuren-Bemelmans
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Knapper
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelkje de Boer-Bergsma
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J de Vries
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Helga Westers
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cleo C van Diemen
- From the Department of Genetics (F.G., E.N.d.B., M.B.-S., C.C.V.-B., J.K., J.d.B.-B., B.S.-R., D.S.V., H.W., C.C.v.D.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (J.J.d.V.), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Vansenne F, Fock JM, Stolte-Dijkstra I, Meiners LC, van den Boogaard MJH, Jaeger B, Boven L, Vos YJ, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Phenotypic expansion of EGP5-related Vici syndrome: 15 Dutch patients carrying a founder variant. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 41:91-98. [PMID: 36410285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vici syndrome (OMIM 242840) is a very rare autosomal recessive multisystem disorder first described in 1988. In 2013, bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in EPG5 were reported to cause Vici syndrome. Five principal diagnostic features of Vici syndrome have been proposed: agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, hypopigmentation, and combined immunodeficiency. We identified 15 patients carrying a homozygous founder missense variant in EPG5 who all exhibit a less severe clinical phenotype than classic Vici syndrome. All 15 show typical brain abnormalities on MRI. The homozygous founder variant in EPG5 they carry results in a shorter in-frame transcript and truncated, but likely still residual, EPG5 protein. We speculate that the residual EPG5 protein explains their attenuated phenotype, which is consistent with two previous observations that low expression of EPG5 can lead to an attenuated Vici syndrome phenotype. We propose renaming this condition EPG5-related neurodevelopmental disorder to emphasize the clinical variability of patients with bi-allelic mutations in EPG5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Vansenne
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M Fock
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Stolte-Dijkstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linda C Meiners
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ludolf Boven
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne J Vos
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ghorbani F, Alimohamed MZ, Vilacha JF, Van Dijk KK, De Boer-Bergsma J, Fokkens MR, Lemmink H, Sijmons RH, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Groves MR, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Verbeek DS, Van Diemen CC, Westers H. Feasibility of Follow-Up Studies and Reclassification in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Gene Variants of Unknown Significance. Front Genet 2022; 13:782685. [PMID: 35401678 PMCID: PMC8990126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.782685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic testing for SCA leads to diagnosis, prognosis and risk assessment for patients and their family members. While advances in sequencing and computing technologies have provided researchers with a rapid expansion in the genetic test content that can be used to unravel the genetic causes that underlie diseases, the large number of variants with unknown significance (VUSes) detected represent challenges. To minimize the proportion of VUSes, follow-up studies are needed to aid in their reclassification as either (likely) pathogenic or (likely) benign variants. In this study, we addressed the challenge of prioritizing VUSes for follow-up using (a combination of) variant segregation studies, 3D protein modeling, in vitro splicing assays and functional assays. Of the 39 VUSes prioritized for further analysis, 13 were eligible for follow up. We were able to reclassify 4 of these VUSes to LP, increasing the molecular diagnostic yield by 1.1%. Reclassification of VUSes remains difficult due to limited possibilities for performing variant segregation studies in the classification process and the limited availability of routine functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Z. Alimohamed
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juliana F. Vilacha
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Krista K. Van Dijk
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelkje De Boer-Bergsma
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel R. Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henny Lemmink
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rolf H. Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Sikkema-Raddatz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Structural Biology in Drug Design, Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dineke S. Verbeek,
| | - Cleo C. Van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Helga Westers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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7
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Sival DA, Noort SAMV, Tijssen MAJ, de Koning TJ, Verbeek DS. Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and Basal Ganglia connections. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:123-129. [PMID: 34954622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of mixed phenotypes of Early Onset Ataxia (EOA) with comorbid dystonia has shifted the pathogenetic concept from the cerebellum towards the interconnected cerebellar motor network. This paper on EOA with comorbid dystonia (EOA-dystonia) explores the conceptual relationship between the motor phenotype and the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. METHODS In EOA-dystonia, we reviewed anatomic-, genetic- and biochemical-studies on the comorbidity between ataxia and dystonia. RESULTS In a clinical EOA cohort, the prevalence of dystonia was over 60%. Both human and animal studies converge on the underlying role for the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. Genetic -clinical and -in silico network studies reveal underlying biological pathways for energy production and neural signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS EOA-dystonia phenotypes are attributable to the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network, instead of to the cerebellum, alone. The underlying anatomic and pathogenetic pathways have clinical implications for our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype, neuro-metabolic and genetic testing and potentially also for new treatment strategies, including neuro-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Genetics University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ma KY, Fokkens MR, van Laar T, Verbeek DS. Systematic analysis of PINK1 variants of unknown significance shows intact mitophagy function for most variants. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:113. [PMID: 34893635 PMCID: PMC8664852 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in PINK1 cause early-onset Parkinson's disease. Although many PINK1 variants have been reported, the clinical significance is uncertain for the majority of them. To gain insights into the consequences of PINK1 missense variants in a systematic manner, we selected 50 PINK1 missense variants from patient- and population-wide databases and systematically classified them using Sherloc, a comprehensive framework for variant interpretation based on ACMG-AMP guidelines. We then performed functional experiments, including mitophagy and Parkin recruitment assays, to assess the downstream consequences of PINK1 variants. Analysis of PINK1 missense variants based on Sherloc showed that the patient databases over-annotate variants as likely pathogenic. Furthermore, our study shows that pathogenic PINK1 variants are most often linked to a loss-of-function for mitophagy and Parkin recruitment, while this is not observed for variants of unknown significance. In addition to the Sherloc framework, the added layer of evidence of our functional tests suggests a reclassification of 9/50 missense variants. In conclusion, we suggest the assessment of multiple layers of evidence, including functional data on top of available clinical and population-based data, to support the clinical classification of a variant and show that the presence of a missense variant in PINK1 in a Parkinson's disease case does not automatically imply pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu Ma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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van der Weijden MCM, Rodriguez-Contreras D, Neve KA, Verbeek DS, Tijssen MAJ. Reply to: "Childhood Onset Chorea Caused by a Recurrent De Novo DRD2 Variant". Mov Disord 2021; 36:1473-1474. [PMID: 34145634 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlous C M van der Weijden
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kim A Neve
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Rodriguez-Contreras D, Condon AF, Buck DC, Asad N, Dore TM, Verbeek DS, Tijssen MAJ, Shinde U, Williams JT, Neve KA. Signaling-Biased and Constitutively Active Dopamine D2 Receptor Variant. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1873-1884. [PMID: 33974399 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dopamine D2 receptor mutation was recently identified in a family with a novel hyperkinetic movement disorder. Compared to the wild type D2 receptor, the novel allelic variant D2-I212F activates a Gαi1β1γ2 heterotrimer with higher potency and modestly enhanced basal activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and has decreased capacity to recruit arrestin3. We now report that omitting overexpressed G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) decreased the potency and efficacy of quinpirole for arrestin recruitment. The relative efficacy of quinpirole for arrestin recruitment to D2-I212F compared to D2-WT was considerably lower without overexpressed GRK2 than with added GRK2. D2-I212F exhibited higher basal activation of GαoA than Gαi1 but little or no increase in the potency of quinpirole relative to D2-WT. Other signs of D2-I212F constitutive activity for G protein-mediated signaling, in addition to basal activation of Gαi/o, were enhanced basal inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation that was reversed by the inverse agonists sulpiride and spiperone and a ∼4-fold increase in the apparent affinity of D2-I212F for quinpirole, determined from competition binding assays. In mouse midbrain slices, inhibition of tonic current by the inverse agonist sulpiride in dopamine neurons expressing D2-I212F was consistent with our hypothesis of enhanced constitutive activity and sensitivity to dopamine relative to D2-WT. Molecular dynamics simulations with D2 receptor models suggested that an ionic lock between the cytoplasmic ends of the third and sixth α-helices that constrains many G protein-coupled receptors in an inactive conformation spontaneously breaks in D2-I212F. Overall, these results confirm that D2-I212F is a constitutively active and signaling-biased D2 receptor mutant and also suggest that the effect of the likely pathogenic variant in a given brain region will depend on the nature of G protein and GRK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Rodriguez-Contreras
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Alec F. Condon
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - David C. Buck
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders and Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A. J. Tijssen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Kim A. Neve
- Research Service, VA Portland Health Care System, and Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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11
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Abstract
The WDR45 gene is localized on the X-chromosome and variants in this gene are linked to six different neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., ß-propeller protein associated neurodegeneration, Rett-like syndrome, intellectual disability, and epileptic encephalopathies including developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and West syndrome and potentially also specific malignancies. WDR45/WIPI4 is a WD-repeat β-propeller protein that belongs to the WIPI (WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting) family. The precise cellular function of WDR45 is still largely unknown, but deletions or conventional variants in WDR45 can lead to macroautophagy/autophagy defects, malfunctioning mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unbalanced iron homeostasis, suggesting that this protein functions in one or more pathways regulating directly or indirectly those processes. As a result, the underlying cause of the WDR45-associated disorders remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the cellular and physiological functions of WDR45 and highlight how genetic variants in its encoding gene may contribute to the pathophysiology of the associated diseases. In particular, we connect clinical manifestations of the disorders with their potential cellular origin of malfunctioning and critically discuss whether it is possible that one of the most prominent shared features, i.e., brain iron accumulation, is the primary cause for those disorders. Abbreviations: ATG/Atg: autophagy related; BPAN: ß-propeller protein associated neurodegeneration; CNS: central nervous system; DEE: developmental and epileptic encephalopathy; EEG: electroencephalograph; ENO2/neuron-specific enolase, enolase 2; EOEE: early-onset epileptic encephalopathy; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ID: intellectual disability; IDR: intrinsically disordered region; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NBIA: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; RLS: Rett-like syndrome; WDR45: WD repeat domain 45; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent So
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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van der Weijden MC, Rodriguez‐Contreras D, Delnooz CC, Robinson BG, Condon AF, Kielhold ML, Stormezand GN, Ma KY, Dufke C, Williams JT, Neve KA, Tijssen MA, Verbeek DS. A Gain-of-Function Variant in Dopamine D2 Receptor and Progressive Chorea and Dystonia Phenotype. Mov Disord 2021; 36:729-739. [PMID: 33200438 PMCID: PMC8049080 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe a 4-generation Dutch pedigree with a unique dominantly inherited clinical phenotype of a combined progressive chorea and cervical dystonia carrying a novel heterozygous dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) variant. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify the genetic cause of the disease and to further investigate the functional consequences of the genetic variant. METHODS After detailed clinical and neurological examination, whole-exome sequencing was performed. Because a novel variant in the DRD2 gene was found as the likely causative gene defect in our pedigree, we sequenced the DRD2 gene in a cohort of 121 Huntington-like cases with unknown genetic cause (Germany). Moreover, functional characterization of the DRD2 variant included arrestin recruitment, G protein activation, and G protein-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase determined in a cell model, and G protein-regulated inward-rectifying potassium channels measured in midbrain slices of mice. RESULT We identified a novel heterozygous variant c.634A > T, p.Ile212Phe in exon 5 of DRD2 that cosegregated with the clinical phenotype. Screening of the German cohort did not reveal additional putative disease-causing variants. We demonstrated that the D2S/L -I212 F receptor exhibited increased agonist potency and constitutive activation of G proteins in human embryonic kidney 239 cells as well as significantly reduced arrestin3 recruitment. We further showed that the D2S -I212 F receptor exhibited aberrant receptor function in mouse midbrain slices. CONCLUSIONS Our results support an association between the novel p.Ile212Phe variant in DRD2, its modified D2 receptor activity, and the hyperkinetic movement disorder reported in the 4-generation pedigree. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous C.M. van der Weijden
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Alec F. Condon
- Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Michelle L. Kielhold
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Gilles N. Stormezand
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Kai Yu Ma
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Claudia Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied GenomicsUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Kim A. Neve
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Research ServiceVirginia Portland Health Care SystemPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Marina A.J. Tijssen
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
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13
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Huang M, Nibbeling EAR, Lagrand TJ, Souza IA, Groen JL, Gandini MA, Zhang FX, Koelman JHTM, Adir N, Sinke RJ, Zamponi GW, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Rare functional missense variants in CACNA1H: What can we learn from Writer's cramp? Mol Brain 2021; 14:18. [PMID: 33478561 PMCID: PMC7819179 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Writer's cramp (WC) is a task-specific focal dystonia that occurs selectively in the hand and arm during writing. Previous studies have shown a role for genetics in the pathology of task-specific focal dystonia. However, to date, no causal gene has been reported for task-specific focal dystonia, including WC. In this study, we investigated the genetic background of a large Dutch family with autosomal dominant‒inherited WC that was negative for mutations in known dystonia genes. Whole exome sequencing identified 4 rare variants of unknown significance that segregated in the family. One candidate gene was selected for follow-up, Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 H, CACNA1H, due to its links with the known dystonia gene Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 17, KCTD17, and with paroxysmal movement disorders. Targeted resequencing of CACNA1H in 82 WC cases identified another rare, putative damaging variant in a familial WC case that did not segregate. Using structural modelling and functional studies in vitro, we show that both the segregating p.Arg481Cys variant and the non-segregating p.Glu1881Lys variant very likely cause structural changes to the Cav3.2 protein and lead to similar gains of function, as seen in an accelerated recovery from inactivation. Both mutant channels are thus available for re-activation earlier, which may lead to an increase in intracellular calcium and increased neuronal excitability. Overall, we conclude that rare functional variants in CACNA1H need to be interpreted very carefully, and additional studies are needed to prove that the p.Arg481Cys variant is the cause of WC in the large Dutch family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozhen Huang
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A R Nibbeling
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tjerk J Lagrand
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana A Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Justus L Groen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Gandini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fang-Xiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H T M Koelman
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, Israel
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Smeets CJLM, Ma KY, Fisher SE, Verbeek DS. Cerebellar developmental deficits underlie neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:239-252. [PMID: 33043513 PMCID: PMC7983976 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23) is a late‐onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slowly progressive gait and limb ataxia, for which there is no therapy available. It is caused by pathogenic variants in PDYN, which encodes prodynorphin (PDYN). PDYN is processed into the opioid peptides α‐neoendorphin and dynorphins (Dyn) A and B; inhibitory neurotransmitters that function in pain signaling, stress‐induced responses and addiction. Variants causing SCA23 mostly affect Dyn A, leading to loss of secondary structure and increased peptide stability. PDYNR212W mice express human PDYN containing the SCA23 variant p.R212W. These mice show progressive motor deficits from 3 months of age, climbing fiber (CF) deficits from 3 months of age, and Purkinje cell (PC) loss from 12 months of age. A mouse model for SCA1 showed similar CF deficits, and a recent study found additional developmental abnormalities, namely increased GABAergic interneuron connectivity and non‐cell autonomous disruption of PC function. As SCA23 mice show a similar pathology to SCA1 mice in adulthood, we hypothesized that SCA23 may also follow SCA1 pathology during development. Examining PDYNR212W cerebella during development, we uncovered developmental deficits from 2 weeks of age, namely a reduced number of GABAergic synapses on PC soma, possibly leading to the observed delay in early phase CF elimination between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Furthermore, CFs did not reach terminal height, leaving proximal PC dendrites open to be occupied by parallel fibers (PFs). The observed increase in vGlut1 protein—a marker for PF‐PC synapses—indicates that PFs indeed take over CF territory and have increased connectivity with PCs. Additionally, we detected altered expression of several critical Ca2+ channel subunits, potentially contributing to altered Ca2+ transients in PDYNR212W cerebella. These findings indicate that developmental abnormalities contribute to the SCA23 pathology and uncover a developmental role for PDYN in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Yu Ma
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Leotti VB, de Vries JJ, Oliveira CM, de Mattos EP, Te Meerman GJ, Brunt ER, Kampinga HH, Jardim LB, Verbeek DS. CAG Repeat Size Influences the Progression Rate of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:66-73. [PMID: 32978817 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD), the expanded cytosine adenine guanine (CAG) repeat in ATXN3 is the causal mutation, and its length is the main factor in determining the age at onset (AO) of clinical symptoms. However, the contribution of the expanded CAG repeat length to the rate of disease progression after onset has remained a matter of debate, even though an understanding of this factor is crucial for experimental data on disease modifiers and their translation to clinical trials and their design. METHODS Eighty-two Dutch patients with SCA3/MJD were evaluated annually for 15 years using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Using linear growth curve models, ICARS progression rates were calculated and tested for their relation to the length of the CAG repeat expansion and to the residual age at onset (RAO): The difference between the observed AO and the AO predicted on the basis of the CAG repeat length. RESULTS On average, ICARS scores increased 2.57 points/year of disease. The length of the CAG repeat was positively correlated with a more rapid ICARS progression, explaining 30% of the differences between patients. Combining both the length of the CAG repeat and RAO as comodifiers explained up to 47% of the interpatient variation in ICARS progression. INTERPRETATION Our data imply that the length of the expanded CAG repeat in ATXN3 is a major determinant of clinical decline, which suggests that CAG-dependent molecular mechanisms similar to those responsible for disease onset also contribute to the rate of disease progression in SCA3/MJD. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:66-73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa B Leotti
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeroen J de Vries
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Camila M Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P de Mattos
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cell & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Te Meerman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout R Brunt
- Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen, Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cell & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura B Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Huang M, de Koning TJ, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Cross-disease analysis of depression, ataxia and dystonia highlights a role for synaptic plasticity and the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of these comorbid diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:165976. [PMID: 33011198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders depression, ataxia and dystonia share common biological pathways. We therefore aimed to increase our understanding of their shared pathophysiology by investigating their shared biological pathways and molecular networks. METHODS We constructed gene sets for depression, ataxia, and dystonia using the Human Phenotype Ontology database and genome-wide association studies, and identified shared genes between the three diseases. We then assessed shared genes in terms of functional enrichment, pathway analysis, molecular connectivity, expression profiles and brain-tissue-specific gene co-expression networks. RESULTS The 33 genes shared by depression, ataxia and dystonia are enriched in shared biological pathways and connected through molecular complexes in protein-protein interaction networks. Biological processes common/shared to all three diseases were identified across different brain tissues, highlighting roles for synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and nervous system development. The average expression of shared genes was significantly higher in the cerebellum compared to other brain regions, suggesting these genes have distinct cerebellar functions. Several shared genes also showed high expression in the cerebellum during prenatal stages, pointing to a functional role during development. CONCLUSIONS The shared pathophysiology of depression, ataxia and dystonia seems to converge onto the cerebellum that maybe particularly vulnerable to changes in synaptic transmission, regulation of synaptic plasticity and nervous system development. Consequently, in addition to regulating motor coordination and motor function, the cerebellum may likely play a role in mood processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozhen Huang
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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17
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Bazov I, Sarkisyan D, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Taqi MM, Stålhandske L, Verbeek DS, Mulder J, Rajkowska G, Sheedy D, Kril J, Sun X, Syvänen AC, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Neuronal Expression of Opioid Gene is Controlled by Dual Epigenetic and Transcriptional Mechanism in Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3129-3142. [PMID: 28968778 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that define patterns of neuropeptide expression are essential for the formation and rewiring of neural circuits. The prodynorphin gene (PDYN) gives rise to dynorphin opioid peptides mediating depression and substance dependence. We here demonstrated that PDYN is expressed in neurons in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and identified neuronal differentially methylated region in PDYN locus framed by CCCTC-binding factor binding sites. A short, nucleosome size human-specific promoter CpG island (CGI), a core of this region may serve as a regulatory module, which is hypomethylated in neurons, enriched in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and targeted by USF2, a methylation-sensitive E-box transcription factor (TF). USF2 activates PDYN transcription in model systems, and binds to nonmethylated CGI in dlPFC. USF2 and PDYN expression is correlated, and USF2 and PDYN proteins are co-localized in dlPFC. Segregation of activatory TF and repressive CGI methylation may ensure contrasting PDYN expression in neurons and glia in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bazov
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniil Sarkisyan
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olga Kononenko
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mumtaz Malik Taqi
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine, NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lada Stålhandske
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Donna Sheedy
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian Kril
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Xueguang Sun
- Zymo Research Corporation, 17062 Murphy Avenue, Irvine, CA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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van der Weijden MCM, van Laar PJ, Lambrechts RA, Verbeek DS, Tijssen MAJ. Cortical pencil lining on SWI MRI in NBIA and healthy aging. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:233. [PMID: 31607263 PMCID: PMC6790995 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is characterized by pathological iron accumulation in the subcortical nuclei and the cortex. As age-related iron accumulation studies in these structures are lacking in healthy aging, we aimed to characterize the dynamics of age-dependent iron accumulation in subcortical nuclei in healthy aging and selected NBIA cases. This is fundamental to understand the natural age-related iron deposition in the healthy brain prior to using this marker as a potential prognostic or diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative disorders. Methods Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) scans from 81 healthy volunteers (0-79 years) and four genetically confirmed patients suffering from NBIA (2-14 years) were obtained. We scored the presence or absence of pencil lining of the motor cortex and putamen and analyzed the normalized SWI signal intensity ratio (NSIR) in five subcortical nuclei. Results In healthy subjects, an age-dependent increase of pencil lining occurred starting from the second decade of life and was present in all cases at the age of 50. In their first decade, NBIA patients showed no cortical pencil lining, but we did observe putaminal pencil lining at this stage. In healthy subjects, age and NSIR of all nuclei correlated positively and was particularly dynamic in early childhood until young adulthood in the globus pallidus, dentate nucleus and red nucleus, but not in the caudate nucleus and putamen. NBIA patients showed an increased NSIR in the globus pallidus only and not in the other subcortical nuclei compared to age-matched healthy subjects. Conclusions Cortical pencil lining is part of healthy aging. This should be considered when assessing this as a potential marker in NBIA diagnosis and prognosis. Putaminal pencil lining has the potential to become a specific marker for some subtypes of NBIA in the first decade of life, as it was only observed in NBIA and not in age-matched healthy subjects. NSIR in the subcortical nuclei during healthy aging was shown to be dynamic, accentuating the importance of having an age-dependent baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlous C M van der Weijden
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Jan van Laar
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Zorggroep Twente, Almelo and Hengelo, The Netherlands
| | - Roald A Lambrechts
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu Ma
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Müller C, Zidek LM, Ackermann T, de Jong T, Liu P, Kliche V, Zaini MA, Kortman G, Harkema L, Verbeek DS, Tuckermann JP, von Maltzahn J, de Bruin A, Guryev V, Wang ZQ, Calkhoven CF. Reduced expression of C/EBPβ-LIP extends health and lifespan in mice. eLife 2018; 7:34985. [PMID: 29708496 PMCID: PMC5986274 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with physical decline and the development of age-related diseases such as metabolic disorders and cancer. Few conditions are known that attenuate the adverse effects of ageing, including calorie restriction (CR) and reduced signalling through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Synthesis of the metabolic transcription factor C/EBPβ-LIP is stimulated by mTORC1, which critically depends on a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) in the Cebpb-mRNA. Here, we describe that reduced C/EBPβ-LIP expression due to genetic ablation of the uORF delays the development of age-associated phenotypes in mice. Moreover, female C/EBPβΔuORF mice display an extended lifespan. Since LIP levels increase upon aging in wild type mice, our data reveal an important role for C/EBPβ in the aging process and suggest that restriction of LIP expression sustains health and fitness. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting C/EBPβ-LIP may offer new possibilities to treat age-related diseases and to prolong healthspan. The risks of major diseases including type II diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer’s are linked to the biological process of ageing. By finding ways to slow ageing, we can help more people to live longer healthier lives while avoiding these illnesses. Placing some animals on a diet that contains only two-thirds as many calories as they would normally eat can improve their fitness during old age and delay the onset of many age-related problems. It is unrealistic to expect people to control their diet to this extent, yet there may be other ways to bring about the same effects. Calorie restriction affects the activity of many different genes; for example, it causes a gene that produces a protein known as Liver-enriched Inhibitory Protein (LIP for short) to shut down. LIP controls the activity of many genes involved in metabolism, so it could be a key target for drugs to control ageing. Müller, Zidek et al. used mice that are unable to produce LIP to study this protein’s effect on ageing. The life expectancy of female mice lacking LIP increased by up to 20%. These mice were leaner, fitter, more resistant to cancer, had stronger immune systems and controlled their blood sugar levels better than normal mice. Male mice that lacked LIP did not live longer but did experience some ageing-related benefits. Genetic analysis also showed that gene activity particularly of metabolic genes is more robust in old female LIP-deficient mice and thus more similar to young control mice than old control mice. The results presented by Müller, Zidek et al. suggest that targeting the activity of the LIP gene could help to slow the ageing process. It is not yet clear whether shutting off LIP has similar beneficial effects in humans. Further research is also needed to investigate why female mice gain more benefits from a lack of LIP than males do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Müller
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura M Zidek
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Ackermann
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tristan de Jong
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Verena Kliche
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamad Amr Zaini
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gertrud Kortman
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Harkema
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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21
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Huang M, Verbeek DS. Why do so many genetic insults lead to Purkinje Cell degeneration and spinocerebellar ataxia? Neurosci Lett 2018; 688:49-57. [PMID: 29421540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genetically heterozygous spinocerebellar ataxias are all characterized by cerebellar atrophy and pervasive Purkinje Cell degeneration. Up to date, more than 35 functionally diverse spinocerebellar ataxia genes have been identified. The main question that remains yet unsolved is why do some many genetic insults lead to Purkinje Cell degeneration and spinocerebellar ataxia? To address this question it is important to identify intrinsic pathways important for Purkinje Cell function and survival. In this review, we discuss the current consensus on shared mechanisms underlying the pervasive Purkinje Cell loss in spinocerebellar ataxia. Additionally, using recently published cell type specific expression data, we identified several Purkinje Cell-specific genes and discuss how the corresponding pathways might underlie the vulnerability of Purkinje Cells in response to the diverse genetic insults causing spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozhen Huang
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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van der Stijl R, Withoff S, Verbeek DS. Corrigendum to "Spinocerebellar ataxia: miRNAs expose biological pathways underlying pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration" [Neurobiol. Dis. 2017 Dec 108 148-158]. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 116:179. [PMID: 29198496 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rogier van der Stijl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Nibbeling EAR, Duarri A, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Fokkens MR, Karjalainen JM, Smeets CJLM, de Boer-Bergsma JJ, van der Vries G, Dooijes D, Bampi GB, van Diemen C, Brunt E, Ippel E, Kremer B, Vlak M, Adir N, Wijmenga C, van de Warrenburg BPC, Franke L, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Exome sequencing and network analysis identifies shared mechanisms underlying spinocerebellar ataxia. Brain 2017; 140:2860-2878. [PMID: 29053796 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias, referred to as spinocerebellar ataxias in genetic nomenclature, are a rare group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by loss of balance and coordination. Despite the identification of numerous disease genes, a substantial number of cases still remain without a genetic diagnosis. Here, we report five novel spinocerebellar ataxia genes, FAT2, PLD3, KIF26B, EP300, and FAT1, identified through a combination of exome sequencing in genetically undiagnosed families and targeted resequencing of exome candidates in a cohort of singletons. We validated almost all genes genetically, assessed damaging effects of the gene variants in cell models and further consolidated a role for several of these genes in the aetiology of spinocerebellar ataxia through network analysis. Our work links spinocerebellar ataxia to alterations in synaptic transmission and transcription regulation, and identifies these as the main shared mechanisms underlying the genetically diverse spinocerebellar ataxia types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A R Nibbeling
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Duarri
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel R Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juha M Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelkje J de Boer-Bergsma
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben van der Vries
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Dooijes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giovana B Bampi
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Brunt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly Ippel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berry Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Vlak
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center Haaglanden and Bronovo-Nebo, Den Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Israel
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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van der Stijl R, Withoff S, Verbeek DS. Spinocerebellar ataxia: miRNAs expose biological pathways underlying pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:148-158. [PMID: 28823930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders including the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in the shared pathogenesis of the different SCA types. We examine the novel findings of a recent cell-type-specific RNA-sequencing study in mouse brain and discuss how the identification of Purkinje-cell-enriched miRNAs highlights biological pathways that expose the mechanisms behind pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration in SCA. These key pathways are likely to contain targets for therapeutic development and represent potential candidate genes for genetically unsolved SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier van der Stijl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Nibbeling EAR, Delnooz CCS, de Koning TJ, Sinke RJ, Jinnah HA, Tijssen MAJ, Verbeek DS. Using the shared genetics of dystonia and ataxia to unravel their pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:22-39. [PMID: 28143763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review we explore the similarities between spinocerebellar ataxias and dystonias, and suggest potentially shared molecular pathways using a gene co-expression network approach. The spinocerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by coordination problems caused mainly by atrophy of the cerebellum. The dystonias are another group of neurological movement disorders linked to basal ganglia dysfunction, although evidence is now pointing to cerebellar involvement as well. Our gene co-expression network approach identified 99 shared genes and showed the involvement of two major pathways: synaptic transmission and neurodevelopment. These pathways overlapped in the two disorders, with a large role for GABAergic signaling in both. The overlapping pathways may provide novel targets for disease therapies. We need to prioritize variants obtained by whole exome sequencing in the genes associated with these pathways in the search for new pathogenic variants, which can than be used to help in the genetic counseling of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A R Nibbeling
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathérine C S Delnooz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Sinke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory Clinic, Atlanta, USA
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Genetic findings of the past years have provided ample evidence for a substantial etiologic heterogeneity of dystonic syndromes. While an increasing number of genes are being identified for Mendelian forms of isolated and combined dystonias using classical genetic mapping and whole-exome sequencing techniques, their precise role in the molecular pathogenesis is still largely unknown. Also, the role of genetic risk factors in the etiology of sporadic dystonias is still enigmatic. Only the systematic ascertainment and precise clinical characterization of very large cohorts with dystonia, combined with systematic genetic studies, will be able to unravel the complex network of factors that determine disease risk and phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Tübingen , Germany
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27
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Kononenko O, Bazov I, Watanabe H, Gerashchenko G, Dyachok O, Verbeek DS, Alkass K, Druid H, Andersson M, Mulder J, Svenningsen ÅF, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Krishtal O, Yakovleva T, Bakalkin G. Opioid precursor protein isoform is targeted to the cell nuclei in the human brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:246-255. [PMID: 27838394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide precursors are traditionally viewed as proteins giving rise to small neuropeptide molecules. Prodynorphin (PDYN) is the precursor protein to dynorphins, endogenous ligands for the κ-opioid receptor. Alternative mRNA splicing of neuropeptide genes may regulate cell- and tissue-specific neuropeptide expression and produce novel protein isoforms. We here searched for novel PDYN mRNA and their protein product in the human brain. METHODS Novel PDYN transcripts were identified using nested PCR amplification of oligo(dT) selected full-length capped mRNA. Gene expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR, PDYN protein by western blotting and confocal imaging, dynorphin peptides by radioimmunoassay. Neuronal nuclei were isolated using fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) from postmortem human striatal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy was performed for human caudate nucleus. RESULTS Two novel human PDYN mRNA splicing variants were identified. Expression of one of them was confined to the striatum where its levels constituted up to 30% of total PDYN mRNA. This transcript may be translated into ∆SP-PDYN protein lacking 13 N-terminal amino acids, a fragment of signal peptide (SP). ∆SP-PDYN was not processed to mature dynorphins and surprisingly, was targeted to the cell nuclei in a model cellular system. The endogenous PDYN protein was identified in the cell nuclei in human striatum by western blotting of isolated neuronal nuclei, and by confocal imaging. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE High levels of alternatively spliced ∆SP-PDYN mRNA and nuclear localization of PDYN protein suggests a nuclear function for this isoform of the opioid peptide precursor in human striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kononenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Igor Bazov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden.
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Ganna Gerashchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute Molecular Biology, Kiev 03680, Ukraine
| | - Oleg Dyachok
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23, Sweden
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 30001, Netherlands
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Malin Andersson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Åsa Fex Svenningsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine-Neurobiology Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 2500, USA
| | - Oleg Krishtal
- State Key Lab for Molecular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Yakovleva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 24, Sweden
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28
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Smeets CJLM, Zmorzyńska J, Melo MN, Stargardt A, Dooley C, Bakalkin G, McLaughlin J, Sinke RJ, Marrink SJ, Reits E, Verbeek DS. Altered secondary structure of Dynorphin A associates with loss of opioid signalling and NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity in SCA23. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2728-2737. [PMID: 27260403 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23) is caused by missense mutations in prodynorphin, encoding the precursor protein for the opioid neuropeptides α-neoendorphin, Dynorphin (Dyn) A and Dyn B, leading to neurotoxic elevated mutant Dyn A levels. Dyn A acts on opioid receptors to reduce pain in the spinal cord, but its cerebellar function remains largely unknown. Increased concentration of or prolonged exposure to Dyn A is neurotoxic and these deleterious effects are very likely caused by an N-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated non-opioid mechanism as Dyn A peptides were shown to bind NMDA receptors and potentiate their glutamate-evoked currents. In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying SCA23-mutant Dyn A neurotoxicity. We show that SCA23 mutations in the Dyn A-coding region disrupted peptide secondary structure leading to a loss of the N-terminal α-helix associated with decreased κ-opioid receptor affinity. Additionally, the altered secondary structure led to increased peptide stability of R6W and R9C Dyn A, as these peptides showed marked degradation resistance, which coincided with decreased peptide solubility. Notably, L5S Dyn A displayed increased degradation and no aggregation. R6W and wt Dyn A peptides were most toxic to primary cerebellar neurons. For R6W Dyn A, this is likely because of a switch from opioid to NMDA- receptor signalling, while for wt Dyn A, this switch was not observed. We propose that the pathology of SCA23 results from converging mechanisms of loss of opioid-mediated neuroprotection and NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justyna Zmorzyńska
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningen, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Stargardt
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Dooley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jay McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard J Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siewert-Jan Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningen, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Smeets CJLM, Verbeek DS. Climbing fibers in spinocerebellar ataxia: A mechanism for the loss of motor control. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:96-106. [PMID: 26792399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) form an ever-growing group of neurodegenerative disorders causing dysfunction of the cerebellum and loss of motor control in patients. Currently, 41 different genetic causes have been identified, with each mutation affecting a different gene. Interestingly, these diverse genetic causes all disrupt cerebellar function and produce similar symptoms in patients. In order to understand the disease better, and define possible therapeutic targets for multiple SCAs, the field has been searching for common ground among the SCAs. In this review, we discuss the physiology of climbing fibers and the possibility that climbing fiber dysfunction is a point of convergence for at least a subset of SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Smeets CJLM, Jezierska J, Watanabe H, Duarri A, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Zhou Q, Yakovleva T, Boddeke E, den Dunnen W, van Deursen J, Bakalkin G, Kampinga HH, van de Sluis B, Verbeek DS. Elevated mutant dynorphin A causes Purkinje cell loss and motor dysfunction in spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Brain 2015; 138:2537-52. [PMID: 26169942 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 is caused by mutations in PDYN, which encodes the opioid neuropeptide precursor protein, prodynorphin. Prodynorphin is processed into the opioid peptides, α-neoendorphin, and dynorphins A and B, that normally exhibit opioid-receptor mediated actions in pain signalling and addiction. Dynorphin A is likely a mutational hotspot for spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 mutations, and in vitro data suggested that dynorphin A mutations lead to persistently elevated mutant peptide levels that are cytotoxic and may thus play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. To further test this and study spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 in more detail, we generated a mouse carrying the spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 mutation R212W in PDYN. Analysis of peptide levels using a radioimmunoassay shows that these PDYN(R212W) mice display markedly elevated levels of mutant dynorphin A, which are associated with climber fibre retraction and Purkinje cell loss, visualized with immunohistochemical stainings. The PDYN(R212W) mice reproduced many of the clinical features of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23, with gait deficits starting at 3 months of age revealed by footprint pattern analysis, and progressive loss of motor coordination and balance at the age of 12 months demonstrated by declining performances on the accelerating Rotarod. The pathologically elevated mutant dynorphin A levels in the cerebellum coincided with transcriptionally dysregulated ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters, and altered neuronal excitability. In conclusion, the PDYN(R212W) mouse is the first animal model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 and our work indicates that the elevated mutant dynorphin A peptide levels are likely responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease, affecting glutamatergic signalling, neuronal excitability, and motor performance. Our novel mouse model defines a critical role for opioid neuropeptides in spinocerebellar ataxia, and suggests that restoring the elevated mutant neuropeptide levels can be explored as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna Jezierska
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Duarri
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R Fokkens
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Meijer
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qin Zhou
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tania Yakovleva
- 2 Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Boddeke
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- 4 Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Deursen
- 5 Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Georgy Bakalkin
- 3 Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- 6 Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- 7 Department of Paediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- 1 Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Duarri A, Lin MCA, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Smeets CJLM, Nibbeling EAR, Boddeke E, Sinke RJ, Kampinga HH, Papazian DM, Verbeek DS. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 19/22 mutations alter heterocomplex Kv4.3 channel function and gating in a dominant manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3387-99. [PMID: 25854634 PMCID: PMC4531139 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dominantly inherited cerebellar ataxias are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum. Recently, we identified loss-of-function mutations in the KCND3 gene as the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 19/22 (SCA19/22), revealing a previously unknown role for the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv4.3, in Purkinje cell survival. However, how mutant Kv4.3 affects wild-type Kv4.3 channel functioning remains unknown. We provide evidence that SCA19/22-mutant Kv4.3 exerts a dominant negative effect on the trafficking and surface expression of wild-type Kv4.3 in the absence of its regulatory subunit, KChIP2. Notably, this dominant negative effect can be rescued by the presence of KChIP2. We also found that all SCA19/22-mutant subunits either suppress wild-type Kv4.3 current amplitude or alter channel gating in a dominant manner. Our findings suggest that altered Kv4.3 channel localization and/or functioning resulting from SCA19/22 mutations may lead to Purkinje cell loss, neurodegeneration and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duarri
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Duarri A, Nibbeling EAR, Fokkens MR, Meijer M, Boerrigter M, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Kremer BPH, van de Warrenburg BP, Dooijes D, Boddeke E, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Functional analysis helps to define KCNC3 mutational spectrum in Dutch ataxia cases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116599. [PMID: 25756792 PMCID: PMC4355074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13 (SCA13) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder of the cerebellum caused by mutations in the voltage gated potassium channel KCNC3. To identify novel pathogenic SCA13 mutations in KCNC3 and to gain insights into the disease prevalence in the Netherlands, we sequenced the entire coding region of KCNC3 in 848 Dutch cerebellar ataxia patients with familial or sporadic origin. We evaluated the pathogenicity of the identified variants by co-segregation analysis and in silico prediction followed by biochemical and electrophysiological studies. We identified 19 variants in KCNC3 including 2 non-coding, 11 missense and 6 synonymous variants. Two missense variants did not co-segregate with the disease and were excluded as potentially disease-causing mutations. We also identified the previously reported p.R420H and p.R423H mutations in our cohort. Of the remaining 7 missense variants, functional analysis revealed that 2 missense variants shifted Kv3.3 channel activation to more negative voltages. These variations were associated with early disease onset and mild intellectual disability. Additionally, one other missense variant shifted channel activation to more positive voltages and was associated with spastic ataxic gait. Whereas, the remaining missense variants did not change any of the channel characteristics. Of these three functional variants, only one variant was in silico predicted to be damaging and segregated with disease. The other two variants were in silico predicted to be benign and co-segregation analysis was not optimal or could only be partially confirmed. Therefore, we conclude that we have identified at least one novel pathogenic mutation in KCNC3 that cause SCA13 and two additionally potential SCA13 mutations. This leads to an estimate of SCA13 prevalence in the Netherlands to be between 0.6% and 1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duarri
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A. R. Nibbeling
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel R. Fokkens
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Meijer
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Boerrigter
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Berry P. H. Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dennis Dooijes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Sinke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Groen JL, Andrade A, Ritz K, Jalalzadeh H, Haagmans M, Bradley TEJ, Jongejan A, Verbeek DS, Nürnberg P, Denome S, Hennekam RCM, Lipscombe D, Baas F, Tijssen MAJ. CACNA1B mutation is linked to unique myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:987-93. [PMID: 25296916 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using exome sequencing and linkage analysis in a three-generation family with a unique dominant myoclonus-dystonia-like syndrome with cardiac arrhythmias, we identified a mutation in the CACNA1B gene, coding for neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels CaV2.2. This mutation (c.4166G>A;p.Arg1389His) is a disruptive missense mutation in the outer region of the ion pore. The functional consequences of the identified mutation were studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch recordings. High-resolution analyses at the single-channel level showed that, when open, R1389H CaV2.2 channels carried less current compared with WT channels. Other biophysical channel properties were unaltered in R1389H channels including ion selectivity, voltage-dependent activation or voltage-dependent inactivation. CaV2.2 channels regulate transmitter release at inhibitory and excitatory synapses. Functional changes could be consistent with a gain-of-function causing the observed hyperexcitability characteristic of this unique myoclonus-dystonia-like syndrome associated with cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus L Groen
- Department of Neurology, Department of Genome Analysis and Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Andrade
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and
| | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvia Denome
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | - Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diane Lipscombe
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands and
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Smeets CJLM, Verbeek DS. Cerebellar ataxia and functional genomics: Identifying the routes to cerebellar neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2030-2038. [PMID: 24726947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by atrophy of the cerebellum leading to motor dysfunction, balance problems, and limb and gait ataxia. These include among others, the dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias, recessive cerebellar ataxias such as Friedreich's ataxia, and X-linked cerebellar ataxias. Since all cerebellar ataxias display considerable overlap in their disease phenotypes, common pathological pathways must underlie the selective cerebellar neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is important to identify the molecular mechanisms and routes to neurodegeneration that cause cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we discuss the use of functional genomic approaches including whole-exome sequencing, genome-wide gene expression profiling, miRNA profiling, epigenetic profiling, and genetic modifier screens to reveal the underlying pathogenesis of various cerebellar ataxias. These approaches have resulted in the identification of many disease genes, modifier genes, and biomarkers correlating with specific stages of the disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Jezierska J, Goedhart J, Kampinga HH, Reits EA, Verbeek DS. SCA14 mutation V138E leads to partly unfolded PKCγ associated with an exposed C-terminus, altered kinetics, phosphorylation and enhanced insolubilization. J Neurochem 2013; 128:741-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jezierska
- Department of Genetics; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section Molecular Cytology; van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Harm H. Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Jezierska J, Stevanin G, Watanabe H, Fokkens MR, Zagnoli F, Kok J, Goas JY, Bertrand P, Robin C, Brice A, Bakalkin G, Durr A, Verbeek DS. Identification and characterization of novel PDYN mutations in dominant cerebellar ataxia cases. J Neurol 2013; 260:1807-12. [PMID: 23471613 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-6882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have recently identified missense mutations in prodynorphin (PDYN), the precursor to dynorphin opioid peptides, as the cause for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA23) in Dutch ataxia cases. We report a screen of PDYN for mutations in 371 cerebellar ataxia cases, which had a positive family history; most are of French origin. Sequencing revealed three novel putative missense mutations and one heterozygous two-base pair deletion in four independent SCA patients. These variants were absent in 400 matched controls and are located in the highly conserved dynorphin domain. To resolve the pathogenicity of the heterozygous variants, we assessed the peptide production of the mutant PDYN proteins. Two missense mutations raised dynorphin peptide levels, the two-base pair deletion terminated dynorphin synthesis, and one missense mutation did not affect PDYN processing. Given the outcome of our functional analysis, we may have identified at least two novel PDYN mutations in a French and a Moroccan SCA patient. Our data corroborates recent work that also showed that PDYN mutations only account for a small percentage (~0.1 %) of European SCA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jezierska
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Oostersingel Entrance 47, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Duarri A, Jezierska J, Fokkens M, Meijer M, Schelhaas HJ, den Dunnen WFA, van Dijk F, Verschuuren-Bemelmans C, Hageman G, van de Vlies P, Küsters B, van de Warrenburg BP, Kremer B, Wijmenga C, Sinke RJ, Swertz MA, Kampinga HH, Boddeke E, Verbeek DS. Mutations in potassium channel kcnd3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 19. Ann Neurol 2013; 72:870-80. [PMID: 23280838 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the causative gene for the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 19 (SCA19) located on chromosomal region 1p21-q21. METHODS Exome sequencing was used to identify the causal mutation in a large SCA19 family. We then screened 230 ataxia families for mutations located in the same gene (KCND3, also known as Kv4.3) using high-resolution melting. SCA19 brain autopsy material was evaluated, and in vitro experiments using ectopic expression of wild-type and mutant Kv4.3 were used to study protein localization, stability, and channel activity by patch-clamping. RESULTS We detected a T352P mutation in the third extracellular loop of the voltage-gated potassium channel KCND3 that cosegregated with the disease phenotype in our original family. We identified 2 more novel missense mutations in the channel pore (M373I) and the S6 transmembrane domain (S390N) in 2 other ataxia families. T352P cerebellar autopsy material showed severe Purkinje cell degeneration, with abnormal intracellular accumulation and reduced protein levels of Kv4.3 in their soma. Ectopic expression of all mutant proteins in HeLa cells revealed retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhanced protein instability, in contrast to wild-type Kv4.3 that was localized on the plasma membrane. The regulatory β subunit Kv channel interacting protein 2 was able to rescue the membrane localization and the stability of 2 of the 3 mutant Kv4.3 complexes. However, this either did not restore the channel function of the membrane-located mutant Kv4.3 complexes or restored it only partially. INTERPRETATION KCND3 mutations cause SCA19 by impaired protein maturation and/or reduced channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duarri
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
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Watanabe H, Mizoguchi H, Verbeek DS, Kuzmin A, Nyberg F, Krishtal O, Sakurada S, Bakalkin G. Non-opioid nociceptive activity of human dynorphin mutants that cause neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Peptides 2012; 35:306-10. [PMID: 22531488 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified four missense mutations in the prodynorphin gene that cause human neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 (SCA23). Three mutations substitute Leu(5), Arg(6), and Arg(9) to Ser (L5S), Trp (R6W) and Cys (R9C) in dynorphin A(1-17) (Dyn A), a peptide with both opioid activities and non-opioid neurodegenerative actions. It has been reported that Dyn A administered intrathecally (i.t.) in femtomolar doses into mice produces nociceptive behaviors consisting of hindlimb scratching along with biting and licking of the hindpaw and tail (SBL responses) through a non-opioid mechanism. We here evaluated the potential of the three mutant peptides to produce similar behaviors. Compared to the wild type (WT)-peptide, the relative potency of Dyn A R6W, L5S and R9C peptides for SBL responses was 50-, 33- and 2-fold higher, and Dyn A R6W and L5S induced the SBL responses at a 10-30-fold lower doses. Dyn A R6W was the most potent peptide. The SBL responses induced by Dyn A R6W were dose dependently inhibited by morphine (i.p.; 0.1-1 mg/kg) or MK-801, an NMDA ion channel blocker (i.t. co-administration; 5-7.5 nmol). CP-99,994, a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist (i.t. co-administration; 2 nmol) and naloxone (i.p.; 5 mg/kg) failed to block effects of Dyn A R6W. Thus, similarly to Dyn A WT, the SBL responses induced by Dyn A R6W may involve the NMDA receptor but are not mediated through the opioid and tachykinin NK1 receptors. Enhanced non-opioid excitatory activities of Dyn A mutants may underlie in part development of SCA23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bakalkin G, Watanabe H, Jezierska J, Artemenko KA, Yakovleva T, Hauser KF, Krishtal O, Verbeek DS. Dynorphin mutations cause human neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23: a novel non-receptor mechanism of cell signaling? Pharmacol Rep 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bakalkin G, Watanabe H, Jezierska J, Depoorter C, Verschuuren-Bemelmans C, Bazov I, Artemenko KA, Yakovleva T, Dooijes D, Van de Warrenburg BPC, Zubarev RA, Kremer B, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Wijmenga C, Nyberg F, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS. Prodynorphin mutations cause the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 23. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:593-603. [PMID: 21035104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria. We have identified missense mutations in prodynorphin (PDYN) that cause SCA23 in four Dutch families displaying progressive gait and limb ataxia. PDYN is the precursor protein for the opioid neuropeptides, α-neoendorphin, and dynorphins A and B (Dyn A and B). Dynorphins regulate pain processing and modulate the rewarding effects of addictive substances. Three mutations were located in Dyn A, a peptide with both opioid activities and nonopioid neurodegenerative actions. Two of these mutations resulted in excessive generation of Dyn A in a cellular model system. In addition, two of the mutant Dyn A peptides induced toxicity above that of wild-type Dyn A in cultured striatal neurons. The fourth mutation was located in the nonopioid PDYN domain and was associated with altered expression of components of the opioid and glutamate system, as evident from analysis of SCA23 autopsy tissue. Thus, alterations in Dyn A activities and/or impairment of secretory pathways by mutant PDYN may lead to glutamate neurotoxicity, which underlies Purkinje cell degeneration and ataxia. PDYN mutations are identified in a small subset of ataxia families, indicating that SCA23 is an infrequent SCA type (∼0.5%) in the Netherlands and suggesting further genetic SCA heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Bakalkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxia type 23 locus was identified in 2004 based on linkage analysis in a large, two-generation Dutch family. The age of onset ranged 43-56 years and the phenotype was characterized by a slowly progressive, isolated ataxia. Neuropathological examination revealed neuronal loss in the Purkinje cell layer, dentate nuclei, and inferior olives. Ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions were found in nigral neurons, but were considered to be Marinesco bodies. The disease locus on chromosome 20p13-12.3 was found to span a region of approximately 6 Mb of genomic DNA, containing 97 known or predicted genes. To date, no other families have been described that also map to this SCA locus. Direct sequencing of the coding regions of 21 prioritized candidate genes did not reveal any disease-causing mutation. Apparently, the SCA23 gene is a disease gene with a different function than the genes that have been associated with other known SCA types. Work to elucidate the chromosomal organization of the SCA23 locus will eventually discover the responsible disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Verbeek DS, Goedhart J, Bruinsma L, Sinke RJ, Reits EA. PKC gamma mutations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 affect C1 domain accessibility and kinase activity leading to aberrant MAPK signaling. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2339-49. [PMID: 18577575 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.027698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the neuronal-specific protein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) gene. Since most mutations causing SCA14 are located in the PKCgamma C1B regulatory subdomain, we investigated the impact of three C1B mutations on the intracellular kinetics, protein conformation and kinase activity of PKCgamma in living cells. SCA14 mutant PKCgamma proteins showed enhanced phorbol-ester-induced kinetics when compared with wild-type PKCgamma. The mutations led to a decrease in intramolecular FRET of PKCgamma, suggesting that they ;open' PKCgamma protein conformation leading to unmasking of the phorbol ester binding site in the C1 domain. Surprisingly, SCA14 mutant PKCgamma showed reduced kinase activity as measured by phosphorylation of PKC reporter MyrPalm-CKAR, as well as downstream components of the MAPK signaling pathway. Together, these results show that SCA14 mutations located in the C1B subdomain ;open' PKCgamma protein conformation leading to increased C1 domain accessibility, but inefficient activation of downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Verbeek DS, Warrenburg BPCVD, Hennekam FAM, Dooijes D, Ippel PF, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Kremer HPH, Sinke RJ. Gly118Asp is a SCA14 founder mutation in the Dutch ataxia population. Hum Genet 2005; 117:88-91. [PMID: 15841389 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-1278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the PRKCG gene have recently been identified in spinocerebellar ataxia 14 (SCA14) patients; these include the Gly118Asp mutation that we found in a large Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) family. We subsequently screened the current Dutch ataxia cohort (approximately 900 individuals) for SCA14 mutations in the Cys2 region of the PRKCG gene. We identified the Gly118Asp mutation in another eight individuals from five small families. Haplotype analysis identified a shared chromosomal region surrounding the SCA14 gene, and genealogical research was able to link all these ADCA patients to a single common ancestor. We therefore confirmed that the Gly118Asp mutation is a SCA14 founder mutation in the Dutch ADCA population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Stratenum, The Netherlands.
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Verbeek DS, Knight MA, Harmison GG, Fischbeck KH, Howell BW. Protein kinase C gamma mutations in spinocerebellar ataxia 14 increase kinase activity and alter membrane targeting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 128:436-42. [PMID: 15618281 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C gamma (PKCgamma) gene is mutated in spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14). In this study, we investigated the effects of two SCA14 missense mutations, G118D and C150F, on PKCgamma function. We found that these mutations increase the intrinsic activity of PKCgamma. Direct visualization of labelled PKCgamma in living cells demonstrates that the mutant protein translocates more rapidly to selected regions of the plasma membrane in response to Ca2+ influx. These results point to specific alterations in mutant PKCgamma function that could lead to the selective neuronal degeneration of SCA14.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Verbeek
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
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Verbeek DS, van de Warrenburg BP, Wesseling P, Pearson PL, Kremer HP, Sinke RJ. Mapping of the SCA23 locus involved in autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia to chromosome region 20p13-12.3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:2551-7. [PMID: 15306549 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report upon a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) family, clinically characterized by a late-onset (>40 years), slowly progressive, isolated spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Neuropathological examination in one affected subject showed neuronal loss in the Purkinje cell layer, dentate nuclei and inferior olives, thinning of cerebellopontine tracts, demyelination of posterior and lateral columns in the spinal cord, as well as ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in nigral neurons that were considered to be Marinesco bodies. Data obtained from the genome-wide linkage analysis revealed a maximal lod score of 3.46 at = 0.00 for marker D20S199. This new SCA locus, on chromosome region 20p13-p12.3, was designated SCA23 after approval by the HUGO Nomenclature Committee. Currently, candidate genes are being screened for mutations within the SCA23 interval. In addition to the recently identified SCA14, SCA19 and FGF14 families, SCA23 is yet another novel SCA locus in the Dutch ADCA population, which further defines the genetic heterogeneity of ADCA families in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Verbeek
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Stratenum 2.112, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
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Verbeek DS, Piersma SJ, Hennekam EFAM, Ippel EF, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ. Haplotype study in Dutch SCA3 and SCA6 families: evidence for common founder mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:441-6. [PMID: 15026782 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study was initiated to show the existence of founder effects in the Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) population. The ADCAs comprise a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders and the estimated prevalence in the Netherlands is approximately 3:100 000 individuals. Here, we focused on the SCA3 and SCA6 genes because mutations in these genes occur most frequently in the Netherlands. We were able to determine a common origin of the CAG repeat expansions in the majority of Dutch SCA3 and SCA6 families. Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium studies with polymorphic markers revealed shared haplotypes surrounding the SCA3 and SCA6 genes. These results strongly suggest that ADCA families can be traced back to common ancestors in particular parts of the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center, Stratenum, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Verbeek DS, Piersma SJ, Hennekam FAM, Pearson PL, Knoers NVAM, Kremer HPH, Sinke RJ. Identification of a novel SCA14 mutation in a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia family. Neurology 2004; 61:1760-5. [PMID: 14694043 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000098883.79421.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a Dutch family with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) based on a novel mutation in the PRKCG gene. METHODS The authors studied 13 affected members of the six-generation family. After excluding the known spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) genes, a combination of the shared haplotype approach, linkage analysis, and genealogic investigations was used. Exons 4 and 5 of the candidate gene, PRKCG, were sequenced. RESULTS Affected subjects displayed a relatively uncomplicated, slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome, with a mean age at onset of 40.8 years. A focal dystonia in two subjects with an onset of disease in their early 20s suggests extrapyramidal features in early onset disease. Significant linkage to a locus on chromosome 19q was found, overlapping the SCA-14 region. Based on the recent description of three missense mutations in the PRKCG gene, located within the boundaries of the SCA-14 locus, we sequenced exons 4 and 5 of this gene and detected a novel missense mutation in exon 4, which involves a G-->A transition in nucleotide 353 and results in a glycine-to-aspartic acid substitution at residue 118. CONCLUSION A SCA-14-linked Dutch ADCA family with a novel missense mutation in the PRKCG gene was identified.
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Schelhaas HJ, Verbeek DS, Van de Warrenburg BPC, Sinke RJ. SCA19 and SCA22: evidence for one locus with a worldwide distribution. Brain 2004; 127:E6; author reply E7. [PMID: 14679032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Verbeek DS, Schelhaas JH, Ippel EF, Beemer FA, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ. Identification of a novel SCA locus ( SCA19) in a Dutch autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia family on chromosome region 1p21-q21. Hum Genet 2002; 111:388-93. [PMID: 12384780 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-002-0782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a linkage study in a four-generation autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) family of Dutch ancestry. The family shows a clinically and genetically distinct form of ADCA. This neurodegenerative disorder manifests in the family as a relatively mild ataxia syndrome with some additional characteristic symptoms. We have identified a SCA19 locus, approved by the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee that can be assigned to the chromosome region 1p21-q21. Our mutation analysis failed to identify any mutations in the known spinocerebellar ataxia ( SCA) genes and linkage analysis excluded the remaining SCA loci. We therefore performed a genome-wide scan with 350 microsatellite markers to identify the location of the disease-causing gene in this family. Multi-point analysis was performed and exclusion maps were generated. Linkage and haplotype analysis revealed linkage to an interval located on chromosome 1. The estimated minimal prevalence of ADCA in the Netherlands is about 3:100,000. To date, sixteen different SCA loci have been identified in ADCA ( SCA1-8 and SCA10-17). However, mutation analysis has been commercially available only for the SCA1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 genes. So far, a molecular analysis in these SCA genes cannot be made in about one-third of the ADCA families. Thus, the identification of this new, additional SCA19 locus will contribute to expanding the DNA diagnostic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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