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Veale R, Takahashi M. Pathways for Naturalistic Looking Behavior in Primate II. Superior Colliculus Integrates Parallel Top-down and Bottom-up Inputs. Neuroscience 2024; 545:86-110. [PMID: 38484836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Volitional signals for gaze control are provided by multiple parallel pathways converging on the midbrain superior colliculus (SC), whose deeper layers output to the brainstem gaze circuits. In the first of two papers (Takahashi and Veale, 2023), we described the properties of gaze behavior of several species under both laboratory and natural conditions, as well as the current understanding of the brainstem and spinal cord circuits implementing gaze control in primate. In this paper, we review the parallel pathways by which sensory and task information reaches SC and how these sensory and task signals interact within SC's multilayered structure. This includes both bottom-up (world statistics) signals mediated by sensory cortex, association cortex, and subcortical structures, as well as top-down (goal and task) influences which arrive via either direct excitatory pathways from cerebral cortex, or via indirect basal ganglia relays resulting in inhibition or dis-inhibition as appropriate for alternative behaviors. Models of attention such as saliency maps serve as convenient frameworks to organize our understanding of both the separate computations of each neural pathway, as well as the interaction between the multiple parallel pathways influencing gaze. While the spatial interactions between gaze's neural pathways are relatively well understood, the temporal interactions between and within pathways will be an important area of future study, requiring both improved technical methods for measurement and improvement of our understanding of how temporal dynamics results in the observed spatiotemporal allocation of gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Veale
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Mayu Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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Yang HW, Choe JY, Noh SR, Kim JL, Han JW, Kim KW. Exploring age-related changes in saccades during cognitive tasks in healthy adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1301318. [PMID: 38249127 PMCID: PMC10796470 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1301318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although eye movements such as saccades are related to internal cognitive processes and are independent of visual processing, few studies have investigated whether non-visual cognitive tasks simultaneously affect horizontal and vertical saccades in younger and older adults. Methods We recruited 28 younger adults aged 20-29 years and 26 older adults aged >60 years through advertisements in community settings. All participants were free of major psychiatric, neurological, or ocular diseases. All participants performed the mental arithmetic task (MAT) and verbal fluency task (VFT). The primary measures were saccade parameters, including frequency, mean amplitude, and mean velocity. Results During MAT and VFT, the frequencies of horizontal and vertical saccades increased (p = 0.0005 for horizontal saccade in MAT; p < 0.0001 for horizontal saccade in VFT; p = 0.012 for vertical saccade in MAT; p = 0.001 for vertical saccade in VFT), but were comparable between MAT and VFT. The old group showed a slower vertical saccade than the young group during the tasks (p = 0.011 in the MAT phase; p = 0.006 in the VFT phase). The amplitude of the horizontal saccade decreased in both groups during MAT compared to the resting period (p = 0.013), but did not change significantly during VFT. Discussion Saccade parameters can change during non-visual cognitive tasks with differences between age groups and saccade directions. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of the distinct dynamics of horizontal and vertical saccades across various age group in cognitive aging, despite its restricted focus on specific saccade parameters and cognitive tasks, and inclusion solely of cognitively normal individuals. This study highlights the importance of saccade analysis in elucidating age-related cognitive changes. In conclusion, saccades should be examined in future studies as a potential non-invasive biomarker for early detection of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Won Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeong Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Rim Noh
- Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Lan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Takahashi M, Sugiuchi Y, Shinoda Y. Brainstem Neural Circuits Triggering Vertical Saccades and Fixation. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1657232023. [PMID: 37968118 PMCID: PMC10851683 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1657-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus have tonic activity that suppresses saccadic burst neurons (BNs) during eye fixations, and that is inhibited before and during saccades in all directions (omnipause neurons, OPNs). We have previously demonstrated via intracellular recording and anatomical staining in anesthetized cats of both sexes that OPNs are inhibited by BNs in the medullary reticular formation (horizontal inhibitory BNs, IBNs). These horizontal IBNs receive monosynaptic input from the caudal horizontal saccade area of the superior colliculus (SC), and then produce monosynaptic inhibition in OPNs, providing a mechanism to trigger saccades. However, it is well known that the neural circuits driving horizontal components of saccades are independent from the circuits driving vertical components. Thus, our previous results are unable to explain how purely vertical saccades are triggered. Here, we again apply intracellular recording to show that a disynaptic vertical IBN circuit exists, analogous to the horizontal circuit. Specifically, we show that stimulation of the SC rostral vertical saccade area produces disynaptic inhibition in OPNs, which is not abolished by midline section between the horizontal IBNs. This excludes the possibility that horizontal IBNs could be responsible for the OPN inhibition during vertical saccades. We then show that vertical IBNs in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, which receive monosynaptic input from rostral SC, are responsible for the disynaptic inhibition of OPNs. These results indicate that a similarly functioning SC-IBN-OPN circuit exists for both the horizontal and vertical oculomotor pathways. These two IBN-mediated circuits are capable of triggering saccades in any direction.Significance Statement Saccades shift gaze to objects of interest, moving their image to the central retina, where it is maintained for detailed examination (fixation). During fixation, high gain saccade burst neurons (BNs) are tonically inhibited by omnipause neurons (OPNs). Our previous study showed that medullary horizontal inhibitory BNs (IBNs) activated from the caudal superior colliculus (SC) inhibit tonically active OPNs in order to initiate horizontal saccades. The present study addresses the source of OPN inhibition for vertical saccades. We find that OPNs monosynaptically inhibit vertical IBNs in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal during fixation. Those same vertical IBNs are activated by the rostral SC, and inhibit OPN activity to initiate vertical saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Y Sugiuchi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Y Shinoda
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Liu X, Li Y, Xu L, Zhang T, Cui H, Wei Y, Xia M, Su W, Tang Y, Tang X, Zhang D, Spillmann L, Max Andolina I, McLoughlin N, Wang W, Wang J. Spatial and Temporal Abnormalities of Spontaneous Fixational Saccades and Their Correlates With Positive and Cognitive Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:78-88. [PMID: 37066730 PMCID: PMC10754167 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Visual fixation is a dynamic process, with the spontaneous occurrence of microsaccades and macrosaccades. These fixational saccades are sensitive to the structural and functional alterations of the cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit. Given that dysfunctional cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit contributes to cognitive and behavioral impairments in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that patients with schizophrenia would exhibit abnormal fixational saccades and these abnormalities would be associated with the clinical manifestations. STUDY DESIGN Saccades were recorded from 140 drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 160 age-matched healthy controls during ten separate trials of 6-second steady fixations. Positive and negative symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognition was assessed using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). STUDY RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia exhibited fixational saccades more vertically than controls, which was reflected in more vertical saccades with angles around 90° and a greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades with angles around 0° in patients. The fixational saccades, especially horizontal saccades, showed longer durations, faster peak velocities, and larger amplitudes in patients. Furthermore, the greater vertical shift of horizontal saccades was associated with higher PANSS total and positive symptom scores in patients, and the longer duration of horizontal saccades was associated with lower MCCB neurocognitive composite, attention/vigilance, and speed of processing scores. Finally, based solely on these fixational eye movements, a K-nearest neighbors model classified patients with an accuracy of 85%. Conclusions: Our results reveal spatial and temporal abnormalities of fixational saccades and suggest fixational saccades as a promising biomarker for cognitive and positive symptoms and for diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqing Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lothar Spillmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian Max Andolina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Niall McLoughlin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Lovich SN, King CD, Murphy DLK, Landrum RE, Shera CA, Groh JM. Parametric information about eye movements is sent to the ears. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303562120. [PMID: 37988462 PMCID: PMC10691342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303562120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movements alter the relationship between the visual and auditory spatial scenes. Signals related to eye movements affect neural pathways from the ear through auditory cortex and beyond, but how these signals contribute to computing the locations of sounds with respect to the visual scene is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the information contained in eye movement-related eardrum oscillations (EMREOs), pressure changes recorded in the ear canal that occur in conjunction with simultaneous eye movements. We show that EMREOs contain parametric information about horizontal and vertical eye displacement as well as initial/final eye position with respect to the head. The parametric information in the horizontal and vertical directions can be modeled as combining linearly, allowing accurate prediction of the EMREOs associated with oblique (diagonal) eye movements. Target location can also be inferred from the EMREO signals recorded during eye movements to those targets. We hypothesize that the (currently unknown) mechanism underlying EMREOs could impose a two-dimensional eye-movement-related transfer function on any incoming sound, permitting subsequent processing stages to compute the positions of sounds in relation to the visual scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N. Lovich
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27710
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Cynthia D. King
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27710
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - David L. K. Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Rachel E. Landrum
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27710
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
| | - Christopher A. Shera
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90007
| | - Jennifer M. Groh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC27710
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC27708
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Takahashi M, Veale R. Pathways for Naturalistic Looking Behavior in Primate I: Behavioral Characteristics and Brainstem Circuits. Neuroscience 2023; 532:133-163. [PMID: 37776945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Organisms control their visual worlds by moving their eyes, heads, and bodies. This control of "gaze" or "looking" is key to survival and intelligence, but our investigation of the underlying neural mechanisms in natural conditions is hindered by technical limitations. Recent advances have enabled measurement of both brain and behavior in freely moving animals in complex environments, expanding on historical head-fixed laboratory investigations. We juxtapose looking behavior as traditionally measured in the laboratory against looking behavior in naturalistic conditions, finding that behavior changes when animals are free to move or when stimuli have depth or sound. We specifically focus on the brainstem circuits driving gaze shifts and gaze stabilization. The overarching goal of this review is to reconcile historical understanding of the differential neural circuits for different "classes" of gaze shift with two inconvenient truths. (1) "classes" of gaze behavior are artificial. (2) The neural circuits historically identified to control each "class" of behavior do not operate in isolation during natural behavior. Instead, multiple pathways combine adaptively and non-linearly depending on individual experience. While the neural circuits for reflexive and voluntary gaze behaviors traverse somewhat independent brainstem and spinal cord circuits, both can be modulated by feedback, meaning that most gaze behaviors are learned rather than hardcoded. Despite this flexibility, there are broadly enumerable neural pathways commonly adopted among primate gaze systems. Parallel pathways which carry simultaneous evolutionary and homeostatic drives converge in superior colliculus, a layered midbrain structure which integrates and relays these volitional signals to brainstem gaze-control circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental, Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| | - Richard Veale
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Ling X, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Lee S, Choi JY, Zhong LQ, Yang X, Kim JS. Loss of torsional quick eye movements during head roll in progressive supranuclear palsy: a new diagnostic marker. J Neurol 2023; 270:2230-2236. [PMID: 36680570 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Even though impaired horizontal and vertical saccades are well-known features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), abnormalities of torsional quick phases of eye movements have not been defined in PSP and other Parkinsonian syndromes. This study aims to determine the diagnostic value of decreased torsional quick phases during head oscillations in the roll plane in patients with PSP. METHODS Using video-oculography, we recorded the head and eye motion during passive head oscillations in the roll plane and determined the decrease of torsional quick phases in patients with PSP (n = 13) in comparison to normal controls (n = 13) and those with multiple system atrophy (MSA, n = 17) or idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 6). RESULTS Torsional quick phases were absent during the torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in 78.6% (11/13) of the patients with PSP, but only in 11.8% (2/17) of those with MSA and none with idiopathic PD or of normal controls (Chi-square tests, p < 0.001) while gains of the torsional VOR did not differ among the groups (Chi-square tests, p > 0.05). Furthermore, the torsional quick phases were smaller even when observed in patients with PSP. CONCLUSION Loss of torsional quick phases is an early biological marker for diagnosis of PSP, and may be ascribed to degeneration of the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus that contains the burst neurons for torsional as well as vertical saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ling
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Seonkyung Lee
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Choi
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Li-Qun Zhong
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea.
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Alternating adduction hypertropia as a rare presentation of midbrain hemorrhage. J Neurol 2023; 270:1781-1783. [PMID: 36333455 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Naito R, Watanabe Y, Naito A, Sugasawa K, Nakata Y, Kamiyama T, Okiyama R, Yokochi F, Isozaki E, Yamasoba T, Takahashi K. Visual fixation suppression of caloric nystagmus in progressive supranuclear palsy - A comparison with Parkinson's disease. J Vestib Res 2023; 33:385-401. [PMID: 37599554 DOI: 10.3233/ves-210147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of visual fixation suppression (VS) in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is not well documented. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of impaired VS of caloric nystagmus as an index for differential diagnosis between PSP and Parkinson's disease (PD), which is often difficult, especially in the early stage. METHODS Subjects comprised 26 PSP patients and 26 PD patients clinically diagnosed at Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital. We retrospectively investigated VS of caloric nystagmus, horizontal pursuit, saccades, and horizontal optokinetic nystagmus recorded on direct-current-electronystagmography, and neuroradiological findings. RESULTS The median of the average VS% was 0% and 50.0% in PSP and PD patients, respectively. In PSP, VS was impaired even in the early stage of disease. We found a significant correlation between VS and velocity of saccades or maximum slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus only in PSP patients. PSP patients with atrophy of the subthalamic nucleus or with decreased blood flow in the frontal lobe showed significantly more severe impairment of VS. CONCLUSIONS VS may be a useful biomarker to differentiate patients with PSP from those with PD. Cerebellar networks that connect with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia may contribute to impaired VS of caloric nystagmus in PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Naito
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugasawa
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department of Neuro-Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kamiyama
- Department of Neuro-Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Okiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusako Yokochi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Isozaki
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicines, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Ma W, Li M, Wu J, Zhang Z, Jia F, Zhang M, Bergman H, Li X, Ling Z, Xu X. Multiple step saccades in simply reactive saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:912967. [PMID: 35966789 PMCID: PMC9363762 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.912967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective It has been argued that the incidence of multiple step saccades (MSS) in voluntary saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, voluntary saccadic tasks are usually difficult for elderly subjects to complete. Therefore, task difficulties restrict the application of MSS measurements for the diagnosis of PD. The primary objective of the present study is to assess whether the incidence of MSS in simply reactive saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD. Materials and methods There were four groups of human subjects: PD patients, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, elderly healthy controls (EHCs), and young healthy controls (YHCs). There were four monkeys with subclinical hemi-PD induced by injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) through the unilateral internal carotid artery and three healthy control monkeys. The behavioral task was a visually guided reactive saccade. Results In a human study, the incidence of MSS was significantly higher in PD than in YHC, EHC, and MCI groups. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis could discriminate PD from the EHC and MCI groups, with areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of 0.76 and 0.69, respectively. In a monkey study, while typical PD symptoms were absent, subclinical hemi-PD monkeys showed a significantly higher incidence of MSS than control monkeys when the dose of MPTP was greater than 0.4 mg/kg. Conclusion The incidence of MSS in simply reactive saccades could be a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Cadre Medical Service, The First Clinical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Li,
| | - Zhipei Ling
- Senior Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Zhipei Ling,
| | - Xin Xu
- Senior Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Xin Xu,
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Discordant horizontal-torsional nystagmus: a sign of posterior semicircular canal dysfunction. J Neurol 2022; 269:5038-5046. [PMID: 35543743 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In central as well as peripheral vestibular lesions, right-beating horizontal nystagmus is almost always associated with clockwise (top poles of the eyes beating to the right ear) torsional nystagmus when observed and vice versa (concordant nystagmus). This study aimed to determine the etiologies and mechanisms of horizontal and torsional nystagmus beating in the opposite directions (discordant nystagmus). We reviewed the medical records of 16 consecutive patients with discordant horizontal-torsional nystagmus who had been evaluated at the dizziness clinics of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (n = 11, from March 2003 to March 2021) and Korea University Medical Center (n = 5, from March 2019 to March 2021). The underlying etiologies included inferior vestibular neuritis (n = 7), Meniere's disease (n = 4), internuclear ophthalmoplegia (n = 3), medullary hemorrhage (n = 1), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (n = 1). The torsional nystagmus decreased during the gaze in the same direction (for instance, during rightward gaze in clockwise nystagmus) and increased during the gaze in the opposite direction. Head-impulse tests (HITs) were positive for the ipsilesional posterior canal (PC) in all 11 patients with unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy and two of the three patients with unilateral central vestibulopathy. Discordant horizontal-torsional nystagmus may be observed in peripheral as well as central lesions. Given the findings of HITs and modulation of spontaneous nystagmus during lateral gazes, discordant horizontal-torsional nystagmus may be ascribed to selective damage of the excitatory or inhibitory pathway from the PC that innervates the ipsilateral superior oblique and contralateral inferior rectus muscles.
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12
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The human vestibulo-ocular reflex and compensatory saccades in schwannoma patients before and after vestibular nerve section. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 138:197-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Isa T, Marquez-Legorreta E, Grillner S, Scott EK. The tectum/superior colliculus as the vertebrate solution for spatial sensory integration and action. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R741-R762. [PMID: 34102128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The superior colliculus, or tectum in the case of non-mammalian vertebrates, is a part of the brain that registers events in the surrounding space, often through vision and hearing, but also through electrosensation, infrared detection, and other sensory modalities in diverse vertebrate lineages. This information is used to form maps of the surrounding space and the positions of different salient stimuli in relation to the individual. The sensory maps are arranged in layers with visual input in the uppermost layer, other senses in deeper positions, and a spatially aligned motor map in the deepest layer. Here, we will review the organization and intrinsic function of the tectum/superior colliculus and the information that is processed within tectal circuits. We will also discuss tectal/superior colliculus outputs that are conveyed directly to downstream motor circuits or via the thalamus to cortical areas to control various aspects of behavior. The tectum/superior colliculus is evolutionarily conserved among all vertebrates, but tailored to the sensory specialties of each lineage, and its roles have shifted with the emergence of the cerebral cortex in mammals. We will illustrate both the conserved and divergent properties of the tectum/superior colliculus through vertebrate evolution by comparing tectal processing in lampreys belonging to the oldest group of extant vertebrates, larval zebrafish, rodents, and other vertebrates including primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Ethan K Scott
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Opwonya J, Doan DNT, Kim SG, Kim JI, Ku B, Kim S, Park S, Kim JU. Saccadic Eye Movement in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 32:193-227. [PMID: 33959887 PMCID: PMC9090874 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered the transitional state to AD dementia (ADD) and other types of dementia, whose symptoms are accompanied by altered eye movement. In this work, we reviewed the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis to extract relevant eye movement parameters that are significantly altered owing to ADD and MCI. We conducted a systematic review of 35 eligible original publications in saccade paradigms and a meta-analysis of 27 articles with specified task conditions, which used mainly gap and overlap conditions in both prosaccade and antisaccade paradigms. The meta-analysis revealed that prosaccade and antisaccade latencies and frequency of antisaccade errors showed significant alterations for both MCI and ADD. First, both prosaccade and antisaccade paradigms differentiated patients with ADD and MCI from controls, however, antisaccade paradigms was more effective than prosaccade paradigms in distinguishing patients from controls. Second, during prosaccade in the gap and overlap conditions, patients with ADD had significantly longer latencies than patients with MCI, and the trend was similar during antisaccade in the gap condition as patients with ADD had significantly more errors than patients with MCI. The anti-effect magnitude was similar between controls and patients, and the magnitude of the latency of the gap effect varied among healthy controls and MCI and ADD subjects, but the effect size of the latency remained large in both patients. These findings suggest that, using gap effect, anti-effect, and specific choices of saccade paradigms and conditions, distinctions could be made between MCI and ADD patients as well as between patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Opwonya
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gee Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Il Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeuk U Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Takahashi M, Shinoda Y. Neural Circuits of Inputs and Outputs of the Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei. Neuroscience 2020; 462:70-88. [PMID: 32768619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is dedicated to the memory of Masao Ito. Masao Ito made numerous important contributions revealing the function of the cerebellum in motor control. His pioneering contributions to cerebellar physiology began with his discovery of inhibition and disinhibition of target neurons by cerebellar Purkinje cells, and his discovery of the presence of long-term depression in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. Purkinje cells formed the nodal point of Masao Ito's landmark model of motor control by the cerebellum. These discoveries became the basis for his ideas regarding the flocculus hypothesis, the adaptive motor control system, and motor learning by the cerebellum, inspiring many new experiments to test his hypotheses. This article will trace the achievements of Ito and colleagues in analyzing the neural circuits of the input-output organization of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei, particularly with respect to motor control. The article will discuss some of the important issues that have been solved and also those that remain to be solved for our understanding of motor control by the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Shinoda
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan
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16
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Malevich T, Buonocore A, Hafed ZM. Rapid stimulus-driven modulation of slow ocular position drifts. eLife 2020; 9:e57595. [PMID: 32758358 PMCID: PMC7442486 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The eyes are never still during maintained gaze fixation. When microsaccades are not occurring, ocular position exhibits continuous slow changes, often referred to as drifts. Unlike microsaccades, drifts remain to be viewed as largely random eye movements. Here we found that ocular position drifts can, instead, be very systematically stimulus-driven, and with very short latencies. We used highly precise eye tracking in three well trained macaque monkeys and found that even fleeting (~8 ms duration) stimulus presentations can robustly trigger transient and stimulus-specific modulations of ocular position drifts, and with only approximately 60 ms latency. Such drift responses are binocular, and they are most effectively elicited with large stimuli of low spatial frequency. Intriguingly, the drift responses exhibit some image pattern selectivity, and they are not explained by convergence responses, pupil constrictions, head movements, or starting eye positions. Ocular position drifts have very rapid access to exogenous visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Malevich
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max-Planck Research School, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Antimo Buonocore
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Ziad M Hafed
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen UniversityTuebingenGermany
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17
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Summa S, Schirinzi T, Favetta M, Romano A, Minosse S, Diodato D, Olivieri G, Martinelli D, Sancesario A, Zanni G, Castelli E, Bertini E, Petrarca M, Vasco G. A wearable video-oculography based evaluation of saccades and respective clinical correlates in patients with early onset ataxia. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Pogson JM, Taylor RL, McGarvie LA, Bradshaw AP, D’Souza M, Flanagan S, Kong J, Halmagyi GM, Welgampola MS. Head impulse compensatory saccades: Visual dependence is most evident in bilateral vestibular loss. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227406. [PMID: 31940394 PMCID: PMC6961882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) generates almost perfectly compensatory smooth eye movements during a 'head-impulse' rotation. An imperfect VOR gain provokes additional compensatory saccades to re-acquire an earth-fixed target. In the present study, we investigated vestibular and visual contributions on saccade production. Eye position and velocity during horizontal and vertical canal-plane head-impulses were recorded in the light and dark from 16 controls, 22 subjects after complete surgical unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD), eight subjects with idiopathic bilateral vestibular loss (BVL), and one subject after complete bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD). When impulses were delivered in the horizontal-canal plane, in complete darkness compared with light, first saccade frequency mean(SEM) reduced from 96.6(1.3)-62.3(8.9) % in BVL but only 98.3(0.6)-92.0(2.3) % in UVD; saccade amplitudes reduced from 7.0(0.5)-3.6(0.4) ° in BVL but were unchanged 6.2(0.3)-5.5(0.6) ° in UVD. In the dark, saccade latencies were prolonged in lesioned ears, from 168(8.4)-240(24.5) ms in BVL and 177(5.2)-196(5.7) ms in UVD; saccades became less clustered. In BVD, saccades were not completely abolished in the dark, but their amplitudes decreased from 7.3-3.0 ° and latencies became more variable. For unlesioned ears (controls and unlesioned ears of UVD), saccade frequency also reduced in the dark, but their small amplitudes slightly increased, while latency and clustering remained unchanged. First and second saccade frequencies were 75.3(4.5) % and 20.3(4.1) %; without visual fixation they dropped to 32.2(5.0) % and 3.8(1.2) %. The VOR gain was affected by vision only in unlesioned ears of UVD; gains for the horizontal-plane rose slightly, and the vertical-planes reduced slightly. All head-impulse compensatory saccades have a visual contribution, the magnitude of which depends on the symmetry of vestibular-function and saccade latency: BVL is more profoundly affected by vision than UVD, and second saccades more than first saccades. Saccades after UVD are probably triggered by contralateral vestibular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Pogson
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael L. Taylor
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leigh A. McGarvie
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Bradshaw
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mario D’Souza
- Department of Clinical Research, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Flanagan
- Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Skull Base Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kong
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Michael Halmagyi
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam S. Welgampola
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Zubair HN, Chu KMI, Johnson JL, Rivers TJ, Beloozerova IN. Gaze coordination with strides during walking in the cat. J Physiol 2019; 597:5195-5229. [PMID: 31460673 DOI: 10.1113/jp278108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Vision plays a crucial role in guiding locomotion in complex environments, but the coordination between gaze and stride is not well understood. The coordination of gaze shifts, fixations, constant gaze and slow gaze with strides in cats walking on different surfaces were examined. It was found that gaze behaviours are coordinated with strides even when walking on a flat surface in the complete darkness, occurring in a sequential order during different phases of the stride. During walking on complex surfaces, gaze behaviours are typically more tightly coordinated with strides, particularly at faster speeds, only slightly shifting in phase. These findings indicate that the coordination of gaze behaviours with strides is not vision-driven, but is a part of the whole body locomotion synergy; the visual environment and locomotor task modulate it. The results may be relevant to developing diagnostic tools and rehabilitation approaches for patients with locomotor deficits. ABSTRACT Vision plays a crucial role in guiding locomotion in complex environments. However, the coordination between the gaze and stride is not well understood. We investigated this coordination in cats walking on a flat surface in darkness or light, along a horizontal ladder and on a pathway with small stones. We recorded vertical and horizontal eye movements and 3-D head movement, and calculated where gaze intersected the walkway. The coordination of gaze shifts away from the animal, gaze shifts toward, fixations, constant gaze, and slow gaze with strides was investigated. We found that even during walking on the flat surface in the darkness, all gaze behaviours were coordinated with strides. Gaze shifts and slow gaze toward started in the beginning of each forelimb's swing and ended in its second half. Fixations peaked throughout the beginning and middle of swing. Gaze shifts away began throughout the second half of swing of each forelimb and ended when both forelimbs were in stance. Constant gaze and slow gaze away occurred in the beginning of stance. However, not every behaviour occurred during every stride. Light had a small effect. The ladder and stones typically increased the coordination and caused gaze behaviours to occur 3% earlier in the cycle. At faster speeds, the coordination was often tighter and some gaze behaviours occurred 2-16% later in the cycle. The findings indicate that the coordination of gaze with strides is not vision-driven, but is a part of the whole body locomotion synergy; the visual environment and locomotor task modulate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humza N Zubair
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin M I Chu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin L Johnson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Trevor J Rivers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Irina N Beloozerova
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Bradshaw AP, McGarvie L, D’Souza M, Halmagyi GM, Welgampola MS. The human vestibulo-ocular reflex and saccades: normal subjects and the effect of age. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:336-349. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00847.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we characterize in 80 normal subjects (16–84 yr (means ± SD, 47 ± 19 yr) the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and saccades in response to three-dimensional head impulses with a monocular video head impulse test (vHIT) of the right eye. Impulses toward the right lateral, right anterior, and left posterior canals (means: 0.98, 0.91, 0.79) had slightly higher mean gains compared with their counterparts (0.95, 0.86, 0.76). In the older age group (>60 yr), gains of the left posterior canal dropped 0.09 and left anterior canals rose 0.09 resulting in symmetry. All canal gains reduced with increasing head velocity (0.02–0.13 per 100°/s). Comparison of lateral canal gains calculated using five published algorithms yielded lower values (~0.80) when a narrow detection window was used. Low-amplitude refixation saccades (amplitude: 1.11 ± 0.98°, peak velocity: 63.9 ± 34.0°/s at 262.0 ± 93.9 ms) were observed among all age groups (frequency: 40.2 ± 23.4%), increasing in amplitude, peak velocity, and frequency in older subjects. Impulses toward anterior canals showed the least frequent saccades and lateral and posterior canals were similar, but lateral canal impulses showed the smallest saccades and the posterior canal showed the largest saccades. Saccade peak-velocity approximate amplitude “main sequence” slope was steeper for the horizontal canals compared with the vertical planes (60 vs. <40°/s per 1°). In summary, we found small but significant asymmetries in monocular vHIT gain that changed with age. Healthy subjects commonly have minuscule refixation saccades that are moderately to strongly correlated with vHIT gain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gaze fixation is normally stabilized during rapid “head-impulse” movements by the bisynaptic vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), but earlier studies of normal subjects also report small amplitude saccades. We found that with increased age of the subject the vertical VOR became more variable, while in all semicircular canal directions the saccade frequency, amplitude, and peak velocity increased. We also found that the VOR gain algorithm significantly influences values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Pogson
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael L. Taylor
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Bradshaw
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leigh McGarvie
- Psychology Department, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mario D’Souza
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Clinical Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Michael Halmagyi
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miriam S. Welgampola
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Takahashi M. Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of the commissural system in the superior colliculi for control of eye movements. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:105-115. [PMID: 31325971 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Commissural connections between the superior colliculi (SCs) were well known anatomically, and assumed to be only inhibitory in relation to visual inputs. However, by recording intracellular potentials, we revealed that a strong monosynaptic excitatory commissural connection exists between the rostral SCs of the cat. Commissural excitation existed between the medial-medial or lateral-lateral parts of both SCs, while commissural inhibition existed between the medial SC on one side and the lateral SC on the opposite side. These commissural excitation and inhibition were also confirmed morphologically with the double-labeling method of HRP-conjugated gold particle and GABA. Similarity of the topography of commissural inhibition between the SC system and the vestibuloocular system supported the conclusion that the saccadic eye movement system uses the same semicircular canal coordinate as the vestibuloocular system. The commissural excitation may help to maintain Listing's law in saccadic eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Takahashi
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Brainstem neural circuits for fixation and generation of saccadic eye movements. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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