1
|
Gutiérrez-Capote A, Madinabeitia I, Torre E, Alarcón F, Jiménez-Martínez J, Cárdenas D. Changes in Perceived Mental Load and Motor Performance during Practice-to-Learn and Practice-to-Maintain in Basketball. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4664. [PMID: 36901674 PMCID: PMC10001915 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attentional resource allocation during sports practice is associated with the players' perceived mental load. However, few ecological studies address this problem by considering the players' characteristics (e.g., practice experience, skill and cognition). Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the dose-response effect of two different types of practice, each with different learning objectives, on mental load and motor performance by using a linear mixed model analysis. METHOD Forty-four university students (age 20.36 ± 3.13 years) participated in this study. Two sessions were conducted, one based on a standard rules 1 × 1 basketball situation ("practice to maintain") and one with motor, temporal and spatial restrictions in 1 × 1 tasks ("practice to learn"). RESULTS "Practice to learn" produced a higher perceived mental load (NASA-TLX scale) and a worse performance than "practice to maintain", but was moderated by experience and inhibition (p = 0.001). The same happens in the most demanding restriction (i.e., temporal, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The results showed that increasing the difficulty of 1 × 1 situations through restrictions harmed the player's performance and increased their perceived mental load. These effects were moderated by previous basketball experience and the player's inhibition capacity, so the difficulty adjustment should be based on the athletes themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Capote
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (E.T.); (J.J.-M.); (D.C.)
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Iker Madinabeitia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (E.T.); (J.J.-M.); (D.C.)
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Torre
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (E.T.); (J.J.-M.); (D.C.)
| | - Francisco Alarcón
- Department of General and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Martínez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (E.T.); (J.J.-M.); (D.C.)
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - David Cárdenas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (E.T.); (J.J.-M.); (D.C.)
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), 18007 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saraiva M, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes OJ, Castro MA. Effects of Motor Task Difficulty on Postural Control Complexity during Dual Tasks in Young Adults: A Nonlinear Approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:628. [PMID: 36679423 PMCID: PMC9866022 DOI: 10.3390/s23020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the effect of a secondary motor task on the standing posture based on nonlinear analysis. However, it is helpful to extract information related to the complexity, stability, and adaptability to the environment of the human postural system. This study aimed to analyze the effect of two motor tasks with different difficulty levels in motor performance complexity on the static standing posture in healthy young adults. Thirty-five healthy participants (23.08 ± 3.92 years) performed a postural single task (ST: keep a quiet standing posture) and two motor dual tasks (DT). i.e., mot-DT(A)—perform the ST while performing simultaneously an easy motor task (taking a smartphone out of a bag, bringing it to the ear, and putting it back in the bag)—and mot-DT(T)—perform the ST while performing a concurrent difficult motor task (typing on the smartphone keyboard). The approximate entropy (ApEn), Lyapunov exponent (LyE), correlation dimension (CoDim), and fractal dimension (detrending fluctuation analysis, DFA) for the mediolateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) center-of-pressure (CoP) displacement were measured with a force plate while performing the tasks. A significant difference was found between the two motor dual tasks in ApEn, DFA, and CoDim-AP (p < 0.05). For the ML CoP direction, all nonlinear variables in the study were significantly different (p < 0.05) between ST and mot-DT(T), showing impairment in postural control during mot-DT(T) compared to ST. Differences were found across ST and mot-DT(A) in ApEn-AP and DFA (p < 0.05). The mot-DT(T) was associated with less effectiveness in postural control, a lower number of degrees of freedom, less complexity and adaptability of the dynamic system than the postural single task and the mot-DT(A).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Saraiva
- RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- LABIOMEP-UP, Faculty of Sports and CIFI2D, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Orlando J. Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria António Castro
- RoboCorp Laboratory, i2A, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
- Sector of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Age- and task-dependent effects of cerebellar tDCS on manual dexterity and motor learning–A preliminary study. Neurophysiol Clin 2022; 52:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
4
|
Beik M, Taheri H, Kakhki AS, Ghoshuni M, Fazeli D. Contextual Interference Effects on Approach Motivation When Learning Timing Tasks: A Frontal Electroencephalography (EEG) Alpha Asymmetry Study in Older Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1321-1341. [PMID: 35511777 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221098325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of contextual interference on motivational regulation, as measured by EEG (frontal alpha asymmetry), in older adults. Participants practiced a sequenced timing task in random, algorithmic, or blocked schedules in both similar and dissimilar task difficulty conditions, with task difficulty defined by absolute timing goals (in ms) that were either close to each other (1350, 1500, 1650) or far from each other (1050, 1500, 1950), respectively. We assessed older participants' timing accuracy in these conditions, during acquisition and delayed retention learning, using the frontal alpha asymmetry index, recorded during practice, to measure motivation. On the accuracy measure in delayed retention, the algorithm practice schedule (in both similar and dissimilar conditions) was associated with significantly more accurate performance than random and blocked practice schedules. Also during delayed retention and in both task difficulty conditions, performance was better with a random schedule than a blocked schedule. On the EEG motivational measure, frontal alpha asymmetry was more often higher as practice progressed in the algorithm practice condition than in other practice conditions. However, in the random practice schedule, in late, versus early, acquisition, motivational regulation was higher. The blocked groups showed decreased motivation as practice progressed. We interpreted these findings to be in accordance with the challenge point framework and with OPTIMAL motor learning theory and valence hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Beik
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 48440Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Taheri
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 48440Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Saberi Kakhki
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 48440Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghoshuni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, 125639Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Davoud Fazeli
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 37551Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palmer JA, Payne AM, Ting LH, Borich MR. Cortical Engagement Metrics During Reactive Balance Are Associated With Distinct Aspects of Balance Behavior in Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:684743. [PMID: 34335230 PMCID: PMC8317134 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.684743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heightened reliance on the cerebral cortex for postural stability with aging is well-known, yet the cortical mechanisms for balance control, particularly in relation to balance function, remain unclear. Here we aimed to investigate motor cortical activity in relation to the level of balance challenge presented during reactive balance recovery and identify circuit-specific interactions between motor cortex and prefrontal or somatosensory regions in relation to metrics of balance function that predict fall risk. Using electroencephalography, we assessed motor cortical beta power, and beta coherence during balance reactions to perturbations in older adults. We found that individuals with greater motor cortical beta power evoked following standing balance perturbations demonstrated lower general clinical balance function. Individual older adults demonstrated a wide range of cortical responses during balance reactions at the same perturbation magnitude, showing no group-level change in prefrontal- or somatosensory-motor coherence in response to perturbations. However, older adults with the highest prefrontal-motor coherence during the post-perturbation, but not pre-perturbation, period showed greater cognitive dual-task interference (DTI) and elicited stepping reactions at lower perturbation magnitudes. Our results support motor cortical beta activity as a potential biomarker for individual level of balance challenge and implicate prefrontal-motor cortical networks in distinct aspects of balance control involving response inhibition of reactive stepping in older adults. Cortical network activity during balance may provide a neural target for precision-medicine efforts aimed at fall prevention with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Palmer
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aiden M. Payne
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lena H. Ting
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael R. Borich
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bootsma JM, Caljouw SR, Veldman MP, Maurits NM, Rothwell JC, Hortobágyi T. Neural Correlates of Motor Skill Learning Are Dependent on Both Age and Task Difficulty. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:643132. [PMID: 33828478 PMCID: PMC8019720 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.643132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a general age-related decline in neural plasticity is evident, the effects of age on neural plasticity after motor practice are inconclusive. Inconsistencies in the literature may be related to between-study differences in task difficulty. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of age and task difficulty on motor learning and associated brain activity. We used task-related electroencephalography (EEG) power in the alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) frequency bands to assess neural plasticity before, immediately after, and 24-h after practice of a mirror star tracing task at one of three difficulty levels in healthy younger (19–24 yr) and older (65–86 yr) adults. Results showed an age-related deterioration in motor performance that was more pronounced with increasing task difficulty and was accompanied by a more bilateral activity pattern for older vs. younger adults. Task difficulty affected motor skill retention and neural plasticity specifically in older adults. Older adults that practiced at the low or medium, but not the high, difficulty levels were able to maintain improvements in accuracy at retention and showed modulation of alpha TR-Power after practice. Together, these data indicate that both age and task difficulty affect motor learning, as well as the associated neural plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josje M Bootsma
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Simone R Caljouw
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Menno P Veldman
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natasha M Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|