1
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Wu Y, Wang F. Inhibition of NKCC1 in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion results in alleviation of neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord contusion. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231159855. [PMID: 36760008 PMCID: PMC9950615 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231159855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed the relationship between chloride homeostasis and pain. However, the role of sodium potassium chloride co-transporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) in spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuropathic pain (NP) remains inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether suppression of NKCC1 in the spinal cord and DRGs alleviate the NP of adult rats with thoracic spinal cord contusion. Thirty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 week-old, weighing 250-280 g) were randomly divided into three groups with ten animals in each group (sham, SCI, and bumetanide groups). The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency were recorded before injury (baseline) and on post-injury days 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of experiment, western blotting (WB) analysis, quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to quantify NKCC1 expression. Our results revealed that NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal cord and DRGs was significantly up-regulated in rats with SCI. Intraperitoneal treatment of bumetanide (an NKCC1 inhibitor) reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the dorsal horn and DRGs and ameliorated mechanical ectopic pain and thermal hypersensitivities in the SCI rats. Our study demonstrated the occurrence of NKCC1 overexpression in the spinal cord and DRGs in a rodent model of NP and indicated that changes in the peripheral nervous system also play a major role in promoting pain sensitization after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyong Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12517Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
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2
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Maguire AD, Friedman TN, Villarreal Andrade DN, Haq F, Dunn J, Pfeifle K, Tenorio G, Buro K, Plemel JR, Kerr BJ. Sex differences in the inflammatory response of the mouse DRG and its connection to pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20995. [PMID: 36470947 PMCID: PMC9722825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with notable sex differences. Women are not only more likely to develop MS but are also more likely than men to experience neuropathic pain in the disease. It has been postulated that neuropathic pain in MS can originate in the peripheral nervous system at the level of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which houses primary pain sensing neurons (nociceptors). These nociceptors become hyperexcitable in response to inflammation, leading to peripheral sensitization and eventually central sensitization, which maintains pain long-term. The mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a good model for human MS as it replicates classic MS symptoms including pain. Using EAE mice as well as naïve primary mouse DRG neurons cultured in vitro, we sought to characterize sex differences, specifically in peripheral sensory neurons. We found sex differences in the inflammatory profile of the EAE DRG, and in the TNFα downstream signaling pathways activated intracellularly in cultured nociceptors. We also found increased cell death with TNFα treatment. Given that TNFα signaling has been shown to initiate intrinsic apoptosis through mitochondrial disruption, this led us to investigate sex differences in the mitochondria's response to TNFα. Our results demonstrate that male sensory neurons are more sensitive to mitochondrial stress, making them prone to neuronal injury. In contrast, female sensory neurons appear to be more resistant to mitochondrial stress and exhibit an inflammatory and regenerative phenotype that may underlie greater nociceptor hyperexcitability and pain. Understanding these sex differences at the level of the primary sensory neuron is an important first step in our eventual goal of developing sex-specific treatments to halt pain development in the periphery before central sensitization is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D. Maguire
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Timothy N. Friedman
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Dania N. Villarreal Andrade
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Fajr Haq
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Jacob Dunn
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Keiana Pfeifle
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Karen Buro
- grid.418296.00000 0004 0398 5853Department of Mathematics and Statistics, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 2P2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Bradley J. Kerr
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XNeuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 2-150, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
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3
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Samtleben S, Mina L, Yap MC, Branton WG, Yousuf MS, Tenorio G, Ballanyi K, Giuliani F, Kerr BJ, Power C, Simmen T. Astrocytes show increased levels of Ero1α in multiple sclerosis and its experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5177-5190. [PMID: 36083288 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal models are characterized by cellular inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The sources and consequences of this inflammation are currently not completely understood. Critical signs and mediators of CNS inflammation are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote inflammation. ROS originate from a variety of redox-reactive enzymes, one class of which catalyses oxidative protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the unfolded protein response and other signalling mechanisms maintain a balance between ROS producers such as ER oxidoreductin 1α (Ero1α) and antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase 8 (GPx8). The role of ROS production within the ER has so far not been examined in the context of MS. In this manuscript, we examined how components of the ER redox network change upon MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that unlike GPx8, Ero1α increases within both MS and EAE astrocytes, in parallel with an imbalance of other oxidases such of GPx7, and that no change was observed within neurons. This imbalance of ER redox enzymes can reduce the lifespan of astrocytes, while neurons are not affected. Therefore, Ero1α induction makes astrocytes vulnerable to oxidative stress in the MS and EAE pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Samtleben
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lucas Mina
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan C Yap
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,UTD Pain Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Ponomareva D, Petukhova E, Bregestovski P. Simultaneous Monitoring of pH and Chloride (Cl -) in Brain Slices of Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13601. [PMID: 34948398 PMCID: PMC8708776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optosensorics is the direction of research possessing the possibility of non-invasive monitoring of the concentration of intracellular ions or activity of intracellular components using specific biosensors. In recent years, genetically encoded proteins have been used as effective optosensory means. These probes possess fluorophore groups capable of changing fluorescence when interacting with certain ions or molecules. For monitoring of intracellular concentrations of chloride ([Cl-]i) and hydrogen ([H+] i) the construct, called ClopHensor, which consists of a H+- and Cl--sensitive variant of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (E2GFP) fused with a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mDsRed) has been proposed. We recently developed a line of transgenic mice expressing ClopHensor in neurons and obtained the map of its expression in different areas of the brain. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of transgenic mice expressing ClopHensor for estimation of [H+]i and [Cl-]i concentrations in neurons of brain slices. We performed simultaneous monitoring of [H+]i and [Cl-]i under different experimental conditions including changing of external concentrations of ions (Ca2+, Cl-, K+, Na+) and synaptic stimulation of Shaffer's collaterals of hippocampal slices. The results obtained illuminate different pathways of regulation of Cl- and pH equilibrium in neurons and demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing ClopHensor represent a reliable tool for non-invasive simultaneous monitoring of intracellular Cl- and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Ponomareva
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Petukhova
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, INS, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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5
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Li YC, Tian YQ, Wu YY, Xu YC, Zhang PA, Sha J, Xu GY. Upregulation of Spinal ASIC1 and NKCC1 Expression Contributes to Chronic Visceral Pain in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:611179. [PMID: 33584200 PMCID: PMC7874109 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.611179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine whether acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1)–sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) signaling pathway participates in chronic visceral pain of adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD). Methods: Chronic visceral pain was detected by colorectal distension (CRD). Western blotting and Immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expression and location of ASIC1 and NKCC1. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to record spinal synaptic transmission. Results: The excitatory synaptic transmission was enhanced and the inhibitory synaptic transmission was weakened in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. ASIC1 and NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly up-regulated in NMD rats. Incubation of Amiloride reduced the amplitude of mEPSCs. Incubation of Bumetanide (BMT) increased the amplitude of mIPSCs. Intrathecal injection of ASIC1 or NKCC1 inhibitors reversed the threshold of CRD in NMD rats. Also, Amiloride treatment significantly reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the ASIC1-NKCC1 signaling pathway is involved in chronic visceral pain in NMD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Yousuf MS, Samtleben S, Lamothe SM, Friedman TN, Catuneanu A, Thorburn K, Desai M, Tenorio G, Schenk GJ, Ballanyi K, Kurata HT, Simmen T, Kerr BJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the dorsal root ganglia regulates large-conductance potassium channels and contributes to pain in a model of multiple sclerosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:12577-12598. [PMID: 32677089 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) and current treatment options are ineffective. In this study, we investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contributes to pain hypersensitivity in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Inflammatory cells and increased levels of ER stress markers are evident in post-mortem DRGs from MS patients. Similarly, we observed ER stress in the DRG of mice with EAE and relieving ER stress with a chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), reduced pain hypersensitivity. In vitro, 4-PBA and the selective PERK inhibitor, AMG44, normalize cytosolic Ca2+ transients in putative DRG nociceptors. We went on to assess disease-mediated changes in the functional properties of Ca2+ -sensitive BK-type K+ channels in DRG neurons. We found that the conductance-voltage (GV) relationship of BK channels was shifted to a more positive voltage, together with a more depolarized resting membrane potential in EAE cells. Our results suggest that ER stress in sensory neurons of MS patients and mice with EAE is a source of pain and that ER stress modulators can effectively counteract this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Samira Samtleben
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn M Lamothe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy N Friedman
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ana Catuneanu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mansi Desai
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Geert J Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, VUmc MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Ballanyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Harley T Kurata
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Marshall-Phelps KL, Kegel L, Baraban M, Ruhwedel T, Almeida RG, Rubio-Brotons M, Klingseisen A, Benito-Kwiecinski SK, Early JJ, Bin JM, Suminaite D, Livesey MR, Möbius W, Poole RJ, Lyons DA. Neuronal activity disrupts myelinated axon integrity in the absence of NKCC1b. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201909022. [PMID: 32364583 PMCID: PMC7337504 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through a genetic screen in zebrafish, we identified a mutant with disruption to myelin in both the CNS and PNS caused by a mutation in a previously uncharacterized gene, slc12a2b, predicted to encode a Na+, K+, and Cl- (NKCC) cotransporter, NKCC1b. slc12a2b/NKCC1b mutants exhibited a severe and progressive pathology in the PNS, characterized by dysmyelination and swelling of the periaxonal space at the axon-myelin interface. Cell-type-specific loss of slc12a2b/NKCC1b in either neurons or myelinating Schwann cells recapitulated these pathologies. Given that NKCC1 is critical for ion homeostasis, we asked whether the disruption to myelinated axons in slc12a2b/NKCC1b mutants is affected by neuronal activity. Strikingly, we found that blocking neuronal activity completely prevented and could even rescue the pathology in slc12a2b/NKCC1b mutants. Together, our data indicate that NKCC1b is required to maintain neuronal activity-related solute homeostasis at the axon-myelin interface, and the integrity of myelinated axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linde Kegel
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marion Baraban
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rafael G. Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jason J. Early
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jenea M. Bin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daumante Suminaite
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew R. Livesey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard J. Poole
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A. Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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8
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Tan CY, Wang YP, Han YY, Lu BH, Ji W, Zhu LC, Wang Y, Shi WY, Shan LY, Zhang L, Ma KT, Li L, Si JQ. Expression and effect of sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter on dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:912-921. [PMID: 31719257 PMCID: PMC6990784 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) are associated with the transmission of peripheral pain. We investigated whether the increase of NKCC1 and KCC2 is associated with peripheral pain transmission in dorsal root ganglion neurons. To this aim, rats with persistent hyperalgesia were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the control group received no treatment, and the rat sciatic nerve was only exposed in the sham group. Rats in the chronic constriction injury group were established into chronic constriction injury models by ligating sciatic nerve and rats were given bumetanide, an inhibitor of NKCC1, based on chronic constriction injury modeling in the chronic constriction injury + bumetanide group. In the experiment measuring thermal withdrawal latency, bumetanide (15 mg/kg) was intravenously administered. In the patch clamp experiment, bumetanide (10 µg/µL) and acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons (on day 14) were incubated for 1 hour, or bumetanide (5 µg/µL) was intrathecally injected. The Hargreaves test was conducted to detect changes in thermal hyperalgesia in rats. We found that the thermal withdrawal latency of rats was significantly decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 after model establishment. After intravenous injection of bumetanide, the reduction in thermal retraction latency caused by model establishment was significantly inhibited. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay results revealed that the immune response and protein expression of NKCC1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons of the chronic constriction injury group increased significantly on days 7, 14, and 21 after model establishment. No immune response or protein expression of KCC2 was observed in dorsal root ganglion neurons before and after model establishment. The Cl– (chloride ion) fluorescent probe technique was used to evaluate the change of Cl– concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons of chronic constriction injury model rats. We found that the relative optical density of N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (a Cl– fluorescent probe whose fluorescence intensity decreases as Cl– concentration increases) in the dorsal root ganglion neurons of the chronic constriction injury group was significantly decreased on days 7 and 14 after model establishment. The whole-cell patch clamp technique revealed that the resting potential and action potential frequency of dorsal root ganglion neurons increased, and the threshold and rheobase of action potentials decreased in the chronic constriction injury group on day 14 after model establishment. After bumetanide administration, the above indicators were significantly suppressed. These results confirm that CCI can induce abnormal overexpression of NKCC1, thereby increasing the Cl– concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons; this then enhances the excitability of dorsal root ganglion neurons and ultimately promotes hyperalgesia and allodynia. In addition, bumetanide can achieve analgesic effects. All experiments were approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, China on February 22, 2017 (approval No. A2017-169-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Tan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province; Department of Health, Karamay Army Division, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Department of Physiology; Department of Nursing, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Clinical Medicine, Karamay College of Xinjiang Medical University, Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bi-Han Lu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Cang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Yan Shi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Ya Shan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology; The key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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9
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Sensory Neurons of the Dorsal Root Ganglia Become Hyperexcitable in a T-Cell-Mediated MOG-EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0024-19. [PMID: 30957012 PMCID: PMC6449162 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0024-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Patients with MS typically present with visual, motor, and sensory deficits. However, an additional complication of MS in large subset of patients is neuropathic pain. To study the underlying immune-mediated pathophysiology of pain in MS we employed the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) model in mice. Since sensory neurons are crucial for nociceptive transduction, we investigated the effect of this disease on sensory neurons of the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Here, we report the disease was associated with activation of the complement system and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the DRG. We further observe a transient increase in the number of complement component 5a receptor 1-positive (C5aR1+) immune cells, CD4+ T-cells, and Iba1+ macrophages in the DRG. The absence of any significant change in the levels of mRNA for myelin proteins in the DRG and the sciatic nerve suggests that demyelination in the PNS is not a trigger for the immune response in the DRG. However, we did observe an induction of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) at disease onset and chronic disruption of cytoskeletal proteins in the DRG demonstrating neuronal injury in the PNS in response to the disease. Electrophysiological analysis revealed the emergence of hyperexcitability in medium-to-large (≥26 µm) diameter neurons, especially at the onset of MOG-EAE signs. These results provide conclusive evidence of immune activation, neuronal injury, and peripheral sensitization in MOG-EAE, a model classically considered to be centrally mediated.
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Singh J, Yousuf MS, Jones KE, Shelemey PTM, Joy T, Macandili H, Kerr BJ, Zochodne DW, Sauvé Y, Ballanyi K, Webber CA. Characterization of the Nile Grass Rat as a Unique Model for Type 2 Diabetic Polyneuropathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:469-478. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Twinkle Joy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haecy Macandili
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Yves Sauvé
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
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