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Faraji J, Bettenson D, Yong VW, Metz GAS. Early life stress aggravates disease pathogenesis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Support for a two-hit hypothesis of multiple sclerosis etiology. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385:578240. [PMID: 37951203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Vision problems are one of the earliest diagnosed symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The onset and progression of vision loss and the underlying pathogenesis in MS may be influenced by cumulative psychophysiological stress. Here, we used a two-hit model of stress in female mice to determine if early life stress (ELS, the first hit) influences the response to an immunization that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, the second hit) later in life. We hypothesized that ELS caused by animal transportation from a vendor during early postnatal development represents a co-factor which can exacerbate the clinical severity of EAE. Indeed, adult EAE mice with a history of ELS displayed more severe clinical signs and delayed recovery compared to non-stressed EAE mice. ELS also diminished visual acuity measured by optokinetic responses, as well as locomotion and exploratory behaviours in EAE mice. Notably, ELS accelerated vision loss and caused earlier onset of visual impairments in EAE. Exacerbated functional impairments in stressed EAE mice were highly correlated with circulating corticosterone levels. The findings show that the progression of induced EAE in adulthood can be significantly impacted by adverse early life experiences. These observations emphasize the importance of comprehensive behavioural testing, including non-motor functions, to enhance the translational value of preclinical animal models of MS. Moreover, shipment stress of laboratory animals should be considered a necessary variable in preclinical MS research. The consideration of cumulative lifetime stresses provides a new perspective of MS pathogenesis within a personalized medicine framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dennis Bettenson
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
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2
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Alassiri M, Al Sufiani F, Aljohi M, Alanazi A, Alhazmi AS, Alrfaei BM, Alnakhli H, Alshawakir YA, Alharby SM, Almubarak AY, Alasseiri M, Alorf N, Abdullah ML. PEPITEM Treatment Ameliorates EAE in Mice by Reducing CNS Inflammation, Leukocyte Infiltration, Demyelination, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17243. [PMID: 38139072 PMCID: PMC10743148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the therapeutic treatment of the immunopeptide, peptide inhibitor of trans-endothelial migration (PEPITEM) on the severity of disease in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for human multiple sclerosis (MS), a series of experiments were conducted. Using C57BL/6 female mice, we dosed the PEPITEM in the EAE model via IP after observing the first sign of inflammation. The disease was induced using MOG35-55 and complete Freund's adjuvants augmented with pertussis toxin. The EAE score was recorded daily until the end of the experiment (21 days). The histological and immunohistochemistry analysis was conducted on the spinal cord sections. A Western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein concentration of MBP, MAP-2, and N-Cadherin, and ELISA kits were used to measure IL-17 and FOXP3 in the serum and spinal cord lysate. The therapeutic treatment with PEPITEM reduced the CNS infiltration of T cells, and decreased levels of the protein concertations of MBP, MAP-2, and N-Cadherin were observed, in addition to reduced concertations of IL-17 and FOXP3. Using PEPITEM alleviated the severity of the symptoms in the EAE model. Our study revealed the potential of PEPITEM to control inflammation in MS patients and to reduce the harmful effects of synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alassiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Fahd Al Sufiani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aljohi
- Healthy Aging Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Asma Alanazi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (B.M.A.)
| | - Aiman Saud Alhazmi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (B.M.A.)
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Cancer Research, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Alnakhli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Yasser A. Alshawakir
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Animal Laboratory, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.A.); (S.M.A.); (A.Y.A.)
| | - Saleh M. Alharby
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Animal Laboratory, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.A.); (S.M.A.); (A.Y.A.)
| | - Abdullah Y. Almubarak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Animal Laboratory, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.A.); (S.M.A.); (A.Y.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alasseiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nora Alorf
- Healthy Aging Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Mashan L. Abdullah
- Department of Experimental Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
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Manenti I, Viola I, Ala U, Cornale P, Macchi E, Toschi P, Martignani E, Baratta M, Miretti S. Adaptation Response in Sheep: Ewes in Different Cortisol Clusters Reveal Changes in the Expression of Salivary miRNAs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3273. [PMID: 37893997 PMCID: PMC10603754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm procedures have an impact on animal welfare by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that induces a wide array of physiological responses. This adaptive system guarantees that the animal copes with environmental variations and it induces metabolic and molecular changes that can be quantified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the regulation of homeostasis and emerging evidence has identified circulating miRNAs as promising biomarkers of stress-related disorders in animals. Based on a clustering analysis of salivary cortisol trends and levels, 20 ewes were classified into two different clusters. The introduction of a ram in the flock was identified as a common farm practice and reference time point to collect saliva samples. Sixteen miRNAs related to the adaptation response were selected. Among them, miR-16b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-99a, and miR-223 were amplified in saliva samples. Cluster 1 was characterized by a lower expression of miR-16b and miR-21 compared with Cluster 2 (p < 0.05). This study identified for the first time several miRNAs expressed in sheep saliva, pointing out significant differences in the expression patterns between the cortisol clusters. In addition, the trend analyses of these miRNAs resulted in clusters (p = 0.017), suggesting the possible cooperation of miR-16b and -21 in the integrated stress responses, as already demonstrated in other species as well. Other research to define the role of these miRNAs is needed, but the evaluation of the salivary miRNAs could support the selection of ewes for different profiles of response to sources of stressors common in the farm scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Manenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Irene Viola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Paolo Cornale
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Animal Production Unit, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Macchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Paola Toschi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
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Sciarretta F, Ceci V, Tiberi M, Zaccaria F, Li H, Zhou ZY, Sun Q, Konja D, Matteocci A, Bhusal A, Verri M, Fresegna D, Balletta S, Ninni A, Di Biagio C, Rosina M, Suk K, Centonze D, Wang Y, Chiurchiù V, Aquilano K, Lettieri-Barbato D. Lipocalin-2 promotes adipose-macrophage interactions to shape peripheral and central inflammatory responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101783. [PMID: 37517520 PMCID: PMC10448472 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) plays a major role in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common immune-mediated and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the etiology and progression of MS is still obscure. This study aimed at deciphering the responses of AT in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the best characterized animal model of MS. RESULTS AND METHODS We observed a significant AT loss in EAE mice at the onset of disease, with a significant infiltration of M1-like macrophages and fibrosis in the AT, resembling a cachectic phenotype. Through an integrative and multilayered approach, we identified lipocalin2 (LCN2) as the key molecule released by dysfunctional adipocytes through redox-dependent mechanism. Adipose-derived LCN2 shapes the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, and the genetic deficiency of LCN2 specifically in AT reduced weight loss as well as inflammatory macrophage infiltration in spinal cord in EAE mice. Mature adipocytes downregulating LCN2 reduced lipolytic response to inflammatory stimuli (e.g. TNFα) through an ATGL-mediated mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Overall data highlighted a role LCN2 in exacerbating inflammatory phenotype in EAE model, suggesting a pathogenic role of dysfunctional AT in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Ceci
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Tiberi
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Haoyun Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyang Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniels Konja
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alessandro Matteocci
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; PhD program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Applied biotechnologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Martina Verri
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Andrea Ninni
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Biagio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rosina
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione PTV Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy; Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Sohaei D, Thebault S, Avery LM, Batruch I, Lam B, Xu W, Saadeh RS, Scarisbrick IA, Diamandis EP, Prassas I, Freedman MS. Cerebrospinal fluid camk2a levels at baseline predict long-term progression in multiple sclerosis. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:33. [PMID: 37644477 PMCID: PMC10466840 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a highly unpredictable disease. Many hope that fluid biomarkers may contribute to better stratification of disease, aiding the personalisation of treatment decisions, ultimately improving patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of CSF brain-specific proteins from early in the disease course of MS on long term clinical outcomes. METHODS In this study, 34 MS patients had their CSF collected and stored within 5 years of disease onset and were then followed clinically for at least 15 years. CSF concentrations of 64 brain-specific proteins were analyzed in the 34 patient CSF, as well as 19 age and sex-matched controls, using a targeted liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach. RESULTS We identified six CSF brain-specific proteins that significantly differentiated MS from controls (p < 0.05) and nine proteins that could predict disease course over the next decade. CAMK2A emerged as a biomarker candidate that could discriminate between MS and controls and could predict long-term disease progression. CONCLUSION Targeted approaches to identify and quantify biomarkers associated with MS in the CSF may inform on long term MS outcomes. CAMK2A may be one of several candidates, warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Sohaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simon Thebault
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, 01 Smyth Road, Box 601, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lisa M Avery
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Lam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Wei Xu
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics, The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rubah S Saadeh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Ctr, 60 Murray St [Box 32]; Flr 6 - Rm L6-201, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, 01 Smyth Road, Box 601, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
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Faraji J, Gustafson C, Bettenson D, Negoro H, Yong VW, Metz GAS. Bladder dysfunction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reflects clinical severity: A pilot study. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 372:577973. [PMID: 36209613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is commonly associated with bladder dysfunction resulting in a progressive loss of voluntary control for urination over time. Here, we used the voided stain on paper (VSOP) method to investigate bladder function in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Using the VSOP test, we show that bladder dysfunction reflects pro-inflammatory processes of EAE and severity of clinical EAE symptoms, as characterized by increased urine voided volume per micturition (UVVM) on post-induction day 7 and decreased UVVM on post-induction day 14. The UVVM was closely related to a clinical disease index of EAE symptoms and plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokine levels. UVVM was also sensitive to early life stress caused by animal transportation, which diminished UVVM at the peak of symptoms on post-induction day 14 in EAE mice. The results indicate that symptoms and progression of EAE can be reliably measured by VSOP as a non-motor function assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Connor Gustafson
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dennis Bettenson
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Hiromitsu Negoro
- Department of Urology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
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7
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Saad MA, Eissa NM, Ahmed MA, ElMeshad AN, Laible G, Attia AS, Al-Ghobashy MA, Abdelsalam RM, Al-Shorbagy MY. Nanoformulated Recombinant Human Myelin Basic Protein and Rituximab Modulate Neuronal Perturbations in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3967-3987. [PMID: 36105617 PMCID: PMC9464642 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s359114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rituximab (RTX) and recombinant human myelin basic protein (rhMBP) were proven to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, a nanoformulation containing rhMBP with RTX on its surface (Nano-rhMBP-RTX) was prepared and investigated in comparison with other treatment groups to determine its potential neuro-protective effects on C57BL/6 mice after inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods EAE was induced in the corresponding mice by injecting 100 μL of an emulsion containing complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The subjects were weighed, scored and subjected to behavioural tests. After reaching a clinical score of 3, various treatments were given to corresponding EAE-induced and non-induced groups including rhMBP, RTX, empty nanoparticle prepared by poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or the prepared nanoformulation (Nano-rhMBP-RTX). At the end of the study, biochemical parameters were also determined as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 2', 3' cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) along with some histopathological analyses. Results The results of the Nano-rhMBP-RTX group showed promising outcomes in terms of reducing the clinical scores, improving the behavioural responses associated with improved histopathological findings. Elevation in the levels of IL-4, CNP and TGF-β was also noticed along with marked decline in the levels of NF-kB and TNF-α. Conclusion Nano-rhMBP-RTX treated group ameliorated the adverse effects induced in the EAE model. The effectiveness of this formulation was demonstrated by the normalization of EAE-induced behavioral changes and aberrant levels of specific biochemical markers as well as reduced damage of hippocampal tissues and retaining higher levels of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha M Eissa
- School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aliaa N ElMeshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Götz Laible
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Medhat A Al-Ghobashy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Bioanalysis Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Y Al-Shorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Faraji J, Bettenson D, Babatunde S, Gangur-Powell T, Yong VW, Metz GA. Thermoregulatory dynamics reveal sex-specific inflammatory responses to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice: Implications for multiple sclerosis-induced fatigue in females. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 23:100477. [PMID: 35677535 PMCID: PMC9167694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by striking sex differences in symptoms such as fatigue and impaired thermal regulation, which are associated with aggravated systemic pro-inflammatory processes. The purpose of this study was to replicate these symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice in the quest to advance the preclinical study of non-motor symptoms of MS. Male and female C57BL/6 mice exposed to a mild form of EAE were evaluated for the progression of clinical, behavioural, thermal, and inflammatory processes. We show higher susceptibility in females to EAE than males based on greater clinical score and cumulative disease index (CDI), fatigue-like and anxiety-like behaviours. Accordingly, infrared (IR) thermography indicated higher cutaneous temperatures in females from post-induction days 12-23. Females also responded to EAE with greater splenic and adrenal gland weights than males as well as sex-specific changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These findings provide the first evidence of a sex-specific thermal response to immune-mediated demyelination, thus proposing a non-invasive assessment approach of the psychophysiological dynamics in EAE mice. The results are discussed in relation to the thermoregulatory correlates of fatigue and how endogenously elevated body temperature without direct heat exposure may be linked to psychomotor inhibition in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Dennis Bettenson
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stella Babatunde
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Tabitha Gangur-Powell
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Voon Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A.S. Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
- Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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9
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Ho J, Koshibu K, Xia W, Luettich K, Kondylis A, Garcia L, Phillips B, Peitsch M, Hoeng J. Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:597-610. [PMID: 35392156 PMCID: PMC8980708 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease associated with genetic and environmental factors. Cigarette smoking is harmful to health and may be one of the risk factors for MS. However, there have been no systematic investigations under controlled experimental conditions linking cigarette smoke (CS) and MS. The present study is the first inhalation study to correlate the pre-clinical and pathological manifestations affected by different doses of CS exposure in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Female C57BL/6 mice were whole-body exposed to either fresh air (sham) or three concentrations of CS from a reference cigarette (3R4F) for 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after EAE induction. The effects of exposure on body weight, clinical symptoms, spinal cord pathology, and serum biochemicals were then assessed. Exposure to low and medium concentrations of CS exacerbated the severity of symptoms and spinal cord pathology, while the high concentration had no effect relative to sham exposure in mice with EAE. Interestingly, the clinical chemistry parameters for metabolic profile as well as liver and renal function (e.g. triglycerides and creatinine levels, alkaline phosphatase activity) were lower in these mice than in naïve controls. Although the mouse EAE model does not fully recapitulate the pathology or symptoms of MS in humans, these findings largely corroborate previous epidemiological findings that exposure to CS can worsen the symptoms and pathology of MS. Furthermore, the study newly highlights the possible correlation of clinical chemistry findings such as metabolism and liver and renal function between MS patients and EAE mice. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease affected by many factors. First inhalation study to correlate the different doses of cigarette smoke on MS. Findings largely corroborate with previous epidemiological findings on CS exposure. High concentration of CS had no observable effect on EAE, contrast to low and medium. Potential correlation between MS and EAE model using clinical chemistry parameters.
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10
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Citrate Synthase and OGDH as Potential Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis under Chronic Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9957908. [PMID: 34539976 PMCID: PMC8445721 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9957908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Pathological changes of the adrenal gland and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms are currently unclear in the case of atherosclerosis (AS) combined with chronic stress (CS). Methods New Zealand white rabbits were used to construct a CS and AS animal model. Proteomics and bioinformatics were employed to identify hub proteins in the adrenal gland related to CS and AS. Hub proteins were detected using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence assays, and Western blotting. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of genes. In addition, a neural network model was constructed. The quantitative relationships were inferred by cubic spline interpolation. Enzymatic activity of mitochondrial citrate synthase and OGDH was detected by the enzymatic assay kit. Function of citrate synthase and OGDH with knockdown experiments in the adrenal cell lines was performed. Furthermore, target genes-TF-miRNA regulatory network was constructed. Coimmunoprecipitation (IP) assay and molecular docking study were used to detect the interaction between citrate synthase and OGDH. Results Two most significant hub proteins (citrate synthase and OGDH) that were related to CS and AS were identified in the adrenal gland using numerous bioinformatic methods. The hub proteins were mainly enriched in mitochondrial proton transport ATP synthase complex, ATPase activation, and the AMPK signaling pathway. Compared with the control group, the adrenal glands were larger and more disordered, irregular, and necrotic in the AS+CS group. The expression of citrate synthase and OGDH was higher in the AS+CS group than in the control group, both at the protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.05). There were strong correlations among the cross-sectional areas of adrenal glands, citrate synthase, and OGDH (P < 0.05) via Spearman's rho analysis, receiver operating characteristic curves, a neural network model, and cubic spline interpolation. Enzymatic activity of citrate synthase and OGDH increased under the situation of atherosclerosis and chronic stress. Through the CCK8 assay, the adrenal cell viability was downregulated significantly after the knockdown experiment of citrate synthase and OGDH. Target genes-TF-miRNA regulatory network presented the close interrelations among the predicted microRNA, citrate synthase and OGDH. After Coimmunoprecipitation (IP) assay, the result manifested that the citrate synthase and OGDH were coexpressed in the adrenal gland. The molecular docking study showed that the docking score of optimal complex conformation between citrate synthase and OGDH was -6.15 kcal/mol. Conclusion AS combined with CS plays a significant role on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, promotes adrenomegaly, increases the release of glucocorticoid (GC), and might enhance ATP synthesis and energy metabolism in the body through citrate synthase and OGDH gene targets, providing a potential research direction for future related explorations into this mechanism.
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11
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Maciak K, Dziedzic A, Miller E, Saluk-Bijak J. miR-155 as an Important Regulator of Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094332. [PMID: 33919306 PMCID: PMC8122504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease and the leading cause of disability among young adults. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Of them, miR-155 is a crucial regulator of inflammation and plays a role in modulating the autoimmune response in MS. miR-155 is involved in blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption via down-regulation of key junctional proteins under inflammatory conditions. It drives demyelination processes by contributing to, e.g., microglial activation, polarization of astrocytes, and down-regulation of CD47 protein and affecting crucial transcription factors. miR-155 has a huge impact on the development of neuropathic pain and indirectly influences a regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation involved in the alleviation of pain hypersensitivity. This review also focused on neuropsychiatric symptoms appearing as a result of disease-associated stressors, brain atrophy, and pro-inflammatory factors. Recent studies revealed the role of miR-155 in regulating anxiety, stress, inflammation in the hippocampus, and treatment-resistant depression. Inhibition of miR-155 expression was demonstrated to be effective in preventing processes involved in the pathophysiology of MS. This review aimed to support the better understanding the great role of miR-155 dysregulation in various aspects of MS pathophysiology and highlight future perspectives for this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Maciak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.S.-B.)
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.S.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.S.-B.)
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Fournier AP, Baudron E, Wagnon I, Aubert P, Vivien D, Neunlist M, Bardou I, Docagne F. Environmental enrichment alleviates the deleterious effects of stress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217320959806. [PMID: 33101703 PMCID: PMC7550951 DOI: 10.1177/2055217320959806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical observations support the hypothesis that stressful events increase
relapse occurrence in multiple sclerosis patients, while stress-reduction
strategies can modulate this effect. However, a direct cause-effect
relationship between stress level and relapse cannot be firmly established
from these data. Objectives The purpose of this work was to address whether modulation of stress could
interfere with symptom relapse in an animal model of multiple sclerosis with
relapsing-remitting course. Methods Mice bred in standard or enriched environment were subjected to repeated
acute stress during the remission phase of relapsing-remitting PLP-induced
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Results We report that repeated acute stress induced a twofold increase in relapse
incidence in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. On the other hand,
environmental enrichment reduced relapse incidence and severity, and
reversed the effects of repeated acute stress. Conclusion These data provide the platform for further studies on the biological
processes that link stress and multiple sclerosis relapses in a suitable
animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Philippe Fournier
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Erwan Baudron
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Wagnon
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, Inserm, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders, Cyceron Centre, Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
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13
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Ehtesham N, Mosallaei M, Karimzadeh MR, Moradikazerouni H, Sharifi M. microRNAs: key modulators of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:264-279. [PMID: 32552273 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1779712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a high level of heterogeneity in symptom manifestations and response to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune-based neurodegenerative disease with ever-increasing prevalence in recent decades. Because of unknown aspects of the etiopathology of MS and mechanism of action of DMTs, the reason for this variability is undetermined, and much remains to be understood. Traditionally, physicians consider switching to other DMTs based on the exacerbation of symptoms and/or change in the results of magnetic resonance imaging and biochemical factors. Therefore, identifying biological treatment response markers that help us recognizing non-responders rapidly and subsequently choosing another DMTs is necessary. microRNAs (miRNAs) are micromanagers of gene expression which have been profiled in different samples of MS patients, highlighting their role in pathogenetic of MS. Recent studies have investigated expression profiling of miRNAs after treatment with DMTs to clarify possible DMTs-mediated mechanism and obtaining response to therapy biomarkers. In this review, we will discuss the modulation of miRNAs by DMTs in cells and pathways involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeim Ehtesham
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Mosallaei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Mohammed EM. Environmental Influencers, MicroRNA, and Multiple Sclerosis. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2020; 12:1179573519894955. [PMID: 32009827 PMCID: PMC6971968 DOI: 10.1177/1179573519894955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by an aberrant immune system that affects patients' quality of life. Several environmental factors have previously been proposed to associate with MS pathophysiology, including vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and cigarette smoking. These factors may influence cellular molecularity, interfering with cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review argues that small noncoding RNA named microRNA (miRNA) influences these factors' mode of action. Dysregulation in the miRNAs network may deeply impact cellular hemostasis, thereby possibly resulting in MS pathogenicity. This article represents a literature review and an author's theory of how environmental factors may induce dysregulations in the miRNAs network, which could ultimately affect MS pathogenicity.
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15
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. MicroRNAs as disease progression biomarkers and therapeutic targets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1831-1837. [PMID: 32246624 PMCID: PMC7513985 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by pronounced inflammatory infiltrates entering the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve leading to demyelination. Focal demyelination is associated with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, while progressive forms of the disease show axonal degeneration and neuronal loss. The tests currently used in the clinical diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis have limitations due to specificity and sensitivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in many diseases and disorders including demyelinating and neuroinflammatory diseases. A review of recent studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model (mostly female mice 6–12 weeks of age) has confirmed miRNAs as biomarkers of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease and importantly at the pre-onset (asymptomatic) stage when assessed in blood plasma and urine exosomes, and spinal cord tissue. The expression of certain miRNAs was also dysregulated at the onset and peak of disease in blood plasma and urine exosomes, brain and spinal cord tissue, and at the post-peak (chronic) stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease in spinal cord tissue. Therapies using miRNA mimics or inhibitors were found to delay the induction and alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease. Interestingly, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease severity was reduced by overexpression of miR-146a, miR-23b, miR-497, miR-26a, and miR-20b, or by suppression of miR-182, miR-181c, miR-223, miR-155, and miR-873. Further studies are warranted on determining more fully miRNA profiles in blood plasma and urine exosomes of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animals since they could serve as biomarkers of asymptomatic multiple sclerosis and disease course. Additionally, studies should be performed with male mice of a similar age, and with aged male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA; Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Singh V, Tripathi A, Dutta R. Proteomic Approaches to Decipher Mechanisms Underlying Pathogenesis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800335. [PMID: 31119864 PMCID: PMC6690771 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The cause of MS is unknown, with no effective therapies available to halt the progressive neurological disability. Development of new and improvement of existing therapeutic strategies therefore require a better understanding of MS pathogenesis, especially during the progressive phase of the disease. This can be achieved through development of biomarkers that can help to identify disease pathophysiology and monitor disease progression. Proteomics is a powerful and promising tool to accelerate biomarker detection and contribute to novel therapeutics. In this review, an overview of how proteomic technology using CNS tissues and biofluids from MS patients has provided important clues to the pathogenesis of MS is provided. Current publications, pitfalls, as well as directions of future research involving proteomic approaches to understand the pathogenesis of MS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Ajai Tripathi
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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17
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Sex differences in the effects of acute stress on cerebral glucose metabolism: A microPET study. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146355. [PMID: 31356782 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress has been considered as a risk factor for the development and aggravation of several diseases. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is one of the main actors for the stress response and homeostasis maintenance. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used to evaluate neuronal activity and to study brain regions that may be related to the HPA axis response. Since neuroimaging is an important tool in detecting neuroendocrine-related changes, we used fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (18F-FDG) and positron emission microtomography (microPET) to evaluate sexual differences in the glucose brain metabolism after 10, 30 and 40 min of acute stress in Balb/c mice. We also investigated the effects of restraint stress in blood, liver and adrenal gland 18F-FDG biodistribution using a gamma counter. A decreased glucose uptake in the whole brain in both females and males was found. Additionally, there were time and sex-dependent alterations in the 18F-FDG uptake after restraint stress in specific brain regions, indicating that males could be more vulnerable to the short-term effects of acute stress. According to the gamma counter biodistribution, only females showed a significant decreased glucose uptake in the blood, liver and right adrenal after restraint stress. In addition, in comparisons between the sexes, males showed a decreased glucose uptake in the whole brain and in several brain regions compared to females. In conclusion, exposure to acute restraint stress resulted in significant decreased glucose metabolism in the brain, with particular effects in different regions and organs in a sex-specific manner.
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18
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Juźwik CA, S Drake S, Zhang Y, Paradis-Isler N, Sylvester A, Amar-Zifkin A, Douglas C, Morquette B, Moore CS, Fournier AE. microRNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101664. [PMID: 31356849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the root causes for individual neurodegenerative diseases are distinct, many shared pathological features and mechanisms contribute to neurodegeneration across diseases. Altered levels of microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs involved in post transcriptional regulation of gene expression, are reported for numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, comparison between diseases to uncover commonly dysregulated microRNAs during neurodegeneration in general is lagging. We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications describing differential microRNA expression in neurodegenerative diseases and related animal models. We compiled the results from studies covering the prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the literature: Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, ataxia, dementia, myotonic dystrophy, epilepsy, glaucoma, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and prion disorders. MicroRNAs which were dysregulated most often in these diseases and their models included miR-9-5p, miR-21-5p, the miR-29 family, miR-132-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-223-3p. Common pathways targeted by these predominant miRNAs were identified and revealed great functional overlap across diseases. We also identified a strong role for each microRNA in both the neural and immune components of diseases. microRNAs regulate broad networks of genes and identifying microRNAs commonly dysregulated across neurodegenerative diseases could cultivate novel hypotheses related to common molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Juźwik
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Sienna S Drake
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yang Zhang
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Paradis-Isler
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Sylvester
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Amar-Zifkin
- McGill University Health Centre- Medical Libraries, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Douglas
- Program Manager, Plotly Technologies Inc, 5555 Gaspe Avenue #118, Montréal, QC, H2T 2A3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Morquette
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- McGill University, Montréal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, room BT-109, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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19
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Imaging the execution phase of neuroinflammatory disease models. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112968. [PMID: 31152743 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of the rodent spinal cord has advanced our understanding of how resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) respond to neuroinflammation. By combining two-photon imaging and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), it has been possible, for example, to study how axons degenerate when confronted with inflammatory cells, how oligodendrocytes get damaged in inflammatory lesions, and how immune cells themselves adapt their phenotype and functionality to the changing lesion environment. Similar approaches are now increasingly used to study other forms of neuroinflammation, such as antibody/complement-mediated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD). To tackle the most pressing open questions in the field, new biosensors and indicator mice that report the metabolic state and interaction of cells in neuroinflammatory lesions are being developed. Moreover, the field is moving towards new anatomical sites of inflammation, such as the cortical gray matter, but also towards longer observation intervals to reveal the chronic perturbations and adaptations that characterize advanced stages of MS.
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20
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Yao BC, Meng LB, Hao ML, Zhang YM, Gong T, Guo ZG. Chronic stress: a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:1429-1440. [PMID: 30799666 PMCID: PMC6460614 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519826820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress refers to the non-specific systemic reaction that occurs when the body is stimulated by various internal and external negative factors over a long time. The physiological response to chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, research has confirmed the correlation between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Chronic stress is pervasive during negative life events and may lead to the formation of plaque. Several epidemiological studies have shown that chronic stress is an independent risk factor for the development of vascular disease and for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease. One possible mechanism for this process is that chronic stress causes endothelial injury, directly activating macrophages, promoting foam cell formation and generating the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. This mechanism involves numerous variables, including inflammation, signal pathways, lipid metabolism and endothelial function. The mechanism of chronic stress in atherosclerosis should be further investigated to provide a theoretical basis for efforts to eliminate the effect of chronic stress on the cardiocerebral vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Chen Yao
- 1 Graduate College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling-Bing Meng
- 3 Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Dong Dan, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Lei Hao
- 4 Department of geriatric medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yuan-Meng Zhang
- 5 Internal medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Linghe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Gong
- 1 Graduate College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Guo
- 2 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
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