1
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Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:481-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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2
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Contribution of Dopamine Transporter Gene Methylation Status to Cannabis Dependency. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060400. [PMID: 32586035 PMCID: PMC7348832 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility to cannabis dependency results from the influence of numerous factors such as social, genetic, as well as epigenetic factors. Many studies have attempted to discover a molecular basis for this disease. However, our study aimed at evaluating the connection between altered methylation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) promoter CpG sites and cannabis dependency. In the cases of some DNA sequences, including the DAT1 gene region, their methylation status in blood cells may reflect a systemic modulation in the whole organism. Consequently, we isolated the DNA from the peripheral blood cells from a group of 201 cannabis-dependent patients and 285 controls who were healthy volunteers and who were matched for age and sex. The DNA was subjected to bisulfite conversion and sequencing. Our analysis revealed no statistical differences in the general methylation status of the DAT1 gene promoter CpG island between the patients and controls. Yet, the analysis of individual CpG sites where methylation occurred indicated significant differences. These sites are known to be bound by transcription factors (e.g., SP1, p53, PAX5, or GR), which, apart from other functions, were shown to play a role in the development of the nervous system. Therefore, DAT1 gene promoter methylation studies may provide important insight into the mechanism of cannabis dependency.
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Laskowski CS, Dorchak DL, Ward KM, Christensen DR, Euston DR. Can Slot-Machine Reward Schedules Induce Gambling Addiction in Rats? J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:887-914. [PMID: 31049772 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to drugs of abuse, random-ratio reward schedules are highly motivating and, in humans, are thought to foster gambling addiction. Animal gambling models, however, have not yet demonstrated the compulsivity so characteristic of drug addiction. Three criteria have been used to evaluate addiction-like behavior in drug models: (1) response inhibition when reward is not available, (2) persistence under a progressive ratio schedule, in which the response-to-reward ratio is stretched, and (3) persistence in spite of punishment. We tested whether prolonged exposure (6 weeks) to a gambling-like reward schedule would induce addiction-like symptoms in rats. In two studies, separate groups were trained to respond to either random- or fixed-ratio schedules for food reward. We found that rats trained on random-ratio schedules showed higher response rates and dramatically shorter pauses after rewards. Tests of addiction-like behavior, however, were largely negative. Response rates were not different during cued no-reward periods nor when reward was coupled with punishment. We also found no group differences when food was devalued nor in reinstatement of reward-seeking after a 1-week delay. The sole exception to this pattern was that rats in the second experiment showed greater persistence on a progressive ratio test. After experiment two, subjects were also orally administered pramipexole, which caused increased perseveration during progressive ratio testing, especially in the random ratio group. While, it is possible that longer training or more appetitive rewards might have led to addiction-like behavior, our results, on the surface, suggest that random-ratio schedules are motivating but not addictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Laskowski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Danika L Dorchak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Ward
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Darren R Christensen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - David R Euston
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Pettorruso M, Martinotti G, Cocciolillo F, De Risio L, Cinquino A, Di Nicola M, Camardese G, Migliara G, Moccia L, Conte E, Janiri L, Di Giuda D. Striatal presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in gambling disorder: A 123 I-FP-CIT SPECT study. Addict Biol 2019; 24:1077-1086. [PMID: 30226290 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the involvement of dopamine in gambling disorder (GD) has long been hypothesized, its precise role remains unclear. The action of dopamine in the synapses is regulated by the dopamine transporter (DAT). We hereinafter present significant differences between a sample of 15 treatment-seeking GD subjects and 17 healthy controls in terms of striatal DAT availability, and we explore its association with reward-based decision making. We performed 123 I-FP-CIT Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and correlated DAT binding ratios in the bilateral caudate and putamen with gambling symptoms (G-SAS, PG-YBOCS) and behaviors, as well as other psychometric variables (anhedonia and impulsivity). Gambling disorder (GD) subjects were also administered a computerized version of the Iowa gambling task (IGT) to assess reward-based decision making. We found reduced DAT availability in GD subjects compared with healthy controls (-13.30% in right caudate, -11.11% in right putamen, -11.44% in left caudate, and -11.46% in the left putamen). We also found that striatal DAT availability was inversely correlated with days spent gambling and IGT performance in GD subjects. These results provide evidence for a presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in striatal regions of GD subjects. Functional DAT down-regulation possibly sustains the transition towards compulsive gambling addiction, characterized both by hyperdopaminergic and hypodopaminergic states in the context of a sensitized dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pettorruso
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Science, “G. d'Annunzio” University of Chieti, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Clinical Science; University of Hertfordshire; Herts UK
| | - Fabrizio Cocciolillo
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Annarita Cinquino
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Giovanni Camardese
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moccia
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Eliana Conte
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Di Giuda
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Rome Italy
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Reduced adolescent risk-assessment and lower nicotinic beta-2 expression in rats exposed to nicotine through lactation by forcedly drinking dams. Neuroscience 2019; 413:64-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zoratto F, Oddi G, Gori E, Micucci A, De Petrillo F, Paglieri F, Adriani W, Laviola G, Addessi E. Social modulation of risky decision-making in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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King DL, Adair C, Saunders JB, Delfabbro PH. Clinical predictors of gaming abstinence in help-seeking adult problematic gamers. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:581-588. [PMID: 29407726 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research into the effectiveness of interventions for problematic gaming has been limited by a lack of data concerning the clinical characteristics of voluntary treatment-seekers; the nature and history of their gaming problems; and, their reasons for seeking help. The study aimed to identify variables predictive of short-term commitment to gaming abstinence following initial voluntary contact with an online help service. A total of 186 adult gamers with gaming-related problems were recruited online. Participants completed the DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder (IGD) checklist, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, Internet Gaming Cognition Scale, Gaming Craving Scale, and Gaming Quality of Life Scale. A one-week follow up survey assessed adherence with intended gaming abstinence. Abstainers were less likely to have withdrawal symptoms and less likely to play action shooting games. Participants with mood symptoms (40% of the total) reported significantly more IGD symptoms, stronger maladaptive gaming cognitions (e.g., overvaluing game rewards), more previous occurrences of gaming problems, and poorer quality of life. However, mood symptoms did not predict abstinence from or continuation of gaming. Adults with gaming disorder seeking help to reduce their gaming may benefit initially from strategies that manage withdrawal and psychoeducation about riskier gaming activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L King
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - John B Saunders
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Carbone C, Adinolfi A, Cinque S, Lacivita E, Alleva E, Leopoldo M, Adriani W. Activation of 5-HT7 receptor by administration of its selective agonist, LP-211, modifies explorative-curiosity behavior in rats in two paradigms which differ in visuospatial parameters. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:712-720. [PMID: 29392842 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The serotonin 7 receptor (5-HT7R) subtype, coded by Htr7 gene, is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) with clear involvement in behavioral functions such as learning/memory, regulation of mood, and circadian rhythms. In this study, we assessed effects of 5-HT7R stimulation by administration of its selective agonist, LP-211 (0.25 mg/kg i.p.), in adult Wistar-Han rats. METHODS We used two different explorative-curiosity tests. Drug was administered either before one side-chamber familiarization (CF/V group) or immediately after it, to act on consolidation of familiarization (V/CF group). RESULTS Exp. 1 for novelty seeking in black/white boxes (BWB), with door opening after 5 minutes in the familiar chamber, showed that (i) time spent in the novel environment (significantly higher than in familiar chamber for controls) is enhanced in V/CF group (potentiated recognition for a "visual" consolidation) and not different in CF/V group; (ii) activity and chamber transitions, made by CF/V rats, are significantly higher than for other groups (interference on recognition for a "spatial" acquisition). Exp. 2 for novelty preference in D- vs L-shaped chambers (D/L), with start from neutral center, gave different results: (i) time spent in the novel environment by CF/V group is significantly higher than other groups (potentiated "cognitive" acquisition); (ii) chamber transitions made by V/CF group are significantly higher than other groups (potentiated "emotional" consolidation). CONCLUSION These apparently conflicting results may reflect LP-211 effects on visual vs spatial memory (D/L apparatus has more pronounced hippocampal components than BWB). However, further experiments are needed to analyze more in depth the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Adinolfi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinque
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Alleva
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,BIOFORDRUG s.r.l., Spin-off by Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Adriani W, Romano E, Pucci M, Pascale E, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Tambelli R, Curatolo P, Granstrem O, Maccarrone M, Laviola G, D'Addario C. Potential for diagnosis versus therapy monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a new epigenetic biomarker interacting with both genotype and auto-immunity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:241-252. [PMID: 28822049 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of the need for easily accessible biomarkers, we evaluated in ADHD children the epigenetic status of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) in the SLC6A3 gene, coding for human dopamine transporter (DAT). We analysed buccal swabs and sera from 30 children who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD, assigned to treatment according to severity. Methylation levels at six-selected CpG sites (among which, a CGGCGGCGG and a CGCG motif), alone or in combination with serum titers in auto-antibodies against dopamine transporter (DAT aAbs), were analysed for correlation with CGAS scores (by clinicians) and Conners' scales (by parents), collected at recruitment and after 6 weeks. In addition, we characterized the DAT genotype, i.e., the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms at the 3'-UTR of the gene. DAT methylation levels were greatly reduced in ADHD patients compared to control, healthy children. Within patients carrying at least one DAT 9 allele (DAT 9/x), methylation at positions CpG2 and/or CpG6 correlated with recovery, as evident from delta-CGAS scores as well as delta Conners' scales ('inattentive' and 'hyperactive' subscales). Moreover, hypermethylation at CpG1 position denoted severity, specifically for those patients carrying a DAT 10/10 genotype. Intriguingly, high serum DAT-aAbs titers appeared to corroborate indications from high CpG1 versus high CpG2/CpG6 levels, likewise denoting severity versus recovery in DAT 10/10 versus 9/x patients, respectively. These profiles suggest that DAT 5'UTR epigenetics plus serum aAbs can serve as suitable biomarkers, to confirm ADHD diagnosis and/or to predict the efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Building 19 Floor D Room 5, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy.
| | - Emilia Romano
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Building 19 Floor D Room 5, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pucci
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Esterina Pascale
- Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cerniglia
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cimino
- Dynamic and Clinical Psychology Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Dynamic and Clinical Psychology Department, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of System Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, "Campus Bio-Medico" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS "Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Building 19 Floor D Room 5, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS "Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
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10
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Zhong H, Dang J, Huo Z, Ma Z, Chen J, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Li M. Effects of medial prefrontal cortex 5-HT 7 receptor knockdown on cognitive control after acute heroin administration. Brain Res 2017; 1678:419-431. [PMID: 29155092 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heroin abuse is linked to a deleterious effect on cognitive functioning in the individual. Recent evidences suggest that the serotonin7 receptor (5-HT7R) is engaged in the regulation of cognitive control and the drug use-associated behaviors. However, the role of 5-HT7R in the cognitive control after acute heroin administration has not been studied. The present study aims to investigate whether the knockdown of the 5-HT7R by virus-mediated gene silencing in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) could ameliorate the acute heroin-induced cognitive impairments. The attentional function, impulsivity and compulsivity were assessed by the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in mice. The memory ability and locomotor activity were examined by the novel objects recognition (NOR), Y-maze and open-field test (OFT). Acute heroin administration at 5 mg/kg produced robust disruptions in attention, impulsivity and motivation in mice. 5-HT7R knockdown in the mPFC did not affect the 5-CSRTT baseline performance, spatial working memory, visual episodic memory and locomotion. However, mPFC 5-HT7R knockdown selectively ameliorated acute heroin-induced increase in omissions and premature responses under conditions of increased perceptual load. In addition, mPFC 5-HT7R knockdown induced increases in perseverative responding observed across both saline and heroin-treated animals. Moreover, 5-HT7R knockdown prevented the heroin-induced decrease in NR1/CaMKII phosphorylation in mPFC, thus suggesting that 5-HT7R and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor signaling may be involved in the cognitive outcomes of acute heroin administration. Altogether, these observations suggest modest and restricted effects of mPFC 5-HT7R knockdown on cognitive behaviors, both in the presence or absence of acute heroin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Jie Dang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Zhenghao Huo
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, China.
| | - Zhanbing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- College of Forensic Science, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, China
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Beaudet G, Paizanis E, Zoratto F, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Freret T, Laviola G, Boulouard M, Adriani W. LP-211, a selective 5-HT7
receptor agonist, increases novelty-preference and promotes risk-prone behavior in rats. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Beaudet
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Paizanis
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - F. Zoratto
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
| | - M. Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
- BIOFORDRUG s.r.l; Spin-off by Università degli Studi di Bari; Bari Italy
| | - T. Freret
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - G. Laviola
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - M. Boulouard
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - W. Adriani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
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12
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Hloch K, Mladěnka P, Doseděl M, Adriani W, Zoratto F. The current clinical knowledge on the treatment of gambling disorder: A summary. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Hloch
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Doseděl
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University; Heyrovskeho 1203 Hradec Kralove 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Walter Adriani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - Francesca Zoratto
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Centre; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies of the National Research Council of Italy; Via Ulisse Aldrovandi 16/B Rome I-00197 Italy
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