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Fan H, Bai Q, Yang Y, Shi X, Du G, Yan J, Shi J, Wang D. The key roles of reactive oxygen species in microglial inflammatory activation: Regulation by endogenous antioxidant system and exogenous sulfur-containing compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175966. [PMID: 37549725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant innate immunity in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and depression. Except for extraparenchymal CNS-associated macrophages, which predominantly afford protection against peripheral invading pathogens, it has been reported that microglia, a population of macrophage-like cells governing CNS immune defense in nearly all neurological diseases, are the main CNS resident immune cells. Although microglia have been recognized as the most important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the CNS, ROS also may underlie microglial functions, especially M1 polarization, by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Recently, endogenous antioxidant systems, including glutathione, hydrogen sulfide, superoxide dismutase, and methionine sulfoxide reductase A, were found to be involved in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. A series of natural sulfur-containing compounds, including S-adenosyl methionine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, sulforaphane, DMS, and S-alk(enyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide, modulating endogenous antioxidant systems have been discovered. We have summarized the current knowledge on the involvement of endogenous antioxidant systems in regulating microglial inflammatory activation and the effects of sulfur-containing compounds on endogenous antioxidant systems. Finally, we discuss the possibilities associated with compounds targeting the endogenous antioxidant system to treat neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
| | - Qianqian Bai
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Office of Research & Innovation, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xiaofei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Ganqin Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
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2
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Carecho R, Figueira I, Terrasso AP, Godinho‐Pereira J, de Oliveira Sequeira C, Pereira SA, Milenkovic D, Leist M, Brito C, Nunes dos Santos C. Circulating (Poly)phenol Metabolites: Neuroprotection in a 3D Cell Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100959. [PMID: 34964254 PMCID: PMC9788306 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Diets rich in (poly)phenols have been associated with positive effects on neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Several low-molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites (LMWPM) are found in the plasma after consumption of (poly)phenol-rich food. It is expected that LMWPM, upon reaching the brain, may have beneficial effects against both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and possibly attenuate cell death mechanisms relate to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigates the neuroprotective potential of two blood-brain barrier permeant LMWPM, catechol-O-sulfate (cat-sulf), and pyrogallol-O-sulfate (pyr-sulf), in a human 3D cell model of PD. Neurospheroids were generated from LUHMES neuronal precursor cells and challenged by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) to induce neuronal stress. LMWPM pretreatments were differently neuroprotective towards MPP+ insult, presenting distinct effects on the neuronal transcriptome. Particularly, cat-sulf pretreatment appeared to boost counter-regulatory defense mechanisms (preconditioning). When MPP+ is applied, both LMWPM positively modulated glutathione metabolism and heat-shock response, as also favorably shifting the balance of pro/anti-apoptotic proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point to the potential of LMWPM to trigger molecular mechanisms that help dopaminergic neurons to cope with a subsequent toxic insult. They are promising molecules to be further explored in the context of preventing and attenuating parkinsonian neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carecho
- CEDOCNOVA Medical SchoolFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa1150‐082LisboaPortugal
- ITQBInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2780‐157OeirasPortugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- CEDOCNOVA Medical SchoolFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa1150‐082LisboaPortugal
| | - Ana Paula Terrasso
- ITQBInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2780‐157OeirasPortugal
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica2781–901OeirasPortugal
| | - Joana Godinho‐Pereira
- ITQBInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2780‐157OeirasPortugal
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica2781–901OeirasPortugal
| | | | - Sofia Azeredo Pereira
- CEDOCNOVA Medical SchoolFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa1150‐082LisboaPortugal
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- INRAEUNHUniversité Clermont Auvergne63122St Genes ChampanelleFrance
- Department of NutritionUniversity of California Davis95616DavisCAUSA
| | - Marcel Leist
- In‐vitro Toxicology and BiomedicineUniversity of Konstanz78457ConstanceGermany
| | - Catarina Brito
- ITQBInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2780‐157OeirasPortugal
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica2781–901OeirasPortugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes dos Santos
- CEDOCNOVA Medical SchoolFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa1150‐082LisboaPortugal
- ITQBInstituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António XavierUniversidade Nova de Lisboa2780‐157OeirasPortugal
- iBETInstituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica2781–901OeirasPortugal
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3
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Pantaleo E, Monaco A, Amoroso N, Lombardi A, Bellantuono L, Urso D, Lo Giudice C, Picardi E, Tafuri B, Nigro S, Pesole G, Tangaro S, Logroscino G, Bellotti R. A Machine Learning Approach to Parkinson’s Disease Blood Transcriptomics. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050727. [PMID: 35627112 PMCID: PMC9141063 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence and the significant health burden associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have stimulated substantial research efforts towards the identification of effective treatments and diagnostic procedures. Despite technological advancements, a cure is still not available and PD is often diagnosed a long time after onset when irreversible damage has already occurred. Blood transcriptomics represents a potentially disruptive technology for the early diagnosis of PD. We used transcriptome data from the PPMI study, a large cohort study with early PD subjects and age matched controls (HC), to perform the classification of PD vs. HC in around 550 samples. Using a nested feature selection procedure based on Random Forests and XGBoost we reached an AUC of 72% and found 493 candidate genes. We further discussed the importance of the selected genes through a functional analysis based on GOs and KEGG pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pantaleo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 173, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfonso Monaco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Nicola Amoroso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 173, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Loredana Bellantuono
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Daniele Urso
- Centro per le Malattie Neurodegenerative e l’Invecchiamento Cerebrale, Dipartimento di Ricerca Clinica in Neurologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy; (D.U.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Claudio Lo Giudice
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (C.L.G.); (E.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (C.L.G.); (E.P.); (G.P.)
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Tafuri
- Centro per le Malattie Neurodegenerative e l’Invecchiamento Cerebrale, Dipartimento di Ricerca Clinica in Neurologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy; (D.U.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Salvatore Nigro
- Centro per le Malattie Neurodegenerative e l’Invecchiamento Cerebrale, Dipartimento di Ricerca Clinica in Neurologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy; (D.U.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia (NANOTEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (C.L.G.); (E.P.); (G.P.)
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabina Tangaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Centro per le Malattie Neurodegenerative e l’Invecchiamento Cerebrale, Dipartimento di Ricerca Clinica in Neurologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy; (D.U.); (B.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Roberto Bellotti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Bari, Via A. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (A.M.); (N.A.); (L.B.); (S.T.); (R.B.)
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica M. Merlin, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 173, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Sun L, Inaba Y, Sogo Y, Ito A, Bekal M, Chida K, Moritake T. Total body irradiation causes a chronic decrease in antioxidant levels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6716. [PMID: 33762608 PMCID: PMC7990969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation exposure may not only cause acute radiation syndrome, but also an increased risk of late effects. It has been hypothesized that induction of chronic oxidative stress mediates the late effects of ionizing radiation. However, only a few reports have analyzed changes in long-term antioxidant capacity after irradiation in vivo. Our previous study demonstrated changes in whole-blood antioxidant capacity and red blood cell (RBC) glutathione levels within 50 days after total body irradiation (TBI). In this study, seven-week-old, male, C57BL/6J mice exposed to total body irradiation by X-ray and changes in whole-blood antioxidant capacity and RBC glutathione levels at ≥ 100 days after TBI were investigated. Whole-blood antioxidant capacity was chronically decreased in the 5-Gy group. The RBC reduced glutathione (GSH) level and the GSH/oxidative glutathione (GSSG) ratio were chronically decreased after ≥ 1 Gy of TBI. Interestingly, the complete blood counts (CBC) changed less with 1-Gy exposure, suggesting that GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio were more sensitive radiation exposure markers than whole-blood antioxidant capacity and CBC counts. It has been reported that GSH depletion is one of the triggers leading to cataracts, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, and these diseases are also known as radiation-induced late effects. The present findings further suggest that chronic antioxidant reduction may contribute to the pathogenesis of late radiation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Sun
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza-Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yu Sogo
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ito
- Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Mahesh Bekal
- Department of Radiobiology and Hygiene Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Chida
- Course of Radiological Technology, Health Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza-Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Takashi Moritake
- Department of Radiobiology and Hygiene Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.
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5
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Wang HL, Zhang J, Li YP, Dong L, Chen YZ. Potential use of glutathione as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:125. [PMID: 33376507 PMCID: PMC7751460 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of glutathione (GSH) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The PubMed, Cochrane Library, OvidSP, Web of Science, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and China Wanfang Standards Database databases were systematically searched from the inception dates to October 1st, 2019, using the key words'glutathione' or 'GSH' and 'Parkinson' or 'Parkinson's disease' or 'PD'. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the bias risk assessment tool of the Cochrane systematic evaluator manual (version 5.1.0). Pooled analysis of the relevant data was performed using RevMan 5.3 software and subgroup analysis was performed to determine the impact of the dosage (300 vs. 600 mg) on the outcome measures. A total of seven randomized controlled trials involving 450 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the present study indicated a statistically significant difference between the GSH and control groups, in terms of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III [standard mean difference (SMD), -0.48; 95% CI, -(0.88-0.08); P=0.02] and GSH peroxidase (SMD, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.52-3.24; P=0.007). However, the differences in the UPDRS I (SMD, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.25-0.16; P=0.70) and UPDRS II (SMD, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.17-0.24; P=0.77) score and in side effects were not statistically significant between the groups. Subgroup analyses revealed that the dosage (300 vs. 600 mg) was an influencing factor for UPDRS III. The present study demonstrated that GSH may mildly improve motor scores in PD, but not at the expense of increased adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Zhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
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6
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Bjørklund G, Tinkov AA, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Ajsuvakova OP, Chirumbolo S, Skalnaya MG, Peana M, Dadar M, El-Ansary A, Qasem H, Adams JB, Aaseth J, Skalny AV. The role of glutathione redox imbalance in autism spectrum disorder: A review. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:149-162. [PMID: 32745763 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of glutathione in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is emerging as a major topic, due to its role in the maintenance of the intracellular redox balance. Several studies have implicated glutathione redox imbalance as a leading factor in ASD, and both ASD and many other neurodevelopmental disorders involve low levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), high levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and abnormalities in the expressions of glutathione-related enzymes in the blood or brain. Glutathione metabolism, through its impact on redox environment or redox-independent mechanisms, interferes with multiple mechanisms involved in ASD pathogenesis. Glutathione-mediated regulation of glutamate receptors [e.g., N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor], as well as the role of glutamate as a substrate for glutathione synthesis, may be involved in the regulation of glutamate excitotoxicity. However, the interaction between glutathione and glutamate in the pathogenesis of brain diseases may vary from synergism to antagonism. Modulation of glutathione is also associated with regulation of redox-sensitive transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) and downstream signaling (proinflammatory cytokines and inducible enzymes), thus providing a significant impact on neuroinflammation. Mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as neuronal apoptosis, may also provide a significant link between glutathione metabolism and ASD. Furthermore, it has been recently highlighted that glutathione can affect and modulate DNA methylation and epigenetics. Review analysis including research studies meeting the required criteria for analysis showed statistically significant differences between the plasma GSH and GSSG levels as well as GSH:GSSG ratio in autistic patients compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.0145, P = 0.0150 and P = 0.0202, respectively). Therefore, the existing data provide a strong background on the role of the glutathione system in ASD pathogenesis. Future research is necessary to investigate the role of glutathione redox signaling in ASD, which could potentially also lead to promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo I Rana, Norway.
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Margarita G Skalnaya
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; CONEM Saudi Autism Research Group, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James B Adams
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Research Department, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems, Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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7
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Bjørklund G, Peana M, Maes M, Dadar M, Severin B. The glutathione system in Parkinson's disease and its progression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:470-478. [PMID: 33068556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox dysfunctions and neuro-oxidative stress play a major role in the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Glutathione (GSH) and the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio are lowered in oxidative stress conditions and may lead to increased oxidative toxicity. GSH is involved not only in neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative processes, including thiol redox signaling, but also in cell proliferation and differentiation and in the regulation of cell death, including apoptotic pathways. Lowered GSH metabolism and a low GSH/GSSG ratio following oxidative stress are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions and constitute a critical factor in the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes accompanying PD. This review provides indirect evidence that GSH redox signaling is associated with the pathophysiology of PD. Nevertheless, it has not been delineated whether GSH redox imbalances are a causative factor in PD or whether PD-associated pathways cause the GSH redox imbalances in PD. The results show that antioxidant approaches, including neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory agents, which neutralize reactive oxygen species, may have therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of PD and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Beatrice Severin
- Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta, Romania
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8
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Yıldızhan K, Nazıroğlu M. Glutathione Depletion and Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPP +-Induced TRPM2 Channel Activation Play Central Roles in Oxidative Cytotoxicity and Inflammation in Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3508-3525. [PMID: 32535761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of most common neurodegenerative diseases. Environmental stressors such as oxidative stress (OS), calcium ion influx, apoptosis, and inflammation mechanisms are linked to activated microglia in patients with PD. The OS-dependent activated transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel is modulated in several neurons by glutathione (GSH). However, the cellular and molecular effects of GSH alteration on TRPM2 activation, OS, apoptosis, and inflammation in the microglia remain elusive. The microglia of TRPM2 wild-type (TRPM2-WT) and knockout (TRPM2-KO) mice were divided into control, PD model (MPP), L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), MPP + BSO and MPP + BSO + GSH groups. MPP-induced increases in apoptosis, death, OS, lipid peroxidation, PARP1, caspase-3 and caspase-9, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), and intracellular free Zn2+ and Ca2+ levels in the microglia of TRPM2-WT mice were further increased by the BSO treatment, although they were diminished by the GSH treatment. Their levels were further reduced by PARP1 inhibitors (PJ34 and DPQ) and TRPM2 blockers (ACA and 2-APB). However, the effects of MPP and BSO were not observed in the microglia of TRPM2-KO mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that maintaining GSH homeostasis is not only important for quenching OS in the microglia of patients with PD but also equally critical to modulating TRPM2, thus suppressing inflammatory responses elicited by environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Yıldızhan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, TR-32260, Isparta, Turkey. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. .,Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture and Industry Ltd,, Göller Bölgesi Teknokenti, Isparta, Turkey.
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Dwivedi D, Megha K, Mishra R, Mandal PK. Glutathione in Brain: Overview of Its Conformations, Functions, Biochemical Characteristics, Quantitation and Potential Therapeutic Role in Brain Disorders. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1461-1480. [PMID: 32297027 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant found abundantly and synthesized intracellularly in the cytosol in a tightly regulated fashion. It has diverse physiological functions, including protection against reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species, antioxidant defense as well as maintenance of cellular thiol status. The human brain due to the high oxygen consumption is extremely susceptible to the generation of reactive oxygen species. GSH plays a paramount role in brain antioxidant defense, maintaining redox homeostasis. The depletion of brain GSH has also been observed from both autopsies as well as in vivo MRS studies with aging and varied neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.). Therefore, GSH enrichment using supplementation is a promising avenue in the therapeutic development for these neurological disorders. This review will enrich the information on the importance of GSH synthesis, metabolism, functions, compartmentation and inter-organ transport, structural conformations and its quantitation via different techniques. The transportation of GSH in the brain via different interventional routes and its potential role in the development of therapeutic strategies for various brain disorders is also addressed. Very recent study found significant improvement of behavioral deficits including cognitive decline, depressive-like behaviors, in APP (NL-G-F/NL-G-FG-) mice due to oral GSH administration. This animal model study put an emergent need to complete GSH supplementation trial in MCI and AD patients for cognitive improvement as proposed earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Dwivedi
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kanu Megha
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Ritwick Mishra
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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Díaz-Hung ML, Ruiz-Fuentes JL, Díaz-García A, León-Martínez R, Alberti-Amador E, Pavón-Fuentes N, Blanco-Lezcano L. Impairment in exploratory behavior is associated with arc gene overexpression in the dorsolateral striatum of rats with nigral injection of l-buthionine sulfoximine. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:26-30. [PMID: 30223000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present work were to evaluate the exploratory activity in Sprague-Dawley rats, as well as to analyze the nigral and striatal mRNA expression of the plasticity-related genes bdnf and arc after L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) injection into substantia nigra compacta. Lesioned rats traveled less distance in open field but did not show a decline in the novel object recognition test. On the other hand, RT-PCR analysis showed overexpression of striatal arc 24 h post-lesion; no significant changes in bdnf expression were observed in nigral or striatal tissue. These results suggest that intranigral BSO injection causes impairment in exploratory behavior in these rats, by affecting locomotion, which is associated with changes in striatal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Díaz-Hung
- International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba.
| | | | - A Díaz-García
- Pharmaceutics Biological Laboratories (LABIOFAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - R León-Martínez
- Departament of Molecular and Celular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - E Alberti-Amador
- International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
| | - N Pavón-Fuentes
- International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
| | - L Blanco-Lezcano
- International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Havana, Cuba
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Sarbishegi M, Charkhat Gorgich EA, Khajavi O, Komeili G, Salimi S. The neuroprotective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rat. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:79-88. [PMID: 29039078 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related disease in which dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway are destroyed, resulting in movement and behavioral problems. Oxidative stress and the generation of reactive oxygen species play key roles in neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. Rotenone (ROT) is a common pesticide that induces oxidative stress. Olive leaves extract (OLE) has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of OLE on ROT-induced oxidative stress in the midbrain of a rat model of PD. Ninety-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following 6 groups (n = 16 rats/group): Control, Sham, ROT, and 3 ROT + OLE (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/daily) groups. ROT (2.5 mg/kg/48 h) was injected subcutaneously, and vehicle or OLE was orally administered for 30 days. The animals were then sacrificed, and their brains were removed. Biochemical measures, including the levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons were determined, and behavioral (rotarod and hanging) tests were conducted. The balance and muscle strength of the OLE (150 and 300 mg/kg)-treated groups were significantly improved. Treatment with OLE prevented the increases in the levels of MDA, significantly improved the SOD, CAT, and GPx levels in the midbrain, and prevented the depletion of the TH-positive neurons. These findings suggested that OLE has neuroprotective properties and that it might be useful for preventing the death of dopaminergic neurons in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarbishegi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran.
| | | | - Ozra Khajavi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Komeili
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Salimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
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El-Ansary A, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Alnakhli OM. Predictive value of selected biomarkers related to metabolism and oxidative stress in children with autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1209-1221. [PMID: 28497358 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior. Several and reproducible studies have suggested that oxidative stress may represent one of the primary etiological mechanism of ASD that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. In the present study, multiple regression and combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to search for a relationship between impaired energy and oxidative metabolic pathways in the etiology of ASD and to find the linear combination that maximizes the partial area under a ROC curve for a pre-identified set of markers related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Thirty children with ASD and 30 age and gender matched controls were enrolled in the study. Using either spectrophotometric or ELISA-colorimetric assay, levels of lipid peroxides, vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) together with the enzymatic activity of catalase, plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), were measured in peripheral blood samples, as biomarkers related to oxidative stress. Creatine kinase, ectonucleotidases (ADPase and ATPase) Na+/K+ (ATPase), lactate, inorganic phosphate, and levels of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) together with adenylate energy charge, were also measured as markers of impaired energy metabolism. Statistical analysis using ROC curves, multiple and logistic regression were performed. A remarkable increase in the area under the curve for most of the combined markers, representing both energy impaired metabolism or oxidative stress, was observed by using combined ROC analyses. Moreover, higher specificity and sensitivity of the combined markers were also reported. The present study indicated that the measurement of the predictive value of selected biomarkers related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress in children with ASD using ROC analysis should lead to the better identification of the etiological mechanism of ASD associated with metabolism and diet. Agents with activity against the impaired metabolic pathway associated with ASD including the metabolic defects and involved enzymes hold a promise as a novel therapy for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Medical Studies and Scientific Section, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Osima M Alnakhli
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Medical Studies and Scientific Section, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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