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Zhang J, McClean ZJ, Khaledi N, Morgan SJ, Millet GY, Aboodarda SJ. Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked responses on knee extensor muscles during cycling. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1681-1695. [PMID: 38806709 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures the excitability and inhibition of corticomotor networks. Despite its task-specificity, few studies have used TMS during dynamic movements and the reliability of TMS paired pulses has not been assessed during cycling. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEP) and short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) on vastus lateralis and rectus femoris muscle activity during a fatiguing single-leg cycling task. Nine healthy adults (2 female) performed two identical sessions of counterweighted single-leg cycling at 60% peak power output until failure. Five single pulses and ten paired pulses were delivered to the motor cortex, and two maximal femoral nerve stimulations (Mmax) were administered during two baseline cycling bouts (unfatigued) and every 5 min throughout cycling (fatigued). When comparing both baseline bouts within the same session, MEP·Mmax-1 and LICI (both ICC: >0.9) were rated excellent while SICI was rated good (ICC: 0.7-0.9). At baseline, between sessions, in the vastus lateralis, Mmax (ICC: >0.9) and MEP·Mmax-1 (ICC: 0.7) demonstrated good reliability; LICI was moderate (ICC: 0.5), and SICI was poor (ICC: 0.3). Across the fatiguing task, Mmax demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC > 0.8), MEP·Mmax-1 ranged good to excellent (ICC: 0.7-0.9), LICI was moderate to excellent (ICC: 0.5-0.9), and SICI remained poorly reliable (ICC: 0.3-0.6). These results corroborate the cruciality of retaining mode-specific testing measurements and suggest that during cycling, Mmax, MEP·Mmax-1, and LICI measures are reliable whereas SICI, although less reliable across days, can be reliable within the same session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Neda Khaledi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sophie-Jayne Morgan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Lyon 1, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, KNB 420, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Compton CT, Lockyer EJ, Benson RJ, Power KE. Interhemispheric inhibition is different during arm cycling than a position- and intensity-matched tonic contraction. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2425-2434. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gill G, Forman DA, Reeves JE, Taylor JL, Bent LR. Location-specific cutaneous electrical stimulation of the footsole modulates corticospinal excitability to the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors during standing. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15240. [PMID: 35778836 PMCID: PMC9249991 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐noxious electrical stimulation to distinct locations of the foot sole evokes location‐specific cutaneous reflex responses in lower limb muscles. These reflexes occur at latencies that may enable them to be mediated via a transcortical pathway. Corticospinal excitability to the plantarflexors and dorsiflexors was measured in 16 participants using motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Spinal excitability was measured in eight of the original participants using cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs). Measurements were collected with and without preceding cutaneous stimulus to either the heel (HEEL) or metatarsal (MET) locations of the foot sole, and evoked potentials were elicited to coincide with the arrival of the cutaneous volley at either the motor cortex or spinal cord. Plantarflexor MEPs and CMEPs were facilitated with cutaneous stimulation to the HEEL for MEPs (soleus p = 0.04, medial gastrocnemius (MG) p = 0.017) and CMEPs (soleus p = 0.047 and MG p = 0.015), but they were unchanged following MET stimulation for MEPs or CMEPs. Dorsiflexor MEPs were unchanged with cutaneous stimulation at either location, but dorsiflexor CMEPs increased with cutaneous stimulation (p = 0.05). In general, the increase in CMEP amplitudes was larger than the increase in MEP amplitudes, indicating that an increase in spinal excitability likely explains most of the increase in corticospinal excitability. The larger change observed in the CMEP also indicates that excitability from supraspinal sources likely decreased, which could be due to a net change in the excitability of intracortical circuits. This study provides evidence that cutaneous reflexes from foot sole skin are likely influenced by a transcortical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Gill
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davis A Forman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna E Reeves
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Janet L Taylor
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leah R Bent
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Lockyer EJ, Compton CT, Forman DA, Pearcey GE, Button DC, Power KE. Moving forward: methodological considerations for assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output in humans. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:181-194. [PMID: 34133230 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the excitability of the central nervous system to further understand the neural control of human movement is expansive. The majority of the work performed to-date has assessed corticospinal excitability either at rest or during relatively simple isometric contractions. The results from this work are not easily extrapolated to rhythmic, dynamic motor outputs, given that corticospinal excitability is task-, phase-, intensity-, direction-, and muscle-dependent (Power KE, Lockyer EJ, Forman DA, Button DC. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43: 1176-1185, 2018). Assessing corticospinal excitability during rhythmic motor output, however, involves technical challenges that are to be overcome, or at the minimum considered, when attempting to design experiments and interpret the physiological relevance of the results. The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the research examining corticospinal excitability during a rhythmic motor output and, importantly, to provide recommendations regarding the many factors that must be considered when designing and interpreting findings from studies that involve limb movement. To do so, the majority of work described herein refers to work performed using arm cycling (arm pedaling or arm cranking) as a model of a rhythmic motor output used to examine the neural control of human locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Chris T Compton
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Davis A Forman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory E Pearcey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- Human Neurophysiology Lab, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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