1
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Kim AB, Beaver EM, Collins SG, Kriegsfeld LJ, Lockley SW, Wong KY, Yan L. S-Cone Photoreceptors Regulate Daily Rhythms and Light-Induced Arousal/Wakefulness in Diurnal Grass Rats ( Arvicanthis niloticus). J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:366-378. [PMID: 37222434 PMCID: PMC10364626 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Beyond visual perception, light has non-image-forming effects mediated by melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The present study first used multielectrode array recordings to show that in a diurnal rodent, Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus), ipRGCs generate rod/cone-driven and melanopsin-based photoresponses that stably encode irradiance. Subsequently, two ipRGC-mediated non-image-forming effects, namely entrainment of daily rhythms and light-induced arousal, were examined. Animals were first housed under a 12:12 h light/dark cycle (lights-on at 0600 h) with the light phase generated by a low-irradiance fluorescent light (F12), a daylight spectrum (D65) stimulating all photoreceptors, or a narrowband 480 nm spectrum (480) that maximized melanopsin stimulation and minimized S-cone stimulation (λmax 360 nm) compared to D65. Daily rhythms of locomotor activities showed onset and offset closer to lights-on and lights-off, respectively, in D65 and 480 than in F12, and higher day/night activity ratio under D65 versus 480 and F12, suggesting the importance of S-cone stimulation. To assess light-induced arousal, 3-h light exposures using 4 spectra that stimulated melanopsin equally but S-cones differentially were superimposed on F12 background lighting: D65, 480, 480 + 365 (narrowband 365 nm), and D65 - 365. Compared to the F12-only condition, all four pulses increased in-cage activity and promoted wakefulness, with 480 + 365 having the greatest and longest-lasting wakefulness-promoting effects, again indicating the importance of stimulating S-cones as well as melanopsin. These findings provide insights into the temporal dynamics of photoreceptor contributions to non-image-forming photoresponses in a diurnal rodent that may help guide future studies of lighting environments and phototherapy protocols that promote human health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony B. Kim
- Department of Architecture, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Emma M. Beaver
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Stephen G. Collins
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders,
Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts
| | - Kwoon Y. Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Kellogg
Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular &
Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan
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2
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Milićević N, Bergen AA, Felder-Schmittbuhl MP. Per1 mutation enhances masking responses in mice. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1533-1538. [PMID: 36189750 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2126321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light can restrict the activity of an animal to a diurnal or nocturnal niche by synchronizing its endogenous clock (entrainment) which controls the sleep wake cycle. Light can also directly change an animal's activity level (masking). In mice, high illumination levels decrease activity, i.e. negative masking occurs. To investigate the role of core circadian clock genes Per1 and Per2 in masking, we used a 5-day behavioral masking protocol consisting of 3 h pulses of light given in the night at various illuminances (4-5 lux, 20 lux and 200 lux). Mice lacking the Per1 gene had decreased locomotion in the presence of a light pulse compared to wild-type, Per2 and Per1 Per2 double mutant mice. Per2 single mutant and Per1 Per2 double mutant mice did not show significantly different masking responses compared to wild-type controls. This suggests that Per1 suppresses negative masking responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Milićević
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arthur A Bergen
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Queen Emma Centre for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Gall AJ, Shuboni-Mulligan DD. Keep Your Mask On: The Benefits of Masking for Behavior and the Contributions of Aging and Disease on Dysfunctional Masking Pathways. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:911153. [PMID: 36017187 PMCID: PMC9395722 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.911153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues (e.g., light-dark cycle) have an immediate and direct effect on behavior, but these cues are also capable of “masking” the expression of the circadian pacemaker, depending on the type of cue presented, the time-of-day when they are presented, and the temporal niche of the organism. Masking is capable of complementing entrainment, the process by which an organism is synchronized to environmental cues, if the cues are presented at an expected or predictable time-of-day, but masking can also disrupt entrainment if the cues are presented at an inappropriate time-of-day. Therefore, masking is independent of but complementary to the biological circadian pacemaker that resides within the brain (i.e., suprachiasmatic nucleus) when exogenous stimuli are presented at predictable times of day. Importantly, environmental cues are capable of either inducing sleep or wakefulness depending on the organism’s temporal niche; therefore, the same presentation of a stimulus can affect behavior quite differently in diurnal vs. nocturnal organisms. There is a growing literature examining the neural mechanisms underlying masking behavior based on the temporal niche of the organism. However, the importance of these mechanisms in governing the daily behaviors of mammals and the possible implications on human health have been gravely overlooked even as modern society enables the manipulation of these environmental cues. Recent publications have demonstrated that the effects of masking weakens significantly with old age resulting in deleterious effects on many behaviors, including sleep and wakefulness. This review will clearly outline the history, definition, and importance of masking, the environmental cues that induce the behavior, the neural mechanisms that drive them, and the possible implications for human health and medicine. New insights about how masking is affected by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, temporal niche, and age will be discussed as each relates to human health. The overarching goals of this review include highlighting the importance of masking in the expression of daily rhythms, elucidating the impact of aging, discussing the relationship between dysfunctional masking behavior and the development of sleep-related disorders, and considering the use of masking as a non-invasive treatment to help treat humans suffering from sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew J. Gall,
| | - Dorela D. Shuboni-Mulligan
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Shi HY, Xu W, Guo H, Dong H, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Lesion of intergeniculate leaflet GABAergic neurons attenuates sleep in mice exposed to light. Sleep 2021; 43:5573593. [PMID: 31552427 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light has immediate effects on sleep in rodents, but the neural pathways underlying the effect remain to be elucidated. The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) containing GABAergic neurons receives direct retinal inputs. We hypothesized that IGL GABAergic neurons may mediate light-induced sleep. EEG/electromyogram recording, immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, optogenetics, fiber photometry, behavioral tests, and cell-specific destruction were employed to investigate the role of IGL GABAergic neurons in the regulation of acute light-induced sleep. Here, EEG/electromyogram recordings revealed that acute light exposure during the nocturnal active phase in mice induced a significant increase in non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry showed that acute light exposure for 2 hours in the active phase induced an increase in c-Fos expression in the IGL, whereas lights-off in the rest phase inhibited it. Patch clamp coupled with optogenetics demonstrated that retinal ganglion cells had monosynaptic functional connections to IGL GABAergic neurons. Calcium activity by fiber photometry in freely behaving mice showed that light exposure increased the activity of IGL GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, lesion of IGL GABAergic neurons by caspase-3 virus significantly attenuated the sleep-promoting effect of light exposure during active phases. Collectively, these results clearly indicated that the IGL is one of key nuclei mediating light-induced sleep in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Orlowska-Feuer P, Smyk MK, Alwani A, Lewandowski MH. Neuronal Responses to Short Wavelength Light Deficiency in the Rat Subcortical Visual System. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:615181. [PMID: 33488355 PMCID: PMC7815651 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.615181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount and spectral composition of light changes considerably during the day, with dawn and dusk being the most crucial moments when light is within the mesopic range and short wavelength enriched. It was recently shown that animals use both cues to adjust their internal circadian clock, thereby their behavior and physiology, with the solar cycle. The role of blue light in circadian processes and neuronal responses is well established, however, an unanswered question remains: how do changes in the spectral composition of light (short wavelengths blocking) influence neuronal activity? In this study we addressed this question by performing electrophysiological recordings in image (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; dLGN) and non-image (the olivary pretectal nucleus; OPN, the suprachiasmatic nucleus; SCN) visual structures to determine neuronal responses to spectrally varied light stimuli. We found that removing short-wavelength from the polychromatic light (cut off at 525 nm) attenuates the most transient ON and sustained cells in the dLGN and OPN, respectively. Moreover, we compared the ability of different types of sustained OPN neurons (either changing or not their response profile to filtered polychromatic light) to irradiance coding, and show that both groups achieve it with equal efficacy. On the other hand, even very dim monochromatic UV light (360 nm; log 9.95 photons/cm2/s) evokes neuronal responses in the dLGN and SCN. To our knowledge, this is the first electrophysiological experiment supporting previous behavioral findings showing visual and circadian functions disruptions under short wavelength blocking environment. The current results confirm that neuronal activity in response to polychromatic light in retinorecipient structures is affected by removing short wavelengths, however, with type and structure – specific action. Moreover, they show that rats are sensitive to even very dim UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Orlowska-Feuer
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kinga Smyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology (MCB), Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Alwani
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Yan L, Smale L, Nunez AA. Circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in diurnal mammals. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:551-566. [PMID: 30269362 PMCID: PMC6441382 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The temporal niche that an animal occupies includes a coordinated suite of behavioral and physiological processes that set diurnal and nocturnal animals apart. The daily rhythms of the two chronotypes are regulated by both the circadian system and direct responses to light, a process called masking. Here we review the literature on circadian regulations and masking responses in diurnal mammals, focusing on our work using the diurnal Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) and comparing our findings with those derived from other diurnal and nocturnal models. There are certainly similarities between the circadian systems of diurnal and nocturnal mammals, especially in the phase and functioning of the principal circadian oscillator within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the downstream pathways, direct or indirect from the SCN, lead to drastic differences in the phase of extra-SCN oscillators, with most showing a complete reversal from the phase seen in nocturnal species. This reversal, however, is not universal and in some cases the phases of extra-SCN oscillators are only a few hours apart between diurnal and nocturnal species. The behavioral masking responses in general are opposite between diurnal and nocturnal species, and are matched by differential responses to light and dark in several retinorecipient sites in their brain. The available anatomical and functional data suggest that diurnal brains are not simply a phase-reversed version of nocturnal ones, and work with diurnal models contribute significantly to a better understanding of the circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in our own diurnal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Laura Smale
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Antonio A. Nunez
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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7
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Gall AJ, Goodwin AM, Khacherian OS, Teal LB. Superior Colliculus Lesions Lead to Disrupted Responses to Light in Diurnal Grass Rats ( Arvicanthis niloticus). J Biol Rhythms 2019; 35:45-57. [PMID: 31619104 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419881920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The circadian system regulates daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. Although extraordinary advances have been made to elucidate the brain mechanisms underlying the circadian system in nocturnal species, less is known in diurnal species. Recent studies have shown that retinorecipient brain areas such as the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT) are critical for the display of normal patterns of daily activity in diurnal grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Specifically, grass rats with IGL and OPT lesions respond to light in similar ways to intact nocturnal animals. Importantly, both the IGL and OPT project to one another in nocturnal species, and there is evidence that these 2 brain regions also project to the superior colliculus (SC). The SC receives direct retinal input, is involved in the triggering of rapid eye movement sleep in nocturnal rats, and is disproportionately large in the diurnal grass rat. The objective of the current study was to use diurnal grass rats to test the hypothesis that the SC is critical for the expression of diurnal behavior and physiology. We performed bilateral electrolytic lesions of the SC in female grass rats to examine behavioral patterns and acute responses to light. Most grass rats with SC lesions expressed significantly reduced activity in the presence of light. Exposing these grass rats to constant darkness reinstated activity levels during the subjective day, suggesting that light masks their ability to display a diurnal activity profile in 12:12 LD. Altogether, our data suggest that the SC is critical for maintaining normal responses to light in female grass rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, Michigan
| | - Alyssa M Goodwin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, Michigan
| | - Ohanes S Khacherian
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, Michigan
| | - Laura B Teal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, Michigan
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8
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Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Cavanaugh BL, Tonson A, Shapiro EM, Gall AJ. Functional and anatomical variations in retinorecipient brain areas in Arvicanthis niloticus and Rattus norvegicus: implications for the circadian and masking systems. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1464-1481. [PMID: 31441335 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1651325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in light exposure influence the expression of behavior by entraining circadian rhythms and through its acute effects on behavior (i.e., masking). Importantly, these effects of light are dependent on the temporal niche of the organism; for diurnal organisms, light increases activity, whereas for nocturnal organisms, the opposite is true. Here we examined the functional and morphological differences between diurnal and nocturnal rodents in retinorecipient brain regions using Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Rattus norvegicus), respectively. We established the presence of circadian rhythmicity in cFOS activation in retinorecipient brain regions in nocturnal and diurnal rodents housed in constant dark conditions to highlight different patterns between the temporal niches. We then assessed masking effects by comparing cFOS activation in constant darkness (DD) to that in a 12:12 light/dark (LD) cycle, confirming light responsiveness of these regions during times when masking occurs in nature. The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) exhibited significant variation among time points in DD of both species, but their expression profiles were not identical, as SD rats had very low expression levels for most timepoints. Light presentation in LD conditions induced clear rhythms in the IGL of SD rats but eliminated them in grass rats. Additionally, grass rats were the only species to demonstrate daily rhythms in LD for the habenula and showed a strong response to light in the superior colliculus. Structurally, we also analyzed the volumes of the visual brain regions using anatomical MRI, and we observed a significant increase in the relative size of several visual regions within diurnal grass rats, including the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and optic tract. Altogether, our results suggest that diurnal grass rats devote greater proportions of brain volume to visual regions than nocturnal rodents, and cFOS activation in these brain regions is dependent on temporal niche and lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorela D Shuboni-Mulligan
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | | | - Anne Tonson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Andrew J Gall
- Department of Psychology, Hope College , Holland , MI , USA.,Neuroscience Program, Hope College , Holland , MI , USA
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9
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Fogo GM, Shuboni-Mulligan DD, Gall AJ. Melanopsin-Containing ipRGCs Are Resistant to Excitotoxic Injury and Maintain Functional Non-Image Forming Behaviors After Insult in a Diurnal Rodent Model. Neuroscience 2019; 412:105-115. [PMID: 31176702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are critical for the light signaling properties of non-image forming vision. Melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs project to retinorecipient brain regions involved in modulating circadian rhythms. Melanopsin has been shown to play an important role in how animals respond to light, including photoentrainment, masking (i.e., acute behavioral responses to light), and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Importantly, ipRGCs are resistant to various forms of damage, including ocular hypertension, optic nerve crush, and excitotoxicity via N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) administration. Although these cells are resistant to various forms of injury, the question still remains whether or not these cells remain functional following injury. Here we tested the hypothesis that ipRGCs would be resistant to excitotoxic damage in a diurnal rodent model, the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). In addition, we hypothesized that following insult, grass rats would maintain normal circadian entrainment and masking to light. In order to test these hypotheses, we injected NMDA intraocularly and examined its effect on the survivability of ipRGCs and RGCs, along with testing behavioral and functional consequences. Similar to findings in nocturnal rodents, ipRGCs were spared from significant damage but RGCs were not. Importantly, whereas image-forming vision was significantly impaired, non-image forming vision (i.e, photoentrainment, masking, and PLR) remained functional. The present study aims to characterize the resistance of ipRGCs to excitotoxicity in a diurnal rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Fogo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Gall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA.
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10
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Ota W, Nakane Y, Kashio M, Suzuki Y, Nakamura K, Mori Y, Tominaga M, Yoshimura T. Involvement of TRPM2 and TRPM8 in temperature-dependent masking behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3706. [PMID: 30842533 PMCID: PMC6403366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Masking is a direct behavioral response to environmental changes and plays an important role in the temporal distribution of activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for masking remain unclear. Here we identify thermosensors and a possible neural circuit regulating temperature-dependent masking behavior in mice. Analysis of mice lacking thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (Trpv1/3/4 and Trpm2/8) reveals that temperature-dependent masking is impaired in Trpm2- and Trpm8-null mice. Several brain regions are activated during temperature-dependent masking, including the preoptic area (POA), known as the thermoregulatory center, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the primary circadian pacemaker, the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The POA, SCN, PVT are interconnected, and the PVT sends dense projections to the NAc, a key brain region involved in wheel-running activity. Partial chemical lesion of the PVT attenuates masking, suggesting the involvement of the PVT in temperature-dependent masking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakane
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makiko Kashio
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Suzuki
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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11
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Distributions of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brains of a diurnal and nocturnal rodent. Brain Res 2018; 1700:152-159. [PMID: 30153458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Light influences the daily patterning of activity by both synchronizing internal clocks to environmental light-dark cycles and acutely modulating arousal states, a process known as masking. Masking responses are completely reversed in diurnal and nocturnal species. In nocturnal rodents, masking is mediated through a subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) whose projections are similar in diurnal and nocturnal rodents. This raises the possibility that differences in responsivity to signals that these cells release might underlie chronotype differences in masking. We explored one aspect of this hypothesis by examining the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations in many ipRGC target areas of a diurnal species (Nile grass rat) and a nocturnal one (Norway rat). We discovered that while many of these regions were very similar in these two species, there were striking differences in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN; higher density of glutamate cells in Norway rats) and in the lateral habenula (LHb; GABAeric cells present in grass rats, but not Norway rats). These patterns raise the possibility that the vLGN and LHb contribute to differences in masking and/or circadian regulation of diurnal and nocturnal species.
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12
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Wacker D, Ludwig M. The role of vasopressin in olfactory and visual processing. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:201-215. [PMID: 29951699 PMCID: PMC6335376 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural vasopressin is a potent modulator of behaviour in vertebrates. It acts at both sensory processing regions and within larger regulatory networks to mediate changes in social recognition, affiliation, aggression, communication and other social behaviours. There are multiple populations of vasopressin neurons within the brain, including groups in olfactory and visual processing regions. Some of these vasopressin neurons, such as those in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex and retina, were recently identified using an enhanced green fluorescent protein-vasopressin (eGFP-VP) transgenic rat. Based on the interconnectivity of vasopressin-producing and sensitive brain areas and in consideration of autocrine, paracrine and neurohormone-like actions associated with somato-dendritic release, we discuss how these different neuronal populations may interact to impact behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Wacker
- School of STEM (Division of Biological Sciences), University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA.
| | - Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Robles E. The power of projectomes: genetic mosaic labeling in the larval zebrafish brain reveals organizing principles of sensory circuits. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:61-69. [PMID: 28797199 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1359834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In no vertebrate species do we possess an accurate, comprehensive tally of neuron types in the brain. This is in no small part due to the vast diversity of neuronal types that comprise complex vertebrate nervous systems. A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to construct comprehensive catalogs of cell types defined by structure, connectivity, and physiological response properties. This type of information will be invaluable for generating models of how assemblies of neurons encode and distribute sensory information and correspondingly alter behavior. This review summarizes recent efforts in the larval zebrafish to construct sensory projectomes, comprehensive analyses of axonal morphologies in sensory axon tracts. Focusing on the olfactory and optic tract, these studies revealed principles of sensory information processing in the olfactory and visual systems that could not have been directly quantified by other methods. In essence, these studies reconstructed the optic and olfactory tract in a virtual manner, providing insights into patterns of neuronal growth that underlie the formation of sensory axon tracts. Quantitative analysis of neuronal diversity revealed organizing principles that determine information flow through sensory systems in the zebrafish that are likely to be conserved across vertebrate species. The generation of comprehensive cell type classifications based on structural, physiological, and molecular features will lead to testable hypotheses on the functional role of individual sensory neuron subtypes in controlling specific sensory-evoked behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estuardo Robles
- a Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Integrative Neuroscience , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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