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Denis Völker JS, Micluția IV, Vinași RC. Investigating Cannabidiol's potential as a supplementary treatment for schizophrenia: A narrative review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176821. [PMID: 39068976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia presents a complex mental health challenge, often inadequately addressed by existing antipsychotic treatments, leading to persistent symptoms and adverse effects. Hence, developing alternative therapeutic approaches is crucial. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive compound in Cannabis sativa, has been extensively explored for its therapeutic potential in treating psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. CBD exhibits antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects. However, distinguishing the individual effects of CBD and THC remains challenging. Therefore, this review aims to critically analyze the potential role of CBD as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia treatment. The therapeutic action of CBD may involve activating the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors and suppressing the G-protein-coupled receptor 55, thereby affecting various neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of CBD may contribute to alleviating neuroinflammation linked to schizophrenia. Compared to typical antipsychotics, CBD demonstrates a lower incidence of side effects and it exhibited favorable tolerability in clinical trials. A 2012 clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of CBD in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, presenting a safer profile than that of traditional antipsychotics. However, further research is needed to fully establish the safety and efficacy of CBD as an adjunctive treatment. Future research directions encompass exploring detailed antipsychotic mechanisms, long-term safety profiles, interactions with current antipsychotics, optimal dosing, and patient-specific factors such as genetic predispositions. Despite these research needs, the potential of CBD to enhance the quality of life and symptom management positions it as a promising candidate for innovative schizophrenia treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Sebastian Denis Völker
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă Cluj (Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Valentina Micluția
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă Cluj (Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ramona-Cristina Vinași
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DCN) Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă Cluj (Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital), Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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2
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Brakatselos C, Polissidis A, Ntoulas G, Asprogerakas MZ, Tsarna O, Vamvaka-Iakovou A, Nakas G, Delis A, Tzimas P, Skaltsounis L, Silva J, Delis F, Oliveira JF, Sotiropoulos I, Antoniou K. Multi-level therapeutic actions of cannabidiol in ketamine-induced schizophrenia psychopathology in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01977-1. [PMID: 39242923 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Repeated administration of ketamine (KET) has been used to model schizophrenia-like symptomatology in rodents, but the psychotomimetic neurobiological and neuroanatomical underpinnings remain elusive. In parallel, the unmet need for a better treatment of schizophrenia requires the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-addictive phytocannabinoid has been linked to antipsychotic effects with unclear mechanistic basis. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the neurobiological substrate of repeated KET administration model and to evaluate CBD's antipsychotic potential and neurobiological basis. CBD-treated male rats with and without prior repeated KET administration underwent behavioral analyses, followed by multilevel analysis of different brain areas including dopaminergic and glutamatergic activity, synaptic signaling, as well as electrophysiological recordings for the assessment of corticohippocampal and corticostriatal network activity. Repeated KET model is characterized by schizophrenia-like symptomatology and alterations in glutamatergic and dopaminergic activity mainly in the PFC and the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), through a bi-directional pattern. These observations are accompanied by glutamatergic/GABAergic deviations paralleled to impaired function of parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-positive interneurons, indicative of excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalance. Moreover, CBD counteracted the schizophrenia-like behavioral phenotype as well as reverted prefrontal abnormalities and ventral hippocampal E/I deficits, while partially modulated dorsostriatal dysregulations. This study adds novel insights to our understanding of the KET-induced schizophrenia-related brain pathology, as well as the CBD antipsychotic action through a region-specific set of modulations in the corticohippocampal and costicostrtiatal circuitry of KET-induced profile contributing to the development of novel therapeutic strategies focused on the ECS and E/I imbalance restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Brakatselos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Science and Mathematics, ACG-Research Center, Deree - American College of Greece, 15342, Athens, Greece
| | - George Ntoulas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail-Zois Asprogerakas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Olga Tsarna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anastasia Vamvaka-Iakovou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gerasimos Nakas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anastasios Delis
- Center of Basic Research, Biological Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Tzimas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Joana Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Joao Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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3
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Guo T, He Y, Mao S, Yang Y, Xie H, Zhang S, Dai S. Ketamine induces insomnia-like symptom of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations by mediating GABAergic synapse. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3897-3905. [PMID: 38567678 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Although the stimulative effects on the normal behaviors of fish posed by ketamine (KET) were well-studied, the adverse effects on the behavioral functions induced by KET at nighttime were unknown. Here, we used zebrafish larvae as a model exposed to KET (10, 50, 100, and 250 ng/L) at environmental levels for 21 days. The behavioral functions at nighttime, morphological changes during exposure stage, and alterations on the associated genes transcriptional levels of fish were determined. The difficultly initiating sleep was found in the fish exposed to KET, while the sleep duration of the animals was at the normal levels in exposure groups. The significant suppressions of the developmentally relevant genes, including bmp2, bmp4, and pth2ra were consistent with the developmental abnormalities of fish found in exposure groups. Moreover, the expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor increased and melatonin (MTN) receptor decreased while the levels of GABA and MTN remained unchanged after exposure, by gene expression analysis and molecular docking. In addition, the transcriptional expression of apoptotic genes, including tp53, aifm1, and casp6, was significantly upregulated by KET. After a 7-day recovery, the insomnia-like behaviors (shorter sleep duration) were observed in zebrafish from the 250 ng/L-KET group. Accordingly, the adverse outcome pathway framework of KET was constructed by prognostic assessment of zebrafish larvae. This study suggested that the adverse outcomes of KET on the sleep health of organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang He
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqiang Mao
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongguan Xie
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiping Dai
- National Center for Geriatrics Clinical Medicine Research, Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Fabris D, Lisboa JR, Guimarães FS, Gomes FV. Cannabidiol as an antipsychotic drug. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:295-317. [PMID: 39029989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid in the Cannabis sativa plant. In contrast to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD does not produce the typical psychotomimetic effects of the plant. In addition, CBD has attracted increased interest due to its potential therapeutic effects in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Several studies have proposed that CBD has pharmacological properties similar to atypical antipsychotics. Despite accumulating evidence supporting the antipsychotic potential of CBD, the mechanisms of action in which this phytocannabinoid produces antipsychotic effects are still not fully elucidated. Here, we focused on the antipsychotic properties of CBD indicated by a series of preclinical and clinical studies and the evidence currently available about its possible mechanisms. Findings from preclinical studies suggest that CBD effects may depend on the animal model (pharmacological, neurodevelopmental, or genetic models for schizophrenia), dose, treatment schedule (acute vs. repeated) and route of administration (intraperitoneal vs local injection into specific brain regions). Clinical studies suggest a potential role for CBD in the treatment of psychotic disorders. However, future studies with more robust sample sizes are needed to confirm these positive findings. Overall, although more studies are needed, current evidence indicates that CBD may be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Fabris
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Lisboa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Ntoulas G, Brakatselos C, Nakas G, Asprogerakas MZ, Delis F, Leontiadis LJ, Trompoukis G, Papatheodoropoulos C, Gkikas D, Valakos D, Vatsellas G, Politis PK, Polissidis A, Antoniou K. Multi-level profiling of the Fmr1 KO rat unveils altered behavioral traits along with aberrant glutamatergic function. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:104. [PMID: 38378836 PMCID: PMC10879511 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disabilities and the most prevalent monogenic cause of autism. Although the knockout (KO) of the Fmr1 gene homolog in mice is primarily used for elucidating the neurobiological substrate of FXS, there is limited association of the experimental data with the pathophysiological condition in humans. The use of Fmr1 KO rats offers additional translational validity in this regard. Therefore, we employed a multi-level approach to study the behavioral profile and the glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission status in pathophysiology-associated brain structures of Fmr1 KO rats, including the recordings of evoked and spontaneous field potentials from hippocampal slices, paralleled with next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that these rats exhibit hyperactivity and cognitive deficits, along with characteristic bidirectional glutamatergic and GABAergic alterations in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. These results are coupled to affected excitability and local inhibitory processes in the hippocampus, along with a specific transcriptional profile, highlighting dysregulated hippocampal network activity in KO rats. Overall, our data provide novel insights concerning the biobehavioral profile of FmR1 KO rats and translationally upscales our understanding on pathophysiology and symptomatology of FXS syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ntoulas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampos Brakatselos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Nakas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail-Zois Asprogerakas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Leonidas J Leontiadis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | - George Trompoukis
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Rion, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Valakos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giannis Vatsellas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Jeon KH, Park SH, Bae WJ, Kim SW, Park HJ, Kim S, Kim TH, Jeon SH, Park I, Park HJ, Kwon Y. Cannabidiol, a Regulator of Intracellular Calcium and Calpain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:119-125. [PMID: 35196129 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most abundant components of Cannabis and has long been used in Cannabis-based preparations. Recently, CBD has become a promising pharmacological agent because of its beneficial properties in the pathophysiology of several diseases. Although CBD is a kind of cannabinoid and acts on cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), molecular targets involved in diverse therapeutic properties of CBD have not been identified because CBD also interacts with other molecular targets. Considering that CBD alters the intracellular calcium level by which calpain activity is controlled, and both CBD and calpain are associated with various diseases related to calcium signaling, including neurological disorders, this review provides an overview of calpain and calcium signaling as possible molecular targets of CBD. As calpain is known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurological disease, a deeper understanding of its relationship with CBD will be meaningful. To understand the role of CBD as a calpain regulator, in silico structural analysis on the binding mode of CBD with calpain was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Drug Development Research Core Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuck Park
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, Colorado, USA
| | - Woong Jin Bae
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Green Medicine Co., Ltd., Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilbum Park
- Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yuhan Care R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Park
- Yuhan Care Co., Ltd., Yuhan Natural Product R&D Center, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Drug Development Research Core Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Miao HC, Liu M, Wu F, Li HB. Expression changes of c-Fos and D1R/p-ERK1/2 signal pathways in nucleus accumbens of rats after ketamine abuse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 629:183-188. [PMID: 36152451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a commonly used dissociative anesthetic in clinical applications. However, the abuse potential has posted limits to its use and the mechanism remains to be studied. We aimed to investigate the changes of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R), phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of ketamine abuse rats. Ketamine induced severe anxiety in rats, as shown by an open field test. Nissl staining demonstrated clearly different morphologies between neurons of ketamine abuse rats and normal rats. The molecular expression changes were examined using immunohistochemistry assay and western blotting. D1R, p-ERK1/2, and c-Fos were significantly highly-expressed in NAc during ketamine exposure and were decreased by D1R antagonist SCH23390 and MAPK kinases inhibitor U0126. Taken together, the results suggest that ketamine abuse may induce the overexpression of c-Fos in NAc by up-regulating the expression of D1R and p-ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huai-Bin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Calapai F, Cardia L, Calapai G, Di Mauro D, Trimarchi F, Ammendolia I, Mannucci C. Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050652. [PMID: 35629320 PMCID: PMC9144881 DOI: 10.3390/life12050652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second cannabinoid, in order of importance after Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), from Cannabis sativa. Unlike THC, CBD does not cause psychotomimetic effects, and although these compounds have the same chemical formula, their pharmacological characteristics are not equivalent. Preclinical studies suggest that CBD has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic properties and influences the sleep–wake cycle. The evaluation of effects on spontaneous motor activity is crucial in experimental pharmacology, and the careful measurement of laboratory animal movement is an established method to recognize the effects of stimulant and depressant drugs. The potential influence of CBD on locomotor activity has been investigated through numerous in vivo experiments. However, there is no clear picture of the impact of CBD on these issues, even though it is administered alone for medical uses and sold with THC as a drug for pain caused by muscle spasms in multiple sclerosis, and it was recently licensed as a drug for severe forms of infantile epilepsy. On this basis, with the aim of developing deeper knowledge of this issue, scientific data on CBD’s influence on locomotor activity are discussed here. We conducted research using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and a search engine for literature between January 2009 and December 2021 on life sciences and biomedical topics using the keywords “motor activity”, “locomotor activity”, and “locomotion” in combination with “cannabidiol”. In this article, we discuss findings describing the effects on locomotor activity of the CBD precursor cannabidiolic acid and of CBD alone or in combination with THC, together with the effects of CBD on locomotor modifications induced by diseases and on locomotor changes induced by other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Debora Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Ilaria Ammendolia
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (D.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.); (C.M.)
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Poulia N, Delis F, Brakatselos C, Ntoulas G, Asprogerakas MZ, Antoniou K. CBD Effects on Motor Profile and Neurobiological Indices Related to Glutamatergic Function Induced by Repeated Ketamine Pre-Administration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:746935. [PMID: 34776964 PMCID: PMC8578683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.746935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence and experimental studies have shown the psychotomimetic properties induced by ketamine. Moreover, acute or chronic ketamine (KET) administration has been widely used for modeling schizophrenia-like symptomatology and pathophysiology. Several studies have reported the antipsychotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD), while there is limited information on the cannabidiol effect on KET-induced schizophrenia-like impairments. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to evaluate neuroplastic changes induced by repeated KET administration, which is used as an experimental model of schizophrenia—with a behavioral focus on positive-like symptomatology– and to assess the modulatory role of CBD treatment. The present findings have shown a robust increase in motor activity in KET-treated rats, following a 10-day period of chronic administration at the sub-anesthetic dose of 30 mg/kg (i.p), that was reversed to normal by subsequent chronic CBD treatment. Concerning the expression of glutamate receptors, the current findings have shown region-dependent KET-induced constitutional alterations in NMDA and AMPA receptors that were modified by subsequent CBD treatment. Additionally, repeated KET administration increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation state in all regions examined, apart from the ventral hippocampus that was modulated by subsequent CBD treatment. The present results show, for the first time, a stimulated motor output coupled with a specific glutamatergic-related status and ERK1/2 activation following chronic KET administration that were attenuated by CBD treatment, in a region-dependent manner. These findings provide novel information concerning the antipsychotic potential of CBD using a specific design of chronic KET administration, thus contributing to experimental approaches that mirror the symptomatology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Poulia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - George Ntoulas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Tzimas PS, Petrakis EA, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis LA. Effective determination of the principal non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. by UPLC-PDA following a comprehensive design and optimization of extraction methodology. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1150:338200. [PMID: 33583544 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) represent the most abundant non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) and both have demonstrated high therapeutic potential. Hence, efficient extraction coupled with reliable determination of these compounds is crucial for informed utilization of hemp and is increasingly needed in the present state of harmonization efforts. In this context, a systematic approach for extraction optimization was followed, which initially involved comparison of three widely available extraction techniques, i.e. ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and dynamic maceration (DM). These were applied on samples of different hemp varieties (n = 3) using ethanol as a safe and efficient solvent. UAE showed the most promising results and was further optimized by means of response surface methodology (RSM), based on a circumscribed central composite design. The conditions maximizing CBD, CBDA, and total CBD content as well as extraction yield were determined with high desirability (0.97) and were experimentally confirmed. The optimized UAE method was also compared with a previously reported extraction procedure, demonstrating superior performance. For the quantitation of CBD and CBDA in hemp extracts, a reversed-phase UPLC-PDA method was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 10 min, while satisfactory results for linearity (R2 > 0.996), precision (RSD < 2.0%), and accuracy (recovery rates of 93.1-101.0%) were obtained for both analytes. Limits of detection were determined as 0.07 and 0.04 μg mL-1 for CBD and CBDA, respectively, indicating sufficient sensitivity. The good performance of the method was verified by the evaluation of additional parameters (e.g. matrix effect, extraction recovery), which was largely enabled by the use of isolated standards. The whole analytical workflow, involving both optimized UAE extraction and UPLC-PDA determination, entails simplified manipulation and may offer a reliable and cost-effective approach for routine quality control of hemp regarding the principal cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros S Tzimas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios A Petrakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros A Skaltsounis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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