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Bansal H, Pyari G, Roy S. Co-expressing fast channelrhodopsin with step-function opsin overcomes spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization in optogenetics: a theoretical study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35320791 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective A fundamental challenge in optogenetics is to elicit long-term high-fidelity neuronal spiking with negligible heating. Fast channelrhodopsins (ChRs) require higher irradiances and cause spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization under sustained illumination, whereas, more light-sensitive step-function opsins (SFOs) exhibit prolonged depolarization with insufficient photocurrent and fast response for high-fidelity spiking. Approach We present a novel method to overcome this fundamental limitation by co-expressing fast ChRs with SFOs. A detailed theoretical analysis of ChETA co-expressed with different SFOs, namely ChR2(C128A), ChR2(C128S), SSFO and SOUL, expressing hippocampal neurons has been carried out by formulating their accurate theoretical models. Main results ChETA-SFO-expressing hippocampal neurons show a more stable photocurrent that overcomes spike failure. Spiking fidelity in these neurons can be sustained even at lower irradiances of subsequent pulses (77 % of initial pulse intensity in ChETA-ChR2(C128A)-expressing neurons) or by using red-shifted light pulses at appropriate intervals. High-fidelity spiking up to 60 Hz can be evoked in ChR2-C128S-ChETA-expressing neurons, which cannot be attained with only SFOs. Significance The present study provides important insights about photostimulation protocols for bi-stable switching of neurons. This new approach provides a means for sustained low-power, high-frequency, and high-fidelity optogenetic switching of neurons, necessary to study various neural functions and neurodegenerative disorders and enhance the utility of optogenetics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, AGRA, Agra, UP, 282005, INDIA
| | - Gur Pyari
- Department of Physics & Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, INDIA
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics & Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, INDIA
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Bansal H, Gupta N, Roy S. Theoretical analysis of optogenetic spiking with ChRmine, bReaChES and CsChrimson-expressing neurons for retinal prostheses. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34229315 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Optogenetics has emerged as a promising technique for neural prosthetics, especially retinal prostheses, with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Newly discovered opsins with high light sensitivity and fast temporal kinetics can provide sufficient temporal resolution at safe light powers and overcome the limitations of presently used opsins. It is also important to formulate accurate mathematical models for optogenetic retinal prostheses, which can facilitate optimization of photostimulation factors to improve the performance.Approach.A detailed theoretical analysis of optogenetic excitation of model retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) and hippocampal neurons expressed with already tested opsins for retinal prostheses, namely, ChR2, ReaChR and ChrimsonR, and also with recently discovered potent opsins CsChrimson, bReaChES and ChRmine, was carried out.Main results.Under continuous illumination, ChRmine-expressing RGNs begin to respond at very low irradiances ∼10-4mW mm-2, and evoke firing upto ∼280 Hz, highest among other opsin-expressing RGNs, at 10-2mW mm-2. Under pulsed illumination at randomized photon fluxes, ChRmine-expressing RGNs respond to changes in pulse to pulse irradiances upto four logs, although very bright pulses >1014photons mm-2s-1block firing in these neurons. The minimum irradiance threshold for ChRmine-expressing RGNs is lower by two orders of magnitude, whereas, the first spike latency in ChRmine-expressing RGNs is shorter by an order of magnitude, alongwith stable latency of subsequest spikes compared to others. Further, a good set of photostimulation parameters were determined to achieve high-frequency control with single spike resolution at minimal power. Although ChrimsonR enables spiking upto 100 Hz in RGNs, it requires very high irradiances. ChRmine provides control at light powers that are two orders of magnitude smaller than that required with experimentally studied opsins, while maintaining single spike temporal resolution upto 40 Hz.Significance.The present study highlights the importance of ChRmine as a potential opsin for optogenetic retinal prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
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Headley DB, Kyriazi P, Feng F, Nair SS, Pare D. Gamma Oscillations in the Basolateral Amygdala: Localization, Microcircuitry, and Behavioral Correlates. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6087-6101. [PMID: 34088799 PMCID: PMC8276735 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3159-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral (LA) and basolateral (BL) nuclei of the amygdala regulate emotional behaviors. Despite their dissimilar extrinsic connectivity, they are often combined, perhaps because their cellular composition is similar to that of the cerebral cortex, including excitatory principal cells reciprocally connected with fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs). In the cortex, this microcircuitry produces gamma oscillations that support information processing and behavior. We tested whether this was similarly the case in the rat (males) LA and BL using extracellular recordings, biophysical modeling, and behavioral conditioning. During periods of environmental assessment, both nuclei exhibited gamma oscillations that stopped upon initiation of active behaviors. Yet, BL exhibited more robust spontaneous gamma oscillations than LA. The greater propensity of BL to generate gamma resulted from several microcircuit differences, especially the proportion of FSIs and their interconnections with principal cells. Furthermore, gamma in BL but not LA regulated the efficacy of excitatory synaptic transmission between connected neurons. Together, these results suggest fundamental differences in how LA and BL operate. Most likely, gamma in LA is externally driven, whereas in BL it can also arise spontaneously to support ruminative processing and the evaluation of complex situations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The basolateral amygdala (BLA) participates in the production and regulation of emotional behaviors. It is thought to perform this using feedforward circuits that enhance stimuli that gain emotional significance and directs them to valence-appropriate downstream effectors. This perspective overlooks the fact that its microcircuitry is recurrent and potentially capable of generating oscillations in the gamma band (50-80 Hz), which synchronize spiking activity and modulate communication between neurons. This study found that BLA gamma supports both of these processes, is associated with periods of action selection and environmental assessment regardless of valence, and differs between BLA subnuclei in a manner consistent with their heretofore unknown microcircuit differences. Thus, it provides new mechanisms for BLA to support emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Headley
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Pinelopi Kyriazi
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
- Behavioral and Neural Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Satish S Nair
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Denis Pare
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Perumal MB, Latimer B, Xu L, Stratton P, Nair S, Sah P. Microcircuit mechanisms for the generation of sharp-wave ripples in the basolateral amygdala: A role for chandelier interneurons. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109106. [PMID: 33979609 PMCID: PMC9136954 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronized activity in neural circuits, detected as oscillations in the extracellular field potential, has been associated with learning and memory. Neural circuits in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a mid-temporal lobe structure, generate oscillations in specific frequency bands to mediate emotional memory functions. However, how BLA circuits generate oscillations in distinct frequency bands is not known. Of these, sharp-waves (SWs) are repetitive, brief transitions that contain a low-frequency (<20 Hz) envelope, often coupled with ripples (100–300 Hz), have been associated with memory consolidation. Here, we show that SWs are retained in the BLA ex vivo and generated by local circuits. We demonstrate that an action potential in a chandelier interneuron is sufficient to initiate SWs through local circuits. Using a physiologically constrained model, we show that microcircuits organized as chandelier-interneuron-driven modules reproduce SWs and associated cellular events, revealing a functional role for chandelier interneurons and microcircuits for SW generation. Perumal et al. investigate circuits that generate network oscillations called sharp waves (SWs) in the basolateral amygdala. They show that discharge in a chandelier interneuron can initiate SW oscillations—a network activity associated with memory consolidation. They develop a network model with chandelier-interneuron-driven modular microcircuits for SW generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Latimer
- Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Li Xu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Stratton
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Satish Nair
- Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P.R. China.
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Opsal N, Canfield P, Banks T, Nair SS. An Efficient Pipeline for Biophysical Modeling of Neurons. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:99-102. [PMID: 35465293 PMCID: PMC9033155 DOI: 10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Automation of the process of developing biophysical conductance-based neuronal models involves the selection of numerous interacting parameters, making the overall process computationally intensive, complex, and often intractable. A recently reported insight about the possible grouping of currents into distinct biophysical modules associated with specific neurocomputational properties also simplifies the process of automated selection of parameters. The present paper adds a new current module to the previous report to design spike frequency adaptation and bursting characteristics, based on user specifications. We then show how our proposed grouping of currents into modules facilitates the development of a pipeline that automates the biophysical modeling of single neurons that exhibit multiple neurocomputational properties. The software will be made available for public download via our site cyneuro.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Opsal
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Pete Canfield
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Tyler Banks
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Satish S Nair
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
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Feng F, Headley DB, Nair SS. Model neocortical microcircuit supports beta and gamma rhythms. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:91-94. [PMID: 35469138 PMCID: PMC9034639 DOI: 10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gamma and beta rhythms in neocortical circuits are thought to be caused by distinct subcircuits involving different type of interneurons. However, it is not clear how these distinct but inter-linked intrinsic circuits interact with afferent drive to engender the two rhythms. We report a biophysical computational model to investigate the hypothesis that tonic and phasic drive might engender beta and gamma oscillations, respectively, in a neocortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Drew B Headley
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Satish S Nair
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
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Chen Z, Dopp D, Headley DB, Nair SS. Inferring Morphology of a Neuron from In Vivo LFP Data. INTERNATIONAL IEEE/EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL IEEE EMBS CONFERENCE ON NEURAL ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:774-777. [PMID: 35502315 PMCID: PMC9040040 DOI: 10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a computational pipeline that uses biophysical modeling and sequential neural posterior estimation algorithm to infer the position and morphology of single neurons using multi-electrode in vivo extracellular voltage recordings. In this inverse modeling scheme, we designed a generic biophysical single neuron model with stylized morphology that had adjustable parameters for the dimensions of the soma, basal and apical dendrites, and their location and orientations relative to the multi-electrode probe. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed methodology can infer up to eight neuronal parameters well. We highlight the issues involved in the development of the novel pipeline and areas for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziao Chen
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Dan Dopp
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
| | - Drew B Headley
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Satish S Nair
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211
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Bansal H, Gupta N, Roy S. Theoretical Analysis of Low-power Bidirectional Optogenetic Control of High-frequency Neural Codes with Single Spike Resolution. Neuroscience 2020; 449:165-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bansal H, Gupta N, Roy S. Comparison of low-power, high-frequency and temporally precise optogenetic inhibition of spiking in NpHR, eNpHR3.0 and Jaws-expressing neurons. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:045011. [PMID: 33444272 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab90a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A detailed theoretical analysis of low-power, high-frequency and temporally precise optogenetic inhibition of neuronal spiking, with red-shifted opsins namely, NpHR, eNpHR3.0 and Jaws, has been presented. An accurate model for inhibition of spiking in these opsins expressed hippocampal neurons that includes the important rebound activity of chloride ions across the membrane has been formulated. The effect of various parameters including irradiance, pulse width, frequency, opsin-expression density and chloride concentration has been studied in detail. Theoretical simulations are in very good agreement with reported experimental results. The chloride concentration gradient directly affects the photocurrent and inhibition capacity in all three variants. eNpHR3.0 shows smallest inhibitory post-synaptic potential plateau at higher frequencies. The time delay between light stimulus and target spike is crucial to minimize irradiance and expression density thresholds for suppressing individual spike. Good practical values of photostimulation parameters have been obtained empirically for peak photocurrent, time delay and 100% spiking inhibition, at continuous and pulsed illumination. Under continuous illumination, complete inhibition of neural activity in Jaws-expressing neurons takes place at minimum irradiance of 0.2 mW mm-2 and expression density of 0.2 mS cm-2, whereas for pulsed stimulation, it is at minimum irradiance of 0.6 mW mm-2 and 5 ms pulse width, at 10 Hz. It is shown that Jaws and eNpHR3.0 are able to invoke single spike precise inhibition up to 160 and 200 Hz, respectively. The study is useful in designing new experiments, understanding temporal spike coding and bidirectional control, and curing neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra-282005, India
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Gamma Oscillations in the Basolateral Amygdala: Biophysical Mechanisms and Computational Consequences. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0388-18. [PMID: 30805556 PMCID: PMC6361623 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0388-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BL) is thought to support numerous emotional behaviors through specific microcircuits. These are often thought to be comprised of feedforward networks of principal cells (PNs) and interneurons. Neither well-understood nor often considered are recurrent and feedback connections, which likely engender oscillatory dynamics within BL. Indeed, oscillations in the gamma frequency range (40 − 100 Hz) are known to occur in the BL, and yet their origin and effect on local circuits remains unknown. To address this, we constructed a biophysically and anatomically detailed model of the rat BL and its local field potential (LFP) based on the physiological and anatomical literature, along with in vivo and in vitro data we collected on the activities of neurons within the rat BL. Remarkably, the model produced intermittent gamma oscillations (∼50 − 70 Hz) whose properties matched those recorded in vivo, including their entrainment of spiking. BL gamma-band oscillations were generated by the intrinsic circuitry, depending upon reciprocal interactions between PNs and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), while connections within these cell types affected the rhythm’s frequency. The model allowed us to conduct experimentally impossible tests to characterize the synaptic and spatial properties of gamma. The entrainment of individual neurons to gamma depended on the number of afferent connections they received, and gamma bursts were spatially restricted in the BL. Importantly, the gamma rhythm synchronized PNs and mediated competition between ensembles. Together, these results indicate that the recurrent connectivity of BL expands its computational and communication repertoire.
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