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Shi D, Li X, Huang F, Wei G, Lin Z. Unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A clinical efficacy evaluation. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:151. [PMID: 38476906 PMCID: PMC10928977 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, often resulting from low-energy trauma, markedly impair the quality of life of elderly individuals. The present retrospective study focused on the clinical efficacy of unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. A total of 68 patients, representing 92 vertebral bodies, who underwent the unilateral PVP technique from March 2020 to January 2023 were evaluated. Key parameters such as visual analogue scale (VAS) values, Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores, Cobb angle measurements, and anterior vertebral height (AVH) were documented pre- and post-surgery. The mean follow-up period was 15.41±3.74 months. The mean pre-operative VAS score was 8.08±0.79, which was significantly reduced to 2.25±0.71 by 24 h post-surgery and stabilized at 1.58±0.51 by the final follow-up. The ODI showed a significant improvement from a pre-operative average of 67.75±7.91 to 19.74±2.90 post-surgery, and was maintained at a low level of 28.00±4.89 at the last assessment. Radiological evaluations revealed significant alterations in Cobb angle and AVH post-operation. Notably, during the follow-up, eight patients developed new compression fractures in different vertebral segments. In conclusion, the unilateral PVP method is safe and efficient for the management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Liberation Army Hospital No. 923, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Liberation Army Hospital No. 923, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Liberation Army Hospital No. 923, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gejin Wei
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Liberation Army Hospital No. 923, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhoudan Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, People's Liberation Army Hospital No. 923, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Williams TD, Adler T, Smokoff L, Kaur A, Rodriguez B, Prakash KJ, Redzematovic E, Baker TS, Rapoport BI, Yoon ES, Beall DP, Dordick JS, De Leacy RA. Bone Cements Used in Vertebral Augmentation: A State-of-the-art Narrative Review. J Pain Res 2024; 17:1029-1040. [PMID: 38505504 PMCID: PMC10949389 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s437827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are common in osteoporotic patients, with a frequency projected to increase alongside a growing geriatric population. VCFs often result in debilitating back pain and decreased mobility. Cement augmentation, a minimally invasive surgical technique, is widely used to stabilize fractures and restore vertebral height. Acrylic-based cements and calcium phosphate cements are currently the two primary fill materials utilized for these procedures. Despite their effectiveness, acrylic bone cements and calcium phosphate cements have been associated with various intraoperative and postoperative incidents impacting VCF treatment. Over the past decade, discoveries in the field of biomedical engineering and material science have shown advancements toward addressing these limitations. This narrative review aims to assess the potential pitfalls and barriers of the various types of bone cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyree D Williams
- Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talia Adler
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University School of General Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lindsey Smokoff
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University School of General Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anmoldeep Kaur
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Rodriguez
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Turner S Baker
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health Science & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin I Rapoport
- Sinai BioDesign, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Reade A De Leacy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical System, New York, NY, USA
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Cerny J, Soukup J, Petrosian K, Loukotova L, Novotny T. Efficacy and Complication Rates of Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 280 Patients. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1495. [PMID: 38592338 PMCID: PMC10933847 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and kyphoplasty (PKP) are established methods in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). In our manuscript, the target was to evaluate the efficacy of PVPs/PKPs and to determine the implications of potential periprocedural complications. Methods: 280 patients, specifically 194 women (69.3%) and 86 men (30.7%), were enrolled. We used the AO spine fractures classification and the Yeom classification to determine the subtype of cement leakage. Only single-level VCFs of the thoracic or lumbar spine were included. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was assessed preoperatively and regularly after the surgery. Vertebral compression ratio (VBCR) was used to determine postoperative vertebral body collapse. Results: We recorded 54 cases (19.3%) of cement leakage. There was a significant decrease in mean VAS scores (6.82-0.76 in PVPs, 7.15-0.81 in PKPs). The decrease in VBCR was greater in the VP group (4.39%; 84.21-79.82) compared to the KP group (1.95%; 74.36-72.41). Conclusions: No significant difference in the risk of cement leakage when comparing KPs and VPs was found. VPs and KPs provide rapid and significant pain relief in patients with VCFs. Clinically relevant complications of VPs and KPs are rare. Kyphoplasties prevent further vertebral body collapse more effectively compared to vertebroplasties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cerny
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Health Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem and Masaryk Hospital, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Jan Soukup
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Health Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem and Masaryk Hospital, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kadzhik Petrosian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Health Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem and Masaryk Hospital, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Lucie Loukotova
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomas Novotny
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Health Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University in Usti nad Labem and Masaryk Hospital, 401 13 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.S.); (K.P.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Qian Y, Hu X, Li C, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Xie N, Ma B, Zeng Z, Cheng L. Development of a nomogram model for prediction of new adjacent vertebral compression fractures after vertebroplasty. BMC Surg 2023; 23:197. [PMID: 37430232 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-023-02068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebroplasty is the main minimally invasive operation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF), which has the advantages of rapid pain relief and shorter recovery time. However, new adjacent vertebral compression fracture (AVCF) occurs frequently after vertebroplasty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of AVCF and establish a clinical prediction model. METHODS We retrospectively collected the clinical data of patients who underwent vertebroplasty in our hospital from June 2018 to December 2019. The patients were divided into a non-refracture group (289 cases) and a refracture group (43 cases) according to the occurrence of AVCF. The independent predictive factors for postoperative new AVCF were determined by univariate analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression, and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A nomogram clinical prediction model was established based on relevant risk factors, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the prediction effect and clinical value of the model. After internal validation, patients who underwent vertebroplasty in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2020, including a non-refracture group (156 cases) and a refracture group (21 cases), were included as the validation cohort to evaluate the prediction model again. RESULTS Three independent risk factors of low bone mass density (BMD), leakage of bone cement and "O" shaped distribution of bone cement were screened out by LASSO regression and logistic regression analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model in the training cohort and the validation cohort was 0.848 (95%CI: 0.786-0.909) and 0.867 (95%CI: 0.796-0.939), respectively, showing good predictive ability. The calibration curves showed the correlation between prediction and actual status. The DCA showed that the prediction model was clinically useful within the whole threshold range. CONCLUSION Low BMD, leakage of bone cement and "O" shaped distribution of bone cement are independent risk factors for AVCF after vertebroplasty. The nomogram prediction model has good predictive ability and clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jingwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhili Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Symptomatic Bone Cement Displacement following Percutaneous Kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Single Center Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247530. [PMID: 36556143 PMCID: PMC9783083 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective. BACKGROUND Symptomatic bone cement displacement (BCD) is a rare complication following percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) interventions for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). This study aimed to investigate the incidence and the outcomes of symptomatic BCD comprehensively and identify its risk factors. METHODS The clinical data of patients treated with PKP for OVCF between January 2012 and December 2020 were extracted. Patients who developed BCD following PKP during follow-up were divided into the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Patients who did not develop BCD were assigned to the control group. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to compare the three clinical groups' features to assess the independent risk factors for the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. RESULTS A total of 896 patients were enrolled. Twenty-one patients (2.3%) were identified as having symptomatic BCD following PKP for OVCF, and 35 (3.9%) developed asymptomatic BCD. Compared with the control group, the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups had a higher incidence of anterior leakage, intravertebral vacuum cleft (IVC) signs, and a lower cement distribution score. The symptomatic group had a lower relative cross-sectional area (rCSA) of the paraspinal muscle (PSM), higher PSM fatty degeneration, and higher kyphotic angle (at the last follow-up) than the asymptomatic and control groups. For outcomes, the symptomatic group had a higher VAS/ODI score and a higher incidence of new vertebral fractures compared with the asymptomatic and control groups. Anterior leakage (OR: 1.737, 95% CI: 1.215-3.300), the IVC sign (OR: 3.361, 95% CI: 1.605-13.036), the cement distribution score (OR: 0.476, 95% CI: 0.225-0.904), PSM rCSA (OR: 0.953, 95% CI: 0.917-0.992), and PSM fatty degeneration (OR: 1.061, 95% CI: 1.005-1.119) were identified as independent risk factors for the symptomatic group. Anterior leakage (OR: 1.839, 95% CI: 1.206-2.803), the IVC sign (OR: 2.936, 95% CI: 1.174-9.018), and cement distribution score (OR: 0.632, 95% CI: 0.295-0.858) were independent risk factors for the asymptomatic group. CONCLUSION The incidence of symptomatic BCD is 2.3% in patients treated with PKP. Anterior leakage, the IVC sign, and the distribution score were independent risk factors for BCD, and paraspinal muscle degeneration was a specific risk factor for symptomatic BCD. Symptomatic BCD can lead to poor outcomes.
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Trends in Hospitalization and Economic Impact of Percutaneous Kyphoplasty in Italy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247464. [PMID: 36556080 PMCID: PMC9788016 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebral Fractures (VFs) caused by osteoporosis are the most typical reason for performing Percutaneous Kyphoplasty (PK). Globally, VF prevalence is not well described in the literature. In Europe, only Sweden has an accurate record of the incidence of this type of fracture. Moreover, the exact incidence of the PK procedure is not reported. Therefore, the annual patterns and financial burden of PK in Europe is not well known, and it could be may better understood by examining national registers. For surgeons, lawmakers, hospital administrators, and the healthcare system, determining the annual national costs of this treatment is helpful. The National Hospital Discharge Reports (SDOs) submitted to the Italian Ministry of Health during the years covered by this study (2009-2015) were used. A total of 13,113 kyphoplasties were performed in Italy, with a prevalence of 3.6 procedures for every 100,000 Italian inhabitants over 15 years. The average age of patients was 68.28 (±12.9). Females represented the majority of patients undergoing PK procedures (68.6%). The median length of hospital stay was 5.33 days. The prevalence of PK procedures increased from 2009 to 2015, while the average days of hospitalization decreased. Older patients were most at risk in undergoing PK procedures. Reporting the national data on PK in Italy could also help compare the findings across nations. The current study aims to determine the trends of PK hospitalisation and patient features in Italy.
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Ren H, Feng T, Hu Y, Yao G, Yu D, Cao J. The Value of Dynamic Fracture Mobility in Determining the Optimum Operation Choice for Acute Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2327-2336. [PMID: 35992249 PMCID: PMC9386056 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s368493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This retrospective study aimed to verify whether the use of a balloon in balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) could offer a higher degree of vertebral height restoration and deformity correction than percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) after adjustment for preoperative dynamic fracture mobility. We expect that this research will help surgeons to determine the optimum operation choice (PVP or BKP) for treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Patients and Methods We evaluated retrospectively 262 patients who were treated by PVP or BKP for acute, single-level OVCF at our institution from July 2015 to July 2019. According to the presence or absence of dynamic fracture mobility, the patients were divided into two groups: mobile group and fixed group. We compared the changes in the vertebral height and kyphotic angle for PVP and BKP, respectively, within each group. Results In the mobile group, the anterior vertebral height restoration (BKP group, 8.73±5.27%; PVP group, 2.96±1.59%), middle vertebral height restoration (BKP group, 7.58±5.18%; PVP group, 2.74±1.24%) and kyphotic angle correction (BKP group, 4.41±4.46°; PVP group, 1.38±1.60°) due to percutaneous vertebral augmentation technique itself were more obvious in BKP group compared with PVP group (P < 0.05). The BKP group has lower incidence of bone cement leakage (BKP group, 10.17%; PVP group, 25.53%, P < 0.05). In the fixed group, differences from comparison of changes were not statistically significant between PVP and BKP (P > 0.05). Conclusion The use of a balloon in BKP could offer greater kyphosis correction, higher vertebral body height restoration, and lower cement leakage rate than PVP if a fractured vertebral body existed dynamic mobility. However, all these advantages of BKP over PVP are not obvious and could be overrated for a fixed fracture exhibited no mobility. BKP is recommended for a fractured vertebral body with dynamic mobility. PVP is suggested for a fixed fractured vertebral body with no mobility as it produces similar capability of vertebral height restoration, kyphosis correction, and cement leakage as BKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaning Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahai Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Xu J, Fan S, Ni Y, Ngwayi JRM, Porter DE, Guo J. An anatomical feasibility study using CTA reconstruction for modified percutaneous lumbar vertebroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:693. [PMID: 35864497 PMCID: PMC9306169 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbar vertebroplasty via several different types of extrapedicular approach has been reported with acceptable clinical results yet the anatomical basis for its safety is not fully explored. Injury to the lumbar arteries (LAs) is one of the most important potential complications. However, anatomical research on the course and variability of this structure is lacking. To investigate the anatomical feasibility of percutaneous vertebroplasty for lumbar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures via a unilateral Extrapedicular approach. Methods A total of 300 LAs of 30 patients with non-spinal disorders were retrospectively analyzed by computed tomographic angiography (CTA). The lateral aspect of the vertebral body was divided into 9 zones of approximately equal area. The anatomy and orientation of LAs were analyzed in detail. Results LAs were most commonly found in the middle third of the body (zones 4, 5, and 6); the upper 1/3 of the vertebral body had LAs distributed only anteriorly and laterally (zones 1 and 2). No arteries were observed in the postero-superior segment (zone 3). From L1 to L3 an arched pattern predominated. At L4 an inferior oblique pattern (antero-superior to postero-inferior) predominated. Limited CTA visualization at L4 and particularly L5 as well as greater anatomical variation means that there is more uncertainty at these levels. Conclusion From L1 to L3, the posterior superior segment (zone 1) of the vertebral body appears to be a safe area with low risk of arterial injury. This has relevance for design of a safe lumbar vertebral extrapedicular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Orthopaedics Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shali Fan
- Radiology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Ni
- Orthopaedics Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Daniel Edward Porter
- Orthopaedics Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Guo
- Orthopaedics Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Weber A, Huysmans SMD, van Kuijk SMJ, Evers SMAA, Jutten EMC, Senden R, Paulus ATG, van den Bergh JPW, de Bie RA, Merk JMR, Bours SPG, Hulsbosch M, Janssen ERC, Curfs I, van Hemert WLW, Schotanus MGM, de Baat P, Schepel NC, den Boer WA, Hendriks JGE, Liu WY, Kleuver MD, Pouw MH, van Hooff ML, Jacobs E, Willems PCPH. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dynamic bracing versus standard care alone in patients suffering from osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: protocol for a multicentre, two-armed, parallel-group randomised controlled trial with 12 months of follow-up. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054315. [PMID: 35613823 PMCID: PMC9125700 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with osteoporosis may suffer from a fracture after minimal trauma. Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are among the most common fractures, often leading to substantial pain. There is a need for evidence-based conservative treatment to aid in the management of OVCFs. The objective of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dynamic bracing in addition to standard care for improving quality of life (QoL) in patients suffering from an OVCF. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Ninety-eight postmenopausal women from two academic and four community hospitals with a recent symptomatic thoracolumbar OVCF will be randomised into either the standard care or dynamic bracing group. In the dynamic bracing group, the Spinova Osteo orthosis will be used in addition to standard care. Standard care comprises pain control with analgesics, physical therapy and osteoporosis medication. The primary outcome parameter is QoL 1 year after inclusion, as measured by the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO-41). Secondary outcome parameters are pain, pain medication used, functional disability, sagittal spinal alignment, recurrence rate of OVCFs and physical activity in daily life. A trial-based economic evaluation consisting of both cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis will be performed based on empirical data obtained in the RCT. A process evaluation will assess the feasibility of dynamic bracing. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been granted by the Medical Ethics Committee, University Hospital Maastricht and Maastricht University (METC azM/UM) (NL74552.068.20/METC 20-055). Patients will be included only after verification of eligibility and obtaining written informed consent. Results will be disseminated via the Dutch National Osteoporosis Patient Society and via publications and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NL8746.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarijn Weber
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie M D Huysmans
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M J van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia M A A Evers
- Department of Health Services Research, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M C Jutten
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Senden
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aggie T G Paulus
- Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop P W van den Bergh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research School NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A de Bie
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M R Merk
- Department of Finance, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine P G Bours
- Department of Internal Medicine, Subdivision Rheumatology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hulsbosch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Esther R C Janssen
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Inez Curfs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L W van Hemert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn G M Schotanus
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Baat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Niek C Schepel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A den Boer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Maxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G E Hendriks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Maxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wai-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, Maxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin H Pouw
- Department of Orthopedics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Jacobs
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C P H Willems
- Department of Orthopedics and Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bo J, Zhao X, Hua Z, Li J, Qi X, Shen Y. Impact of sarcopenia and sagittal parameters on the residual back pain after percutaneous vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:111. [PMID: 35184761 PMCID: PMC8859872 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to explore the impact of sarcopenia and sagittal parameters on the residual back pain (RBP) after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF). Methods This retrospective study included elderly patients (age range 60–90 years) with OVCF treated with PVP from January 2015 and December 2020 in our hospital. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated by dividing the T12 pedicle level muscle cross-sectional area by the square of body height from chest CT to diagnose sarcopenia. The radiological parameters for measuring the sagittal alignment were included: C7-sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), pelvic incidence (PI). Result According to whether the VAS score > 4, patients were divided into RBP group (56 patients) and Control group (100 patients). There was no difference in age, gender, body mass index, BMD, surgical segment, bone cement usage between the groups (P > 0.05). The SMI in RBP group (27.3 ± 5.1) was significantly lower compared to that in Control group (36.8 ± 3.2) (P < 0.05). Sarcopenia was present in 19 patients (20.3%) in RBP group, which was significantly more than that in Control group (P < 0.05). C7-SVA and TPA was significantly larger in the RBP group than in the Control group (P < 0.05). PI and LL was significantly smaller in the RBP group compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences between the two groups with respect to TK, SS and PT (P > 0.05). Conclusion Poor sagittal parameters and sarcopenia in OVCF patients after PVP were more prone to residual back pain. Larger C7-SVA, TPA and PI-LL mismatch could increase the incidence of RBP in elderly patients with single-segment osteoporotic compression fractures.
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Hu X, Huang W, Sun Z, Ye H, Man K, Wang Q, Sun Y, Yan W. Predictive factors, preventive implications, and personalized surgical strategies for bone metastasis from lung cancer: population-based approach with a comprehensive cancer center-based study. EPMA J 2022; 13:57-75. [PMID: 35273659 PMCID: PMC8897531 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Bone metastasis (BM) and skeletal-related events (SREs) happen to advanced lung cancer (LC) patients without warning. LC-BM patients are often passive to BM diagnosis and surgical treatment. It is necessary to guide the diagnosis and treatment paradigm for LC-BM patients from reactive medicine toward predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) step by step. Methods Two independent study cohorts including LC-BM patients were analyzed, including the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cohort (n = 203942) and the prospective Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) cohort (n = 59). The epidemiological trends of BM in LC patients were depicted. Risk factors for BM were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. An individualized nomogram was developed for BM risk stratification. Personalized surgical strategies and perioperative care were described for FUSCC cohort. Results The BM incidence rate in LC patients grew (from 17.53% in 2010 to 19.05% in 2016). Liver metastasis was a significant risk factor for BM (OR = 4.53, 95% CI = 4.38-4.69) and poor prognosis (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.25-1.32). The individualized nomogram exhibited good predictive performance for BM risk stratification (AUC = 0.784, 95%CI = 0.781-0.786). Younger patients, males, patients with high invasive LC, and patients with other distant site metastases should be prioritized for BM prevention. Spine is the most common site of BM, causing back pain (91.5%), pathological vertebral fracture (27.1%), and difficult walking (25.4%). Spinal surgery with personalized spinal reconstruction significantly relieved pain and improved daily activities. Perioperative inflammation, immune, and nutrition abnormities warrant personalized managements. Radiotherapy needs to be recommended for specific postoperative individuals. Conclusions The presence of liver metastasis is a strong predictor of LC-BM. It is recommended to take proactive measures to prevent BM and its SREs, particularly in young patients, males, high invasive LC, and LC with liver metastasis. BM surgery and perioperative management are personalized and required. In addition, adjuvant radiation following separation surgery must also be included in PPPM-guided management. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-022-00270-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Hu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wending Huang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhengwang Sun
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Hui Ye
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Kwong Man
- grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078 China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yangbai Sun
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wangjun Yan
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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Frei AN, Gellad WF, Wertli MM, Haynes AG, Chiolero A, Rodondi N, Panczak R, Aujesky D. Trends and regional variation in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty in Switzerland: a population-based small area analysis. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:2515-2524. [PMID: 34156489 PMCID: PMC8608764 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-06026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Regional variation in procedure use often reflects the uncertainty about the risks and benefit of procedures. In Switzerland, regional variation in vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty rates was high, although the variation declined between 2013 and 2018. Substantial parts of the variation remained unexplained, and likely signal unequal access and differing physician opinion. PURPOSE To assess trends and regional variation in percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) use across Switzerland. METHODS We conducted a population-based analysis using patient discharge data from all Swiss acute care hospitals for 2013-2018. We calculated age/sex-standardized mean procedure rates and measures of variation across VP/BKP-specific hospital areas (HSAs). We assessed the influence of potential determinants of variation using multilevel regression models with incremental adjustment for demographics, cultural/socioeconomic, health, and supply factors. RESULTS We analyzed 7855 discharges with VP/BKP from 31 HSAs. The mean age/sex-standardized procedure rate increased from 16 to 20/100,000 persons from 2013 to 2018. While the variation in procedure rates across HSAs declined, the overall variation remained high (systematic component of variation from 56.8 to 6.9 from 2013 to 2018). Determinants explained 52% of the variation. CONCLUSIONS VP/BKP procedure rates increased and regional variation across Switzerland declined but remained at a high level. A substantial part of the regional variation remained unexplained by potential determinants of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Frei
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - W F Gellad
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M M Wertli
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A G Haynes
- CTU Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Chiolero
- Population Health Laboratory, (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - N Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Panczak
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Denaro L, Longo UG, Papalia R, De Salvatore S, Ruzzini L, Piergentili I, Denaro V. The burden of percutaneous vertebroplasty: an epidemiological nationwide study in Italy from 2009 to 2015. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:3099-3106. [PMID: 34415447 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) is a minimally invasive technique requiring the injection of polymethylmethacrylate cement into a collapsed or weakened vertebral body to stabilize the fracture. The present study aims to determine the trends in PV procedures over the recent years. The longitudinal analysis of national registers may help to understand the yearly trends and the economic burden of PV. The evaluation of the yearly national costs of this procedure is essential to surgeons, policymaker, hospital administrator and the healthcare system. Moreover, to observe possible variation in the trend of hospitalization between countries, the data of the present study were compared to the US population. METHODS Data of this study were collected from the National Hospital Discharge Reports reported at the Italian Ministry of Health regarding the years of this paper (2009-2015). The yearly number of hospital admission for PV, sex, age, days of hospitalization and primary diagnoses in the whole Italian population were calculated. RESULTS 31,887 vertebroplasties were performed in Italy, with an incidence of 8.8 procedures for every 100,000 inhabitants. Females represented the majority of patients undergoing PV. The median length of hospital stay was 4.15 days. The mean hospital reimbursement was 4,629€ for each PV hospitalization. CONCLUSION The burden of vertebral fracture is relevant in the Italian population, and PV constitutes a rapid and effective treatment. Compared to other countries, the costs of PV in Italy are relatively lower; however, it is important to define the incidence of this procedure to understand the economic trend of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Denaro
- Department of Neuroscience (Padova Neuroscience Center), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rocco Papalia
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio De Salvatore
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ruzzini
- Department of Surgery, Orthopedic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piergentili
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Shi X, Cui Y, Pan Y, Wang B, Lei M. Prediction of early vascular cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty in spine metastases: the Peking University First Hospital Score (PUFHS). BMC Cancer 2021; 21:764. [PMID: 34215238 PMCID: PMC8254210 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cement leakage into venous blood posed significant challenge to surgeons. The aim of the study was to create a Peking University First Hospital Score (PUFHS) which could evaluate the probability of vascular cement leakage among spine metastases patients following percutaneous vertebroplasty. METHODS The study retrospectively enrolled 272 spine metastases patients treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty. We randomly extracted all enrolled patients as the training or validation group and baseline characteristic comparison was assessed between the two groups. Creation of the PUFHS was performed in the training group and validation of the PUFHS was performed in the validation group. RESULTS Of all the 272 patients, the total number of included vertebrae was 632 and the median treated levels were 2 per patient. Vascular cement leakage occurred in 26.47% (72/272) of patients. The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Three risk predictors (primary cancer types, number of treated vertebrae levels, and vertebrae collapse) were included in the PUFHS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the PUFHS was 0.71 in the training group and 0.69 in the validation group. The corresponding correct classification rates were 73.0 and 70.1%, respectively. The calibration slope was 0.78 (95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.45-1.10) in the training group and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.73-1.46) in the validation group. The corresponding intercepts were 0.06 (95% CI: - 0.04-0.17) and - 0.0079 (95% CI: - 0.11-0.092), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Vascular cement leakage is common among spine metastases after percutaneous vertebroplasty. The PUFHS can calculate the probability of vascular cement leakage, which can be a useful tool to inform surgeons about vascular cement leakage risk in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China.
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Yuanxing Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, No.8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haitang District, Jianglin Rd, Sanya, 572013, China. .,Graduate School of Chinese PLA Medical College, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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