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Ross RE, Saladin ME, George MS, Gregory CM. Acute effects of aerobic exercise on corticomotor plasticity in individuals with and without depression. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 176:108-118. [PMID: 38852541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although complex in nature, the pathophysiology of depression involves reduced or impaired neuroplastic capabilities. Restoring or enhancing neuroplasticity may serve as a treatment target for developing therapies for depression. Aerobic exercise (AEx) has antidepressant benefits and may enhance neuroplasticity in depression although the latter has yet to be substantiated. Therefore, we sought to examine the acute effect of AEx on neuroplasticity in depression. METHODS Sixteen individuals with (DEP; 13 female; age = 28.5 ± 7.3; Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] = 21.3 ± 5.2) and without depression (HC; 13 female; age 27.2 ± 7.5; MADRS = 0.8 ± 1.2) completed three experimental visits consisting of 15 min of low intensity AEx (LO) at 35% heart rate reserve (HRR), high intensity AEx (HI) at 70% HRR, or sitting (CON). Following AEx, excitatory paired associative stimulation (PAS25ms) was employed to probe neuroplasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after PAS25ms to indicate acute changes in neuroplasticity. RESULTS PAS25ms primed with HI AEx led to significant increases in MEP amplitude compared to LO and CON. HI AEx elicited enhanced PAS25ms-induced neuroplasticity for up to 1-h post-PAS. There were no significant between-group differences. CONCLUSION HI AEx enhances PAS measured neuroplasticity in individuals with and without depression. HI AEx may have a potent influence on the brain and serve as an effective primer, or adjunct, to therapies that seek to harness neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Ross
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Michael E Saladin
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chris M Gregory
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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2
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Acute effects of physical activity patterns on plasma cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in relation to corticospinal excitability. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113926. [PMID: 35568076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol are both capable of modulating synaptic plasticity, but it is unknown how physical activity-induced changes in their plasma levels relate to corticospinal plasticity in humans. Sixteen inactive middle-aged men and women participated in three separate interventions consisting of 3hours prolonged sitting (SIT); 3hours sitting interrupted every 30minutes with frequent short physical activity breaks (FPA); and 2.5hours prolonged sitting followed by 25minutes of moderate intensity exercise (EXE). These 3hour sessions were each followed by a 30min period of paired associative stimulation over the primary motor cortex (PAS). Blood samples were taken and corticospinal excitability measured at baseline, pre PAS, 5min and 30min post PAS. Here we report levels of plasma BDNF and cortisol over three activity conditions and relate these levels to previously published changes in corticospinal excitability of a non-activated thumb muscle. There was no interaction between time and condition in BDNF, but cortisol levels were significantly higher after EXE compared to after SIT and FPA. Higher cortisol levels at pre PAS predicted larger increases in corticospinal excitability from baseline to all subsequent time points in the FPA condition only, while levels of BDNF at pre PAS did not predict such changes in any of the conditions. Neither BDNF nor cortisol modified changes from pre PAS to the subsequent time points, suggesting that the increased corticospinal excitability was not mediated though an augmented effect of the PAS protocol. The relationship between cortisol and plasticity has been suggested to be U-shaped. This is possibly why the moderately high levels of cortisol seen in the FPA condition were positively associated with changes AURC, while the higher cortisol levels seen after EXE were not. A better understanding of the mechanisms for how feasible physical activity breaks affect neuroplasticity can inform the theoretical framework for how work environments and schedules should be designed. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Neva JL, Brown KE, Peters S, Feldman SJ, Mahendran N, Boisgontier MP, Boyd LA. Acute Exercise Modulates the Excitability of Specific Interneurons in Human Motor Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 475:103-116. [PMID: 34487820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can modulate the excitability of the non-exercised upper-limb representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Accumulating evidence demonstrates acute exercise affects measures of M1 intracortical excitability, with some studies also showing altered corticospinal excitability. However, the influence of distinct M1 interneuron populations on the modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability following acute exercise is currently unknown. We assessed the impact of an acute bout of leg cycling exercise on unique M1 interneuron excitability of a non-exercised intrinsic hand muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in young adults. Specifically, posterior-to-anterior (PA) and anterior-to-posterior (AP) TMS current directions were used to measure the excitability of distinct populations of interneurons before and after an acute bout of exercise or rest. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were measured in the PA and AP current directions in M1 at two time points separated by 25 min of rest, as well as immediately and 30 min after a 25-minute bout of moderate-intensity cycling exercise. Thirty minutes after exercise, MEP amplitudes were significantly larger than other timepoints when measured with AP current, whereas MEP amplitudes derived from PA current did not show this effect. Similarly, SICI was significantly decreased immediately following acute exercise measured with AP but not PA current. Our findings suggest that the excitability of unique M1 interneurons are differentially modulated by acute exercise. These results indicate that M1 interneurons preferentially activated by AP current may play an important role in the exercise-induced modulation of intracortical and corticospinal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Neva
- Université de Montréal, École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Katlyn E Brown
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sue Peters
- Rehabilitation Research Program, GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha J Feldman
- Graduate Program in Clinical Developmental Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niruthikha Mahendran
- University of Queensland, Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Turco CV, Nelson AJ. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Assess Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2021; 2:679033. [PMID: 38235229 PMCID: PMC10790852 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.679033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates neuroplasticity and has been linked to improvements in cognitive and motor function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to quantify changes in neurophysiology induced by exercise. The present review summarizes the single- and paired-pulse TMS paradigms that can be used to probe exercise-induced neuroplasticity, the optimal stimulation parameters and the current understanding of the neurophysiology underlying each paradigm. Further, this review amalgamates previous research exploring the modulation of these paradigms with exercise-induced neuroplasticity in healthy and clinical populations and highlights important considerations for future TMS-exercise research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee J. Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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5
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Andrews SC, Curtin D, Hawi Z, Wongtrakun J, Stout JC, Coxon JP. Intensity Matters: High-intensity Interval Exercise Enhances Motor Cortex Plasticity More Than Moderate Exercise. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:101-112. [PMID: 31041988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance plasticity in human cortex; however, the intensity required for optimal enhancement is debated. We investigated the effect of exercise intensity on motor cortex synaptic plasticity, using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Twenty healthy adults (Mage = 35.10 ± 13.25 years) completed three sessions. Measures of cortico-motor excitability (CME) and inhibition were obtained before and after a 20-min bout of either high-intensity interval exercise, moderate-intensity continuous exercise, or rest, and again after intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). Results showed that high-intensity interval exercise enhanced iTBS plasticity more than rest, evidenced by increased CME and intracortical facilitation, and reduced intracortical inhibition. In comparison, the effect of moderate-intensity exercise was intermediate between high-intensity exercise and rest. Importantly, analysis of each participant's plasticity response profile indicated that high-intensity exercise increased the likelihood of a facilitatory response to iTBS. We also established that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism attenuated plasticity responses following high-intensity exercise. These findings suggest that high-intensity interval exercise should be considered not only when planning exercise interventions designed to enhance neuroplasticity, but also to maximize the therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation. Additionally, genetic profiling may enhance efficacy of exercise interventions for brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Andrews
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dylan Curtin
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jaeger Wongtrakun
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James P Coxon
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Alibazi RJ, Pearce AJ, Rostami M, Frazer AK, Brownstein C, Kidgell DJ. Determining the Intracortical Responses After a Single Session of Aerobic Exercise in Young Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:562-575. [PMID: 33201155 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alibazi, RJ, Pearce, AJ, Rostami, M, Frazer, AK, Brownstein, C, and Kidgell, DJ. Determining the intracortical responses after a single session of aerobic exercise in young healthy individuals: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 562-575, 2021-A single bout of aerobic exercise (AE) may induce changes in the excitability of the intracortical circuits of the primary motor cortex (M1). Similar to noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation, AE could be used as a priming technique to facilitate motor learning. This review examined the effect of AE on modulating intracortical excitability and inhibition in human subjects. A systematic review, according to PRISMA guidelines, identified studies by database searching, hand searching, and citation tracking between inception and the last week of February 2020. Methodological quality of included studies was determined using the Downs and Black quality index and Cochrane Collaboration of risk of bias tool. Data were synthesized and analyzed using best-evidence synthesis. There was strong evidence for AE not to change corticospinal excitability and conflicting evidence for increasing intracortical facilitation and reducing silent period and long-interval cortical inhibition. Aerobic exercise did reduce short-interval cortical inhibition, which suggests AE modulates the excitability of the short-latency inhibitory circuits within the M1; however, given the small number of included studies, it remains unclear how AE affects all circuits. In light of the above, AE may have important implications during periods of rehabilitation, whereby priming AE could be used to facilitate motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razie J Alibazi
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohamad Rostami
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Callum Brownstein
- University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Morris TP, Fried PJ, Macone J, Stillman A, Gomes-Osman J, Costa-Miserachs D, Muñoz JMT, Santarnecchi E, Pascual-Leone A. Light aerobic exercise modulates executive function and cortical excitability. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1723-1734. [PMID: 31605625 PMCID: PMC7150631 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single bouts of aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and executive cognitive function, but less is known about the effect of light-intensity exercise, an intensity of exercise more achievable for certain clinical populations. Fourteen healthy adults (aged 22 to 30) completed the following study procedures twice (≥7 days apart) before and after 30 min of either light aerobic exercise (cycling) or seated rest: neurocognitive battery (multitasking performance, inhibitory control and spatial working memory), paired-pulse TMS measures of cortical excitability. Significant improvements in response times during multitasking performance and increases in intracortical facilitation (ICF) were seen following light aerobic exercise. Light aerobic exercise can modulate cortical excitability and some executive function tasks. Populations with deficits in multitasking ability may benefit from this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Morris
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Peter J Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joanna Macone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alexandra Stillman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Joyce Gomes-Osman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - David Costa-Miserachs
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Tormos Muñoz
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and the Division of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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8
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Acute aerobic exercise and neuroplasticity of the motor cortex: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:408-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Modulation of inhibitory function in the primary somatosensory cortex and temporal discrimination threshold induced by acute aerobic exercise. Behav Brain Res 2019; 377:112253. [PMID: 31550485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise beneficially affects brain function. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on the inhibitory mechanism of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and somatosensory function remains unclear. We investigated whether acute aerobic exercise modulates S1 inhibitory function and somatosensory function. In Experiment 1, we measured somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and paired-pulse inhibition (PPI) in 15 healthy right-handed participants. The right median nerve underwent electrical stimulation (ES). Interstimulus intervals were 5 ms, 30 ms, and 100 ms. In Experiment 2, we assessed the somatosensory function by using a somatosensory temporal discrimination task. Single or paired ES was applied to the distal phalanx of the right index finger. Both the experiments involved three sessions: 20 min of moderate-intensity exercise, 30 min of low-intensity exercise, and 30 min of seated rest. Before and after each session, PPI and somatosensory temporal discrimination task performance were measured. The N20 latency was significantly shortened immediately after moderate exercise. The SEP amplitude was not modulated in any session. The PPI at 30 ms (PPI_30ms) significantly decreased 20 min after moderate exercise, whereas the PPI at 5 ms (PPI_5ms) and PPI at 100 ms (PPI_100ms) did not change. The 50% and 75% thresholds and reaction time did not improve in any session. We found negative relationships between the change in PPI_5ms and the change in the 75% threshold under low-intensity exercise condition. Thus, acute aerobic exercise modulated S1 inhibitory function depending on exercise intensity. The exercise-induced change in PPI was associated with the change in temporal discrimination.
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ÖZOCAK O, GÜNDÜZ BAŞÇIL S, GÖLGELİ A. Egzersiz ve Nöroplastisite. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.446500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Devanne H, Allart E. Boosting brain motor plasticity with physical exercise. Neurophysiol Clin 2019; 49:91-93. [PMID: 30686672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Devanne
- EA 7369 - URePSSS - unité de recherche pluridisciplinaire sport santé société, université Littoral Côte d'Opale, université Lille, université Artois, 62228 Calais, France; Neurophysiologie clinique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Etienne Allart
- Inserm U1171 - troubles dégénératifs cognitifs et vasculaires, université Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Rééducation neurologique, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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