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Hou J, Nie Y, Wen Y, Hua S, Hou Y, He H, Sun S. The role and mechanism of AMPK in pulmonary hypertension. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2024; 18:17534666241271990. [PMID: 39136335 PMCID: PMC11322949 DOI: 10.1177/17534666241271990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive disease with high mortality. There has been more and more research focusing on the role of AMPK in PH. AMPK consists of three subunits-α, β, and γ. The crosstalk among these subunits ultimately leads to a delicate balance to affect PH, which results in conflicting conclusions about the role of AMPK in PH. It is still unclear how these subunits interfere with each other and achieve balance to improve or deteriorate PH. Several signaling pathways are related to AMPK in the treatment of PH, including AMPK/eNOS/NO pathway, Nox4/mTORC2/AMPK pathway, AMPK/BMP/Smad pathway, and SIRT3-AMPK pathway. Among these pathways, the role and mechanism of AMPK/eNOS/NO and Nox4/mTORC2/AMPK pathways are clearer than others, while the SIRT3-AMPK pathway remains still unclear in the treatment of PH. There are drugs targeting AMPK to improve PH, such as metformin (MET), MET combination, and rhodiola extract. In addition, several novel factors target AMPK for improving PH, such as ADAMTS8, TUFM, and Salt-inducible kinases. However, more researches are needed to explore the specific AMPK signaling pathways involved in these novel factors in the future. In conclusion, AMPK plays an important role in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Class Three & Class Eight, 2021Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Nie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Class Three & Class Eight, 2021Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiqiong Wen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shu Hua
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunjiao Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huilin He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 295, Xichang Road, Wuhua District, Kunming 650032, China
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2
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Jin Q, Su H, Yang R, Tan Y, Li B, Yi W, Dong Q, Zhang H, Xing W, Sun X. C1q/TNF-related protein-9 ameliorates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by regulating secretion of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide mediated by AMPK in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11372. [PMID: 34059748 PMCID: PMC8166879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury/dysfunction of the endothelium of pulmonary arteries contributes to hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). We investigated whether C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-9 (CTRP9), a newly identified cardiovascular agent, has protective roles in the development of HPH. HPH was induced in adult male rats by chronic hypobaric hypoxia. CTRP9 overexpression by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-CTRP9 transfection attenuated the increases in right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy index, and pulmonary arterial remodeling of rats under hypoxia. Importantly, CTRP9 overexpression improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation in pulmonary arterioles in HPH rats. CTRP9 overexpression enhanced expression of phosphorylated 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), and reduced phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK1/2) expression in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) of HPH rats. In cultured PMVECs, CTRP9 not only preserved the decrease of AMPK and eNOS phosphorylation level and nitric oxide (NO) production induced by hypoxia, but also blocked the increase in hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation level and endothelin (ET)-1 production. Furthermore, the effects of CTRP9 were interrupted by inhibitors or knockdown of AMPK. CTRP9 enhances NO production and reduces ET-1 production by regulating AMPK activation. CTRP9 could be a target for HPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanzhen Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Buying Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qianqian Dong
- Teaching Experiment Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Teaching Experiment Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wenjuan Xing
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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3
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Zhu T, Chiacchia S, Kameny RJ, Garcia De Herreros A, Gong W, Raff GW, Boehme JB, Maltepe E, Lasheras JC, Black SM, Datar SA, Fineman JR. Mechanical forces alter endothelin-1 signaling: comparative ovine models of congenital heart disease. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020922118. [PMID: 32489641 PMCID: PMC7238833 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020922118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk and progression of pulmonary vascular disease in patients with congenital heart disease is dependent on the hemodynamics associated with different lesions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a key role in the pathology of pulmonary vascular disease. We utilized two ovine models of congenital heart disease: (1) fetal aortopulmonary graft placement (shunt), resulting in increased flow and pressure; and (2) fetal ligation of the left pulmonary artery resulting in increased flow and normal pressure to the right lung, to investigate the hypothesis that high pressure and flow, but not flow alone, upregulates endothelin-1 signaling. Lung tissue and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were harvested from control, shunt, and the right lung of left pulmonary artery lambs at 3–7 weeks of age. We found that lung preproendothelin-1 mRNA and protein expression were increased in shunt lambs compared to controls. Preproendothelin-1 mRNA expression was modestly increased, and protein was unchanged in left pulmonary artery lambs. These changes resulted in increased lung endothelin-1 levels in shunt lambs, while left pulmonary artery levels were similar to controls. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells exposed to increased shear stress decreased endothelin-1 levels by five-fold, while cyclic stretch increased levels by 1.5-fold. These data suggest that pressure or an additive effect of pressure and flow, rather than increased flow alone, is the principal driver of increased endothelin signaling in congenital heart disease. Defining the molecular drivers of the pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease due to differing mechanical forces will allow for a more targeted therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Chiacchia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kameny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Wenhui Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gary W Raff
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jason B Boehme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan C Lasheras
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sanjeev A Datar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA These authors contributed equally
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4
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Martinho S, Adão R, Leite-Moreira AF, Brás-Silva C. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:342. [PMID: 32850518 PMCID: PMC7396717 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), preventing an increase in pulmonary blood flow after birth. The affected neonates fail to establish blood oxygenation, precipitating severe respiratory distress, hypoxemia, and eventually death. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), the only approved pulmonary vasodilator for PPHN, constitutes, alongside supportive therapy, the basis of its treatment. However, nearly 40% of infants are iNO resistant. The cornerstones of increased PVR in PPHN are pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. A better understanding of PPHN pathophysiology may enlighten targeted and more effective therapies. Sildenafil, prostaglandins, milrinone, and bosentan, acting as vasodilators, besides glucocorticoids, playing a role on reducing inflammation, have all shown potential beneficial effects on newborns with PPHN. Furthermore, experimental evidence in PPHN animal models supports prospective use of emergent therapies, such as soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activators/stimulators, l-citrulline, Rho-kinase inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists, recombinant superoxide dismutase (rhSOD), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) analogs, ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, and recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF). This review focuses on current knowledge on alternative and novel pathways involved in PPHN pathogenesis, as well as recent progress regarding experimental and clinical evidence on potential therapeutic approaches for PPHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Martinho
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center-UnIC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center-UnIC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center-UnIC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research and Development Center-UnIC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Rafikov R, Nair V, Sinari S, Babu H, Sullivan JC, Yuan JXJ, Desai AA, Rafikova O. Gender Difference in Damage-Mediated Signaling Contributes to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:917-932. [PMID: 30652485 PMCID: PMC6765065 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive lethal disease with a known gender dimorphism. Female patients are more susceptible to PAH, whereas male patients have a lower survival rate. Initial pulmonary vascular damage plays an important role in PAH pathogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of gender in activation of apoptosis/necrosis-mediated signaling pathways in PAH. Results: The media collected from pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) that died by necrosis or apoptosis were used to treat naive PAECs. Necrotic cell death stimulated phosphorylation of toll-like receptor 4, accumulation of interleukin 1 beta, and expression of E-selectin in a redox-dependent manner; apoptosis did not induce any of these effects. In the animal model of severe PAH, the necrotic marker, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), was visualized in the pulmonary vascular wall of male but not female rats. This vascular necrosis was associated with male-specific redox changes in plasma, activation of the same inflammatory signaling pathway seen in response to necrosis in vitro, and an increased endothelial-leukocyte adhesion in small pulmonary arteries. In PAH patients, gender-specific changes in redox homeostasis correlated with the prognostic marker, B-type natriuretic peptide. Males had also shown elevated circulating levels of HMGB1 and pro-inflammatory changes. Innovation: This study discovered the role of gender in the initiation of damage-associated signaling in PAH and highlights the importance of the gender-specific approach in PAH therapy. Conclusion: In PAH, the necrotic cell death is augmented in male patients compared with female patients. Factors released from necrotic cells could alter redox homeostasis and stimulate inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Rafikov
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Vineet Nair
- Division of Cardiology, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shripad Sinari
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | | | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Olga Rafikova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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6
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Shakib N, Khadem Ansari MH, Karimi P, Rasmi Y. Neuroprotective mechanism of low-dose sodium nitrite in oxygen-glucose deprivation model of cerebral ischemic stroke in PC12 cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:229-242. [PMID: 31217786 PMCID: PMC6558507 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanisms of the protective effects of low-dose sodium nitrite (SN) on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PC12 cells. The PC12 cells were exposed to 4 h of OGD and treated with 100 μmol SN. The expression and activity of ER stress markers, including PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), transcription factor 6 (ATF6), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), as well as caspase-12 and -3, were detected by immunoblotting assay. Fluorescence staining was used to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ release from the ER. Cell viability was also evaluated by MTT assay. It was found that SN significantly inhibited ROS production and Ca2+ release from the ER in OGD-injured PC12 cells. Moreover, ER stress marker expression and cleaved fragments of caspase-3 and -12 in OGD-injured PC12 cells were decreased after SN treatment. These findings were accompanied by a significant increase in cell viability. It seems that SN exerts a neuroprotective effect at least partially through reduction of ROS-mediated ER stress caused by OGD insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Shakib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Pouran Karimi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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7
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Gao Y, Chen T, Raj JU. Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Interactions in the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:451-60. [PMID: 26744837 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0323tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pulmonary vasculature, the endothelial and smooth muscle cells are two key cell types that play a major role in the pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. The normal interactions between these two cell types are important for the homeostasis of the pulmonary circulation, and any aberrant interaction between them may lead to various disease states including pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. It is well recognized that the endothelial cell can regulate the function of the underlying smooth muscle cell by releasing various bioactive agents such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1. In addition to such paracrine regulation, other mechanisms exist by which there is cross-talk between these two cell types, including communication via the myoendothelial injunctions and information transfer via extracellular vesicles. Emerging evidence suggests that these nonparacrine mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone and the determination of cell phenotype and that they are critically involved in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Tianji Chen
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Usha Raj
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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8
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Rafikova O, Rafikov R, Kangath A, Qu N, Aggarwal S, Sharma S, Desai J, Fields T, Ludewig B, Yuan JXY, Jonigk D, Black SM. Redox regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling during the development of pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:96-111. [PMID: 26928584 PMCID: PMC5929487 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves the uncontrolled proliferation of pulmonary smooth muscle cells via increased growth factor receptor signaling. However, the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is controversial, as humans with advanced PH exhibit no changes in EGFR protein levels and purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are post-translational mechanisms that enhance EGFR signaling in PH. The EGFR inhibitor, gefinitib, significantly attenuated EGFR signaling and prevented the development of PH in monocrotaline (MCT)-exposed rats, confirming the contribution of EGFR activation in MCT induced PH. There was an early MCT-mediated increase in hydrogen peroxide, which correlated with the binding of the active metabolite of MCT, monocrotaline pyrrole, to catalase Cys377, disrupting its multimeric structure. This early oxidative stress was responsible for the oxidation of EGFR and the formation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stable EGFR dimers through dityrosine cross-linking. These cross-linked dimers exhibited increased EGFR autophosphorylation and signaling. The activation of EGFR signaling did not correlate with pp60(src) dependent Y845 phosphorylation or EGFR ligand expression. Importantly, the analysis of patients with advanced PH revealed the same enhancement of EGFR autophosphorylation and covalent dimer formation in pulmonary arteries, while total EGFR protein levels were unchanged. As in the MCT exposed rat model, the activation of EGFR in human samples was independent of pp60(src) phosphorylation site and ligand expression. This study provides a novel molecular mechanism of oxidative stress stimulated covalent EGFR dimerization via tyrosine dimerization that contributes into development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rafikova
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Archana Kangath
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center For Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Julin Desai
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Taylor Fields
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Britta Ludewig
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jason X-Y Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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9
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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase induces heat shock protein HSPA6 (HSP70B') in human arterial smooth muscle cells. Nitric Oxide 2015; 52:41-8. [PMID: 26656590 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the major source of nitric oxide (NO) production in blood vessels. One of the pleitropic functions of eNOS derived NO is to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the blood vessel wall, and whose dysfunction is a primary cause of atherosclerosis and restenosis. In this study there was an interest in examining the gene profile of eNOS adenoviral (Ad-eNOS) transduced human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) to further understand the eNOS inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cell proliferation. To this aim a whole genome wide analysis of eNOS transduced HCASMCs was performed. A total of 19 genes were up regulated, and 31 genes down regulated in Ad-eNOS transduced HCASMCs compared to cells treated with an empty adenovirus. Noticeably, a cluster of HSP70 gene family members was amongst the genes up regulated. Quantitative PCR confirmed that transcripts for HSPA1A (HSP70A), HSPA1B (HSP70B) and HSPA6 (HSP70B') were elevated 2, 1.7 and 14-fold respectively in Ad-eNOS treated cells. The novel gene HSPA6 was further explored as a potential mediator of eNOS signaling in HCASMC. Immunoblotting showed that HSPA6 protein was induced by Ade-NOS. To functionally examine the effect of HSPA6 on SMCs, an adenovirus harboring the HSPA6 gene under the control of a constitutive promoter was generated. Transduction of HCASMCs with Ad-HSPA6 inhibited SMC proliferation at 3 and 6 days post serum growth stimulation, and paralleled the Ad-eNOS inhibition of SMC growth. The identification in this study that HSPA6 overexpression inhibits SMC proliferation coupled with the recent finding that inhibition of HSP90 has a similar effect, progresses the field of targeting HSPs for vascular repair.
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10
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Postolow F, Fediuk J, Nolette N, Hinton M, Dakshinamurti S. Thromboxane promotes smooth muscle phenotype commitment but not remodeling of hypoxic neonatal pulmonary artery. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:20. [PMID: 26583045 PMCID: PMC4650498 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is characterized by vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Remodeling is believed to be a response to physical or chemical stimuli including pro-mitotic inflammatory mediators such as thromboxane. Our objective was to examine the effects of hypoxia and thromboxane signaling ex vivo and in vitro on phenotype commitment, cell cycle entry, and proliferation of PPHN and control neonatal pulmonary artery (PA) myocytes in tissue culture. Methods To examine concurrent effects of hypoxia and thromboxane on myocyte growth, serum-fed first-passage newborn porcine PA myocytes were randomized into normoxic (21 % O2) or hypoxic (10 % O2) culture for 3 days, with daily addition of thromboxane mimetic U46619 (10−9 to 10−5 M) or diluent. Cell survival was detected by MTT assay. To determine the effect of chronic thromboxane exposure (versus whole serum) on activation of arterial remodeling, PPHN was induced in newborn piglets by a 3-day hypoxic exposure (FiO2 0.10); controls were 3 day-old normoxic and day 0 piglets. Third-generation PA were segmented and cultured for 3 days in physiologic buffer, Ham’s F-12 media (in the presence or absence of 10 % fetal calf serum), or media with 10−6 M U46619. DNA synthesis was measured by 3H-thymidine uptake, protein synthesis by 3H-leucine uptake, and proliferation by immunostaining for Ki67. Cell cycle entry was studied by laser scanning cytometry of nuclei in arterial tunica media after propidium iodide staining. Phenotype commitment was determined by immunostaining tunica media for myosin heavy chain and desmin, quantified by laser scanning cytometry. Results Contractile and synthetic myocyte subpopulations had differing responses to thromboxane challenge. U46619 decreased proliferation of synthetic and contractile myocytes. PPHN arteries exhibited decreased protein synthesis under all culture conditions. Serum-supplemented PA treated with U46619 had decreased G1/G0 phase myocytes and an increase in S and G2/M. When serum-deprived, PPHN PA incubated with U46619 showed arrested cell cycle entry (increased G0/G1, decreased S and G2/M) and increased abundance of contractile phenotype markers. Conclusions We conclude that thromboxane does not initiate phenotypic dedifferentiation and proliferative activation in PPHN PA. Exposure to thromboxane triggers cell cycle exit and myocyte commitment to contractile phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Postolow
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Jena Fediuk
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Nora Nolette
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Martha Hinton
- Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ; Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ; Biology of Breathing Group, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4 Canada ; Section of Neonatology, WS012 Women's Hospital, 735 Notre Dame Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0L8 Canada
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11
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Adesina SE, Kang BY, Bijli KM, Ma J, Cheng J, Murphy TC, Michael Hart C, Sutliff RL. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:36-47. [PMID: 26073127 PMCID: PMC4615392 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary vascular remodeling, resistance, and pressures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to PH-associated vascular dysfunction. NADPH oxidases (Nox) and mitochondria are major sources of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in pulmonary vascular cells. Hypoxia, a common stimulus of PH, increases Nox expression and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production. The interactions between these two sources of ROS generation continue to be defined. We hypothesized that mitochondria-derived O(2)(•-) (mtO(2)(•-)) and H(2)O(2) (mtH(2)O(2)) increase Nox expression to promote PH pathogenesis and that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants can reduce mtROS, Nox expression, and hypoxia-induced PH. Exposure of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells to hypoxia for 72 h increased mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). To assess the contribution of mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2) to hypoxia-induced PH, mice that overexpress superoxide dismutase 2 (Tg(hSOD2)) or mitochondria-targeted catalase (MCAT) were exposed to normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (10% O(2)) for three weeks. Compared with hypoxic control mice, MCAT mice developed smaller hypoxia-induced increases in RVSP, α-SMA staining, extracellular H(2)O(2) (Amplex Red), Nox2 and Nox4 (qRT-PCR and Western blot), or cyclinD1 and PCNA (Western blot). In contrast, Tg(hSOD2) mice experienced exacerbated responses to hypoxia. These studies demonstrate that hypoxia increases mtO(2)(•-) and mtH(2)O(2). Targeting mtH(2)O(2) attenuates PH pathogenesis, whereas targeting mtO(2)(•-) exacerbates PH. These differences in PH pathogenesis were mirrored by RVSP, vessel muscularization, levels of Nox2 and Nox4, proliferation, and H(2)O(2) release. These studies suggest that targeted reductions in mtH(2)O(2) generation may be particularly effective in preventing hypoxia-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry E Adesina
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Kaiser M Bijli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Juan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C Michael Hart
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.
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12
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Distefano G, Sciacca P. Molecular physiopathogenetic mechanisms and development of new potential therapeutic strategies in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Ital J Pediatr 2015; 41:6. [PMID: 25887340 PMCID: PMC4328557 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a cyanogenic plurifactorial disorder characterized by failed postnatal drop of pulmonary vascular resistance and maintenance of right-to-left shunt across ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale typical of intrauterine life. The pathogenesis of PPHN is very complex and can result from functional (vasoconstriction) or structural (arteriolar remodeling, reduced pulmonary vessels density) anomalies of pulmonary circulation. Etiopathogenetic factors heterogeneity can strongly condition therapeutical results and prognosis of PPHN that is particularly severe in organic forms that are usually refractory to selective pulmonary vasodilator therapy with inhaled nitric oxide. This paper reports the more recent acquisitions on molecular physiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying functional and structural forms of PPHN and illustrates the bases for adoption of new potential treatment strategies for organic PPHN. These strategies aim to reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling in PPHN with arteriolar smooth muscle hypertrophy and stimulate pulmonary vascular and alveolar growth in PPHN associated with lung hypoplasia.In order to restore lung growth in this severe form of PPHN, attention is focused on the results of studies of mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutical paracrine effects on bronchopulmonry dysplasia, a chronic neonatal lung disease characterized by arrested vascular and alveolar growth and development of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Distefano
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology Service, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, Italy.
| | - Pietro Sciacca
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology Service, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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13
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Morales RC, Bahnson ESM, Havelka GE, Cantu-Medellin N, Kelley EE, Kibbe MR. Sex-based differential regulation of oxidative stress in the vasculature by nitric oxide. Redox Biol 2015; 4:226-33. [PMID: 25617803 PMCID: PMC4803798 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (•NO) is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury in male versus female rodents, though the etiology is unclear. Given that superoxide (O2•−) regulates cellular proliferation, and •NO regulates superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) in the vasculature, we hypothesized that •NO differentially regulates SOD-1 based on sex. Materials and methods Male and female vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were harvested from the aortae of Sprague-Dawley rats. O2•− levels were quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and HPLC. sod-1 gene expression was assayed by qPCR. SOD-1, SOD-2, and catalase protein levels were detected by Western blot. SOD-1 activity was measured via colorimetric assay. The rat carotid artery injury model was performed on Sprague-Dawley rats ±•NO treatment and SOD-1 protein levels were examined by Western blot. Results In vitro, male VSMC have higher O2•− levels and lower SOD − 1 activity at baseline compared to female VSMC (P < 0.05). •NO decreased O2•− levels and increased SOD − 1 activity in male (P<0.05) but not female VSMC. •NO also increased sod− 1 gene expression and SOD − 1 protein levels in male (P<0.05) but not female VSMC. In vivo, SOD-1 levels were 3.7-fold higher in female versus male carotid arteries at baseline. After injury, SOD-1 levels decreased in both sexes, but •NO increased SOD-1 levels 3-fold above controls in males, but returned to baseline in females. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that regulation of the redox environment at baseline and following exposure to •NO is sex-dependent in the vasculature. These data suggest that sex-based differential redox regulation may be one mechanism by which •NO is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in male versus female rodents. The baseline redox environment in the vascular is sex-dependent. Nitric oxide differentially affects the vascular redox environment between the sexes. Nitric oxide decreases superoxide (O2.) levels, by increasing SOD-1 activity, sod1 gene expression and SOD-1 protein levels in male vascular smooth muscle cells, but not in females. Sex-based differential redox regulation may be one mechanism by which is more effective at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia in male versus female rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel C Morales
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward S M Bahnson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George E Havelka
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eric E Kelley
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Bahnson ESM, Koo N, Cantu-Medellin N, Tsui AY, Havelka GE, Vercammen JM, Jiang Q, Kelley EE, Kibbe MR. Nitric oxide inhibits neointimal hyperplasia following vascular injury via differential, cell-specific modulation of SOD-1 in the arterial wall. Nitric Oxide 2014; 44:8-17. [PMID: 25460325 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide (O2(•-)) promotes neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury. Conversely, nitric oxide ((•)NO) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia through various cell-specific mechanisms, including redox regulation. What remains unclear is whether (•)NO exerts cell-specific regulation of the vascular redox environment following arterial injury to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether (•)NO exerts cell-specific, differential modulation of O2(•-) levels throughout the arterial wall, establish the mechanism of such modulation, and determine if it regulates (•)NO-dependent inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. In vivo, (•)NO increased superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) levels following carotid artery balloon injury in a rat model. In vitro, (•)NO increased SOD-1 levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), but had no effect on SOD-1 in endothelial cells or adventitial fibroblasts. This SOD-1 increase was associated with an increase in sod1 gene expression, increase in SOD-1 activity, and decrease in O2(•-) levels. Lastly, to determine the role of SOD-1 in (•)NO-mediated inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia, we performed the femoral artery wire injury model in wild type and SOD-1 knockout (KO) mice, with and without (•)NO. Interestingly, (•)NO inhibited neointimal hyperplasia only in wild type mice, with no effect in SOD-1 KO mice. In conclusion, these data show the cell-specific modulation of O2(•-) by (•)NO through regulation of SOD-1 in the vasculature, highlighting its importance on the inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia. These results also shed light into the mechanism of (•)NO-dependent redox balance, and suggest a novel VSMC redox target to prevent neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S M Bahnson
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathaniel Koo
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Aaron Y Tsui
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - George E Havelka
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Janet M Vercammen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qun Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure due to vascular remodeling and increased vessel tension secondary to chronic hypoxia during the fetal and newborn period. In comparison to the adult, the pulmonary vasculature of the fetus and the newborn undergoes tremendous developmental changes that increase susceptibility to a hypoxic insult. Substantial evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia alters the production and responsiveness of various vasoactive agents such as endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. These changes occur in most cell types within the vascular wall, particularly endothelial and smooth muscle cells. At the cellular level, suppressed nitric oxide-cGMP signaling and augmented RhoA-Rho kinase signaling appear to be critical to the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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16
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Teng RJ, Wu TJ. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. J Formos Med Assoc 2013; 112:177-84. [PMID: 23537863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a severe pulmonary disorder which occurs at a rate of one in every 500 live births. About 10-50% of the victims will die of the problem and 7-20% of the survivors develop long-term impairments such as hearing deficit, chronic lung disease, and intracranial bleed. Most adult survivors show evidence of augmented pulmonary vasoreactivity, suggesting a phenotypical change. Several animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and help to develop new therapeutic modality for PPHN. The etiology of PPHN can be classified into three groups: (1) abnormally constricted pulmonary vasculature as a result of parenchymal diseases; (2) hypoplastic pulmonary vasculature; and (3) normal parenchyma with remodeled pulmonary vasculature. Impaired vasorelaxation of pulmonary artery and reduced blood vessel density in lungs are two characteristic findings in PPHN. Medical treatment includes sedation, oxygen, mechanical ventilation, vasorelaxants (inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled or intravenous prostacyclin, intravenous prostaglandin E1, magnesium sulfate), and inotropic agents. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have recently been studied as another therapeutic agent for PPHN. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) inhibitors have been studied in animals and a case of premature infant with PPHN successfully treated with an ET-I inhibitor has been reported in the literature. Surfactants have been reported as an adjunct treatment for PPHN as a complication of meconium aspiration syndrome. Even with the introduction of several new therapeutic modalities there has been no significant change in survival rate. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator is used when medical treatment fails and the patient is considered to have a recoverable cause of PPHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jeng Teng
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA.
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17
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Keilhoff G. nNOS deficiency-induced cell proliferation depletes the neurogenic reserve. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:248-53. [PMID: 22027181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene knockout on proliferation, survival and differentiation of neuronal precursors in the subgranular (SGZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones were analyzed. Comparative studies were performed in neonatal, adult and old (18-month) wild-type (WT), nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS knockout (KO) mice. Effects on brain cell proliferation were studied by sacrificing animals at 24h after injecting BrdU, while effects on survival and differentiation of dividing brain cells were studied by sacrificing other animals at three weeks after injections and double immunostaining with cell phenotype-specific antibodies. In the neonatal SGZ, cell proliferation was higher than at any other age, with a significantly decreased level in eNOS-KO mice. In the neonatal SVZ, cell proliferation in each of the three NOS-KO strains was significantly lower than in WT. In the adult, in both the SGZ and SVZ, all strains showed lower levels of cell proliferation than in neonates. Thereby, the significant highest cell proliferation was found in the SGZ and SVZ of nNOS-KO mice. In the SGZ and SVZ of old mice, in each strain, BrdU-positive cell counts were further reduced from adult levels, whereby cell proliferation of nNOS-KO mice attained the most massive reduction (in the SGZ almost to zero). In adult animals sacrificed 21 days after BrdU injections, values of BrdU-/NeuN-positive cells in all knockout animals were the same as WT, indicating that the initial cell proliferation changes were not sustained or translated into neuronal differentiation. The effect of nNOS-KO, inducing cell proliferation only temporarily, consists with the concept that neuronal stem cells have a finite proliferation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Yu H, Payne TJ, Mohanty DK. Effects of slow, sustained, and rate-tunable nitric oxide donors on human aortic smooth muscle cells proliferation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:527-34. [PMID: 21740530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation has been accepted as a common event in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases, including atherogenesis and intimal hyperplasia. Delivery of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) substrate l-arginine, pharmacological nitric oxide (NO) donors, NO gas or overexpression of NOS proteins can inhibit SMC proliferation and reduce the injury responses within the blood vessel wall. Although commercial development of NO donors that attempt to provide exogenous delivery of NO has accelerated over the last few years, none of the currently available products can provide controlled, sustained, time-tunable release of NO. Nitrosamine-based NO donors, prepared in our laboratory, present a unique and innovative alternative for possible treatments for long-term NO deficiency-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, asthma, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. A family of secondary amines prepared via nucleophilic aromatic displacement reactions could be readily N-nitrosated to produce NO donors. NO release takes place in three distinct phases. During the initial phase, the release rate is extremely fast. In the second phase, the release is slower and the rate remains essentially the same during the final stage. These compounds inhibited up to 35% human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL-35205, USA
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19
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Chicoine LG, Chicione LG, Stenger MR, Cui H, Calvert A, Evans RJ, English BK, Liu Y, Nelin LD. Nitric oxide suppression of cellular proliferation depends on cationic amino acid transporter activity in cytokine-stimulated pulmonary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L596-604. [PMID: 21239536 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00029.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) is a stress response protein upregulated in inflammatory conditions, and NO may suppress cellular proliferation. We hypothesized that preventing L-arginine (L-arg) uptake in endothelial cells would prevent lipopolysaccharide/tumor necrosis factor-α (LPS/TNF)-induced, NO-mediated suppression of cellular proliferation. Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (bPAEC) were treated with LPS/TNF or vehicle (control), and either 10 mM L-leucine [L-leu; a competitive inhibitor of L-arg uptake by the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)] or its vehicle. In parallel experiments, iNOS or arginase II were overexpressed in bPAEC using an adenoviral vector (AdiNOS or AdArgII, respectively). LPS/TNF treatment increased the expression of iNOS, arginase II, CAT-1, and CAT-2 mRNA in bPAEC, resulting in greater NO and urea production than in control bPAEC, which was prevented by L-leu. LPS/TNF treatment resulted in fewer viable cells than in controls, and LPS/TNF-stimulated bPAEC treated with L-leu had more viable cells than LPS/TNF treatment alone. LPS/TNF treatment resulted in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase expression, which was attenuated by L-leu. AdiNOS reduced viable cell number, and treatment of AdiNOS transfected bPAEC with L-leu preserved cell number. AdArgII increased viable cell number, and treatment of AdArgII transfected bPAEC with L-leu prevented the increase in cell number. These data demonstrate that iNOS expression in pulmonary endothelial cells leads to decreased cellular proliferation, which can be attenuated by preventing cellular L-arg uptake. We speculate that CAT activity may represent a novel therapeutic target in inflammatory lung diseases characterized by NO overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis G Chicoine
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Abstract
During the development of the pulmonary vasculature in the fetus, many structural and functional changes occur to prepare the lung for the transition to air breathing. The development of the pulmonary circulation is genetically controlled by an array of mitogenic factors in a temporo-spatial order. With advancing gestation, pulmonary vessels acquire increased vasoreactivity. The fetal pulmonary vasculature is exposed to a low oxygen tension environment that promotes high intrinsic myogenic tone and high vasocontractility. At birth, a dramatic reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance occurs with an increase in oxygen tension and blood flow. The striking hemodynamic differences in the pulmonary circulation of the fetus and newborn are regulated by various factors and vasoactive agents. Among them, nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and prostaglandin I2 are mainly derived from endothelial cells and exert their effects via cGMP, cAMP, and Rho kinase signaling pathways. Alterations in these signaling pathways may lead to vascular remodeling, high vasocontractility, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J. Usha Raj
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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21
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Wiseman DA, Sharma S, Black SM. Elevated zinc induces endothelial apoptosis via disruption of glutathione metabolism: role of the ADP translocator. Biometals 2009; 23:19-30. [PMID: 19768661 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is the second-most abundant transition metal within cells and an essential micronutrient. Although adequate zinc is essential for cellular function, intracellular free zinc (Zn(2+)) is tightly controlled, as sustained increases in free Zn(2+) levels can directly contribute to apoptotic endothelial cell death. Moreover, exposure of endothelial cells to acute nitrosative and/or oxidative stress induces a rapid rise of Zn(2+) with mitochondrial dysfunction and the initiation of apoptosis. This apoptotic induction can be mimicked through addition of exogenous ZnCl(2) and mitigated by zinc-chelation strategies, indicating Zn(2+)-dependent mechanisms in this process. However, the molecular mechanisms of Zn(2+)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction are unknown. Here we report that free Zn(2+) disrupts cellular redox status through inhibition of glutathione reductase, and induces apoptosis by redox-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT). Inhibition of ANT causes increased mitochondrial oxidation, loss of ADP uptake, mitochondrial translocation of bax, and apoptosis. Interestingly, pre-incubation with glutathione ethyl ester protects endothelial cells from these observed effects. We conclude that key mechanisms of Zn(2+)-mediated apoptotic induction include disruption of cellular glutathione homeostasis leading to ANT inhibition and decreases in mitochondrial ATP synthesis. These pathways could represent novel therapeutic targets during acute oxidative or nitrosative stress in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Wiseman
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd CB-3210, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA
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22
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Shekhter AB, Rudenko TG, Serezhenkov VA, Vanin AF. Dinitrosyl iron complexes with thiol ligands promote skin wound healing in animals. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350907050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Suzuki YJ, Nagase H, Wong CM, Kumar SV, Jain V, Park AM, Day RM. Regulation of Bcl-xL expression in lung vascular smooth muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 36:678-87. [PMID: 17272823 PMCID: PMC1868666 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0359oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by thickened pulmonary arterial walls due to increased number of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Apoptosis of PASMC may play an important role in regulating the PASMC number and may be useful for reducing pulmonary vascular thickening. The present study examined the regulation of an anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L). Bcl-x(L) expression was found to be increased in the pulmonary artery of chronic hypoxia-treated rats with pulmonary vascular remodeling. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Bcl-x(L) indeed showed that this protein has anti-apoptotic activities in PASMC. Treatment of remodeled pulmonary artery with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) reduced Bcl-x(L) expression by targeting the bcl-x(L) promoter. The bcl-x(L) promoter contains two GATA elements, and SNP decreases the GATA-4 DNA-binding activity. Overexpression of GATA-4 attenuated the SNP-mediated suppression of Bcl-x(L) expression, providing direct evidence for the role of GATA-4 in Bcl-x(L) gene transcription. We established that SNP targets the 250 proximal region of the gata4 promoter and suppresses its gene transcription. Thus, inducers of pulmonary hypertension enhance anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) gene transcription, which can be suppressed by targeting gata4 gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW403 Medical-Dental Building, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Vouyouka AG, Jiang Y, Rastogi R, Basson MD. Ambient pressure upregulates nitric oxide synthase in a phosphorylated-extracellular regulated kinase– and protein kinase C–dependent manner. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44:1076-84. [PMID: 17098545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell (SMC) cocultures, we have demonstrated that pressurized endothelial cell coculture inhibits SMC proliferation and promotes apoptosis, and that this effect is transferable through pressurized endothelial medium. We now hypothesized that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a significant role in mediating these pressure-induced effects. METHODS Conditioned media from endothelial cells and SMCs exposed to ambient and increased pressure were transferred to recipient SMCs. We counted cells after 5 days of incubation with these media and evaluated eNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) levels by Western blot. RESULTS Conditioned media from pressurized endothelial cells significantly decreased recipient SMC counts. This effect was sustained when N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to recipient cells but abolished when L-NAME was added to donor cells. SMCs were then exposed to control and pressurized conditions in monoculture or in coculture with endothelial cells. Pressure and coculture caused similar increase in iNOS levels but had no additive effect in combination. Finally, endothelial cells were exposed to control and pressurized environments. Pressure caused a 24% +/- 1.6% increase in eNOS protein (P = .04, n = 12). This effect was sustained when cells were treated with L-NAME (32% +/- 1.6% increase, P = .02) but abolished when endothelial cells were treated with calphostin C or PD98059 to block protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Pressure also increased endothelial phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by 1.8-fold to 2.6-fold compared with control conditions after exposure of 2, 4, and 6 hours (P = .02, n = 4). This increase was sustained after pretreatment with calphostin C. CONCLUSION Pressure modulates endothelial cell effects on SMC growth by increasing eNOS in an ERK-dependent and PKC-dependent manner. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intimal hyperplasia is the main cause for restenosis that complicates 10% to 30% of all such vascular procedures and 30% to 40% of endovascular procedures. This article provides some novel information about smooth muscle cell/endothelial cell interaction, one of the main regulators of vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia. The role of endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction cannot be studied well in vivo because these interactions cannot be distinguished from other factors that coexist in vivo, such as flow dynamics, matrix proteins, inflammatory factors, and interactions with other cells in the vascular wall and in the bloodstream. In this work, we use pressure as a triggering stimulus to alter in vitro endothelial behavior and identify important changes in endothelial regulation of smooth muscle cell biology. The pathways involved in this process and discussed in this article could ultimately be used to manipulate endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction in clinical disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela G Vouyouka
- Division of Vascular and General Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA.
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25
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Wiseman DA, Wells SM, Wilham J, Hubbard M, Welker JE, Black SM. Endothelial response to stress from exogenous Zn2+resembles that of NO-mediated nitrosative stress, and is protected by MT-1 overexpression. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C555-68. [PMID: 16723513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00509.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While nitric oxide (NO)-mediated biological interactions have been intensively studied, the underlying mechanisms of nitrosative stress with resulting pathology remain unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that NO exposure increases free zinc ions (Zn2+) within cells. However, the resulting effects on endothelial cell survival have not been adequately resolved. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of altered zinc homeostasis on endothelial cell survival. Initially, we confirmed the previously observed significant increase in free Zn2+with a subsequent induction of apoptosis in our pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) exposed to the NO donor N-[2-aminoethyl]- N-[2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino]-1,2-ethylenediamine. However, NO has many effects upon cell function and we wanted to specifically evaluate the effects mediated by zinc. To accomplish this we utilized the direct addition of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to PAEC. We observed that Zn2+-exposed PAECs exhibited a dose-dependent increase in superoxide (O2−·) generation that was localized to the mitochondria. Furthermore, we found Zn2+-exposed PAECs exhibited a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, loss of cardiolipin from the inner leaflet, caspase activation, and significant increases in TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Furthermore, using an adenoviral construct for the overexpression of the Zn2+-binding protein, metallothionein-1 (MT-1), we found either MT-1 overexpression or coincubation with a Zn2+-selective chelator, N, N,N′, N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene-diamide, in PAECs significantly protected the mitochondria from both NO and Zn2+-mediated disruption and induction of apoptosis and cell death. In summary, our results indicate that a loss of Zn2+homeostasis produces mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death. We propose that regulation of Zn2+levels may represent a potential therapeutic target for disease associated with both nitrosative and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Wiseman
- International Heart Institute, St. Patrick Hospital, 554 W. Broadway, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
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26
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO*) has been proposed to be a physiological modulator of cell proliferation, able to promote in most cases cell cycle arrest. In this review I explore the molecular basis of this mechanism of action. The modulatory action of NO* on the intracellular concentration of cGMP and the machinery directly involved in the control of cell cycle progression, including the expression and activity of diverse cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, their physiological inhibitors, and the master transcriptional regulator retinoblastoma protein, will be discussed. The role of NO* in proliferation mediated by tyrosine kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and downstream signalling pathways will also be considered. Finally, the involvement of NO* in proliferative processes relevant for normal development will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Black SM, Fineman JR. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: roles of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 45:308-16. [PMID: 17049313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies implicate oxidative stress in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Further, this oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with alterations in both the endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathways such that bioavailable NO is decreased and ET-1 signaling is potentiated. However, recent data, from our groups and others, have shown that oxidative stress, ET-1, and NO are co-regulated in a complex fashion that appears to be dependent on the cellular levels of each species. Thus, when ROS levels are transiently elevated, NO signaling is potentiated through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. However, in pediatric pulmonary hypertensive disorders, when reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases are sustained by ET-1 mediated activation of smooth muscle cell ET(A) subtype receptors, NOS gene expression and NO signaling are reduced. Further, increases in oxidative stress can stimulate both the expression of the ET-1 gene and the secretion of the ET-1 peptide. Finally, the addition of exogenous NO, and increasingly utilized therapy for pulmonary hypertension, can also lead to increases ROS generation via the activation of ROS generating enzymes and through the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, this manuscript will review the available data regarding the interaction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and its role in the pathophysiology of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. In addition, we will suggest avenues of both basic and clinical research that will be important to develop novel pulmonary hypertension treatment and prevention strategies, and resolve some of the remaining clinical issues regarding the use of NO augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Black
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States.
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28
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Cooney R, Hynes SO, Duffy AM, Sharif F, O'Brien T. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and vascular cell proliferation. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:462-72. [PMID: 16921253 DOI: 10.1159/000095163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many vascular diseases are associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene therapy to the vasculature is a possible treatment for vascular disease as a means of increasing NO bioavailability, and this may be achieved using any of the NOS isoforms. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of adenoviral-mediated overexpression of the most commonly used NOS isoforms eNOS and iNOS on vascular cell proliferation. METHODS Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transduced with adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS or iNOS at a multiplicity of infection of 100. Control cells were exposed to AdNull (empty vector) or diluent alone. Transgene expression was sought by Western blotting. The Greiss assay was used to measure nitrite levels. Cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting on days 0, 3 and 6. Apoptosis was sought using FACS analysis. Angiogenesis was measured using a commercially available in vitro kit. RESULTS Expression of both isoforms was detected in transduced cells by Western blot at all three time points. NOS transduction resulted in increased nitrite levels with higher levels seen in iNOS- compared to eNOS-transduced cells. Cell proliferation was diminished in AdeNOS- and AdiNOS-transduced cells compared with non-transduced cells on days 3 and 6 in both HCSMCs and HUVECs. Apoptosis was not detected in either cell line with either of the isoforms at any timepoint studied. Both eNOS and iNOS gene transfer caused a reduction in angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS NOS gene transfer to both endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells is antiproliferative and antiangiogenic. The biological effect is identical with both isoforms and there is no evidence to support a differential effect on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Cooney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Sciences (NCBES), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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29
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Jeon HK, Choi SU, Jung NP. Association of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase pathways with nitric oxide-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 21:115-25. [PMID: 16142585 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-005-0148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) induces cell death in colon cancer cells, we compared two types of colon cancer cells with different p53 status: HCT116 (p53 wild-type) cells and SW620 (p53-deficient) cells. We found that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the NO donor, induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. However, SW620 cells were much more susceptible than HCT116 cells to apoptotic death by NO. We investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase on NO-induced apoptosis in both types of colon cancer cells. GSNO treatment effectively stimulated activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 kinase in both types of cells. In HCT116 cells, pretreatment with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, or SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 kinase, had no marked effect on GSNO-induced apoptosis. However, in SW620 cells, SB203580 significantly reduced the NO-induced apoptosis, whereas PD098059 increases NO-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found evidence of cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase in SW620 cells but not in HCT116 cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD098059, or of p38 kinase with SB203580, reduced the GSNO-induced cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase in SW620 cells. We therefore conclude that NO-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells is mediated by a p53-independent mechanism and that the pathways of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase are important in NO-induced apoptosis and in the cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-K Jeon
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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30
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Wu LF, Li GP, Feng JL, Pu ZJ. Molecular mechanisms of adenosine-induced apoptosis in human HepG2 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:477-84. [PMID: 16539849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate effects of adenosine on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human HepG2 cells. METHODS HepG2 cells were incubated in the presence of adenosine (0.1-5 mmol/L) for 12-48 h, and the effect of adenosine on cell proliferation was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Hoechst 33342 fluorescent staining, dUTP-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence and flow cytometric analysis techniques were used to observe cell apoptosis. The effects of adenosine receptor (A1, A2a, A3 and nonspecific receptor) antagonists (8-cpt, DMPX, MRS1191, and theophylline) and an adenosine transporter protein inhibitor (dipyridamole) on adenosine-induced cell apoptosis were observed. Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed using DePsipher fluorescent staining, and caspase activity was detected using a Fluorometric assay kit and a fluorescence microplate reader. RESULTS Adenosine significantly reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of adenosine was related to the induction of cell apoptosis. Four adenosine receptor antagonists had no effect on cell apoptosis. However, dipyridamole significantly reduced the percentage of adenosine-induced apoptotic cells from 27.3% to 7.1% (P<0.05). At 48 h after treatment, 3 mmol/L adenosine increased caspase-3 activity 3.5-fold; dipyridamole markedly decreased caspase-3 activity 1.6-fold, and decreased apoptotic cell numbers. When HepG2 cells were treated with 3 mmol/L adenosine, mitochondrial membrane potential and the activity of caspase-8 or -9 remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adenosine-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells is related to intracellular events rather than cell surface receptors, and that a caspase-3 cascade activation is required, which is not mediated via a mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Fei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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31
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Qureshi I, Chen H, Brown AT, Fitzgerald R, Zhang X, Breckenridge J, Kazi R, Crocker AJ, Stühlinger MC, Lin K, Cooke JP, Eidt JF, Moursi MM. Homocysteine-induced vascular dysregulation is mediated by the NMDA receptor. Vasc Med 2005; 10:215-23. [PMID: 16235775 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x05vm626oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine accelerates myointimal hyperplasia and luminal narrowing after carotid endarterectomy. N-methyl D aspartate receptors (NMDAr) in rat cerebrovascular cells are involved in homocysteine uptake and receptor-mediated stimulation. In the vasculature, NMDAr subunits (NR1, 2A-2D) have been identified by sequence homology in rat aortic endothelial cells. Exposure of these cells to homocysteine increased expression of receptor subunits, an effect that was attenuated by dizocilpine (MK801), a noncompetitive NMDA inhibitor. The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an NMDAr in rat vascular smooth muscle (A7r5) cells, and also the effect of homocysteine on vascular dysregulation as mediated by this receptor. Subunits of the NMDAr (NR1, 2A-2D) were detected in the A7r5 cells by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Homocysteine induced an increase in A7r5 cell proliferation, which was blocked by MK801. Homocysteine, in a dose and time dependent manner, increased expression of matrix metallinoproteinase-9 and interleukin-1beta, which have been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell migration and/or proliferation. Homocysteine reduced the vascular elaboration of nitric oxide and increased the elaboration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine. All of these homocysteine mediated effects were inhibited by MK801. NMDAr exist in vascular smooth muscle cells and appear to mediate, at least in part, homocysteine-induced dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Qureshi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Wedgwood S, Steinhorn RH, Bunderson M, Wilham J, Lakshminrusimha S, Brennan LA, Black SM. Increased hydrogen peroxide downregulates soluble guanylate cyclase in the lungs of lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L660-6. [PMID: 15937064 PMCID: PMC2733241 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00369.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to infants born with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), there is an increase in circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) and decreased cGMP-mediated vasodilation in an ovine model of PPHN. These abnormalities lead to vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Our previous studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are increased in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) exposed to ET-1. Thus the initial objective of this study was to determine whether the development of pulmonary hypertension in utero is associated with elevated production of the ROS hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and if this is associated with alterations in antioxidant capacity. Second we wished to determine whether chronic exposure of PASMC isolated from fetal lambs to H(2)O(2) would mimic the decrease in soluble guanylate cyclase expression observed in the ovine model of PPHN. Our results indicate that H(2)O(2) levels are significantly elevated in pulmonary arteries isolated from 136-day-old fetal PPHN lambs (P 0.05). In addition, we determined that catalase and glutathione peroxidase expression and activities remain unchanged. Also, we found that the overnight exposure of fetal PASMC to a H(2)O(2)-generating system resulted in significant decreases in soluble guanylate cyclase expression and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cGMP generation (P 0.05). Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of the ROS scavenger catalase to isolated pulmonary arteries normalized the vasodilator responses to exogenous NO. As these scavengers had no effect on the vasodilator responses in pulmonary arteries isolated from age-matched control lambs this enhancement appears to be unique to PPHN. Overall our data suggest a role for H(2)O(2) in the abnormal vasodilation associated with the pulmonary arteries of PPHN lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wedgwood
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wedgwood S, Black SM. Endothelin-1 decreases endothelial NOS expression and activity through ETA receptor-mediated generation of hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L480-7. [PMID: 15531748 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00283.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to infants born with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), there is an increase in circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression in an ovine model of PPHN. These abnormalities lead to vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Our previous studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are elevated in the pulmonary arteries from PPHN lambs and that ET-1 increases ROS production in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) in culture. Thus the objective of this study was to determine whether there was a feedback mechanism between the ET-1-mediated increase in ROS in fetal PASMC (FPASMC) and a decrease in eNOS gene expression in fetal pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (FPAEC). Our results indicate that ET-1 increased H2O2 levels in FPASMC in an endothelin A receptor-dependent fashion. This was observed in both FPASMC monoculture and in cocultures of FPASMC and FPAEC. Conversely, ET-1 decreased H2O2 levels in FPAEC monoculture in an endothelin B receptor-dependent fashion. Furthermore, ET-1 decreased eNOS promoter activity by 40% in FPAEC in coculture with FPASMC. Promoter activity was restored in the presence of catalase. In FPAEC in monoculture treated with 0-100 microM H2O2, 12 microM had no effect on eNOS promoter activity, but it increased eNOS protein levels by 50%. However, at 100 microM, H2O2 decreased eNOS promoter activity and protein levels in FPAEC by 79 and 40%, respectively. These data suggest a role for smooth muscle cell-derived H2O2 in ET-1-mediated downregulation of eNOS expression in children born with PPHN.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelin-1/pharmacology
- Feedback, Physiological
- Fetus
- Hydrogen Peroxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Oxidants/metabolism
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/cytology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/physiology
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Sheep
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wedgwood
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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