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Zhou Y, Gong Y, Liu Z, Wang L, Ai C, Wen C, Zhu T, Song S. Digestion behavior of a polysaccharide from Cyclina sinensis: An explanation for the discrepancy in its immunostimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3223-3234. [PMID: 35703576 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous polysaccharides have demonstrated potential immunostimulatory activities in in vitro models, only a few of them successfully stimulate the immune system in vivo. In order to explore the possible reasons for the activity loss of polysaccharides in in vivo models, the immunostimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo and the digestion behavior of a polysaccharide from Cyclina sinensis (CSP) were investigated in the present study. CSP showed obvious immunostimulatory activity in a RAW 264.7 cell model. In in vitro experiment, CSP did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations of ≤10 µg/ml, and significantly increased NO production at concentrations of 0.4-10 µg/ml, suggesting CSP processes immunostimulatory activity in vitro. Further investigation using simulated digestion model indicated that CSP could bind with the protein in the digestive fluids to form precipitate in both the stomach and small intestine, and it could be seriously degraded by amylase during the digestion in the small intestine. Furthermore, the in vivo immunostimulatory activity evaluation demonstrated CSP had no effect on immunosuppressed mice as indicated by the body weight, thymus and spleen indexes, and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA expression. Thus, the present study indicates that the degradation and precipitation of CSP in the digestive tract are the possible reasons for the activity loss of CSP after digestion. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Cyclina sinensis is the common aquatic shellfish in China and plays an important role in the marine aquaculture industry. Cyclina sinensis polysaccharide (CSP) is the main active component of C. sinensis. The structure characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a purified fraction of CSP (CSP-1) and the effect of digestion on CSP and its immunostimulatory activity were studied. The result of this study promotes the understanding of the nutritional function effects and provides a scientific reference for the rational development and high-value utilization of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yue Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqi Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lilong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chunqing Ai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chengrong Wen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Taihai Zhu
- Jiangsu Palarich Food Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Polysaccharide Development and Application, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P. R. China
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Chen YF, Yu SF, Wu CY, Wu N, Shen J, Shen J, Gao JM, Wen YZ, Hide G, Lai DH, Lun ZR. Innate Resistance to Leishmania amazonensis Infection in Rat Is Dependent on NOS2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733286. [PMID: 34777283 PMCID: PMC8586549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infection causes diverse clinical manifestations in humans. The disease outcome is complicated by the combination of many host and parasite factors. Inbred mouse strains vary in resistance to Leishmania major but are highly susceptible to Leishmania amazonensis infection. However, rats are highly resistant to L. amazonensis infection due to unknown mechanisms. We use the inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) gene knockout rat model (Nos2−/− rat) to investigate the role of NOS2 against leishmania infection in rats. Our results demonstrated that diversion toward the NOS2 pathway is the key factor explaining the resistance of rats against L. amazonensis infection. Rats deficient in NOS2 are susceptible to L. amazonensis infection even though their immune response to infection is still strong. Moreover, adoptive transfer of NOS2 competent macrophages into Nos2−/− rats significantly reduced disease development and parasite load. Thus, we conclude that the distinct L-arginine metabolism, observed in rat macrophages, is the basis of the strong innate resistance to Leishmania. These data highlight that macrophages from different hosts possess distinctive properties and produce different outcomes in innate immunity to Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Fei Yu
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-You Wu
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Mei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zi Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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3
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Breuillard C, Curis E, Le Plénier S, Cynober L, Moinard C. Nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages from aged rats: A short term and direct modulation by citrulline. Biochimie 2016; 133:66-73. [PMID: 27939527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline has anti-inflammatory properties and exerts beneficial effects on various impaired functions in aging. However, there are few data on citrulline action on immune function in aged populations. The objective of the study was to evaluate citrulline ability, after in vivo and in vitro administration, to modulate macrophage functions in aged rats and the possible pathways involved. Twenty-one-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 27) received a citrulline supplementation at 5 g/kg/d for 5 days, or an isonitrogenous diet, and peritoneal macrophages were cultured with or without LPS. In the in vitro study, macrophages from 22-month-old rats (n = 16) were cultured with or without LPS, citrulline and inhibitors of different inflammatory pathways (n = 8/conditions). Nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production were measured in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Citrulline decreased NO production variability by peritoneal macrophages after in vivo administration (p = 0.0034) and downregulated NO production by 22% after in vitro administration (95% CI: [6%; 35%]; p = 0.0394), without any direct effect on TNFα production. None of the transductional pathways explored seem to be involved. Citrulline slightly modulates NO production in vivo and in vitro, suggesting a possible action through modulation of arginine metabolism in macrophages rather than a direct transductional effect. The pleiotropic effects of citrulline in aging could be due, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory effect of citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Breuillard
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA 4466, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques, EA 4466, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Servane Le Plénier
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA 4466, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
| | - Luc Cynober
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA 4466, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France; Service de Biochimie, Hôpitaux Cochin et Hôtel-Dieu, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Nutrition, EA 4466, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France
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Moura CCG, Zanetta-Barbosa D, Dechichi P, Carvalho VF, Soares PBF. Effects of titanium surfaces on the developmental profile of monocytes/macrophages. Braz Dent J 2016; 25:96-103. [PMID: 25140712 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the critical role of monocytes/macrophages (Mϕ) in bone healing, this study evaluated the effects of bio-anodized, acid-etched, and machined titanium surfaces (Ti) on Mϕ behavior. Cells were separated from whole human blood from 10 patients, plated on Ti or polystyrene (control) surfaces, and cultured for 72 h. At 24, 48 and 72 h, cell viability, levels of IL1β, IL10, TNFα, TGFβ1 inflammatory mediators, and nitric oxide (NO) release were analyzed by mitochondrial colorimetric assay (MTT assay) and immunoenzymatic assays, respectively. Real-time PCR was used to verify the expression of TNFα and IL10 at 72 h. The data were subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis analysis. IL1β, TNFα and TGFβ1 release were not significantly different between the Ti surfaces (p>0.05). The presence of NO and IL10 was not detected in the samples. Cell viability did not differ between the samples cultivated on Ti and those cultivated on control surfaces, except at 24 h (p=0.0033). With respect to the mediators evaluated, the surface characteristics did not induce a typical Th1 or Th2 cytokine profile, although the cell morphology and topography were influenced by the Ti surface during the initial period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Dechichi
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Valessa Florindo Carvalho
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira Soares
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Chiou SY, Ha CL, Wu PS, Yeh CL, Su YS, Li MP, Wu MJ. Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Oil Production Residues from Camellia tenuifloria. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29522-41. [PMID: 26690417 PMCID: PMC4691127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Camellia tenuifloria is an indigenous Camellia species used for the production of camellia oil in Taiwan. This study investigated for the first time the potential antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of oil production byproducts, specifically those of the fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace from C. tenuifloria. It was found that the crude ethanol extract of the seed shell had the strongest DPPH scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities, followed by the fruit shell, while seed pomace was the weakest. The IC50 values of crude extracts and fractions on monophenolase were smaller than diphenolase. The phenolic-rich methanol fraction of seed shell (SM) reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also repressed the expression of IL-1β, and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-6 in response to LPS. SM strongly stimulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and addition of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a HO-1 competitive inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of NO production, indicating the involvement of HO-1 in its anti-inflammatory activity. The effects observed in this study provide evidence for the reuse of residues from C. tenuifloria in the food additive, medicine and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Chiou
- Crop Environment Section, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 973, Taiwan.
| | - Choi-Lan Ha
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Ling Yeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Shan Su
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Po Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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6
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Jurášek M, Rimpelová S, Kmoníčková E, Drašar P, Ruml T. Tailor-made fluorescent trilobolide to study its biological relevance. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7947-54. [PMID: 25197766 DOI: 10.1021/jm500690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trilobolide (Tb) is a potent natural counterpart of thapsigargin, which has shown promising results in cancer clinical trials. Here, we report a rational approach to study intracellular localization and biological activity of this sesquiterpene lactone. We conjugated Tb with a green-emitting Bodipy dye attached by alternative linkers of different lengths. The live-cell imaging of the prepared bioconjugates brought clear evidence that Tb-Bodipy localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of various cancer cell lines. The localization signal was compared with ER-specific dyes. Cytotoxicity of Tb conjugates and impact on the mitochondrial physiology and nitric oxide release were also studied. The nitric oxide production and cytokine secretion in rat peritoneal cells indicate immunobiological potential of these lactone bioconjugates. In summary, our Tb-Bodipy conjugates could help us to reveal the molecular mechanism of trilobolide for its further potential use in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Jurášek
- Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague , 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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Jansa P, Holý A, Dračínský M, Kolman V, Janeba Z, Kostecká P, Kmoníčková E, Zídek Z. 5-Substituted 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidines and 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidines: synthesis and inhibitory effects on immune-activated nitric oxide production. Med Chem Res 2014; 23:4482-4490. [PMID: 32214763 PMCID: PMC7080047 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-substituted 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidines were prepared by a modified condensation of the corresponding monosubstituted malonic acid diesters with guanidine in an excess of sodium ethoxide. The optimized procedure using Vilsmeier-Haack-Arnold reagent, followed by immediate deprotection of the (dimethylamino)methylene protecting groups, has been developed to convert the 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine analogs to novel 5-substituted 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidines in high yields. Pilot screening for biological properties of the prepared compounds was done in mouse peritoneal cells using the in vitro nitric oxide (NO) assay. Irrespective of the substituent at the 5 position, 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidines inhibited immune-activated NO production. The most effective was 5-fluoro-2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine with an IC 50 of 2 µM (higher activity than the most potent reference compound) while the IC 50s of other derivatives were within the range of 9-36 µM. The 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine counterparts were devoid of any NO-inhibitory activity. The compounds had no suppressive effects on the viability of cells. The Mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Holý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Kolman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kostecká
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kmoníčková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Karlovarská 48, 30 166 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Differences in iNOS and arginase expression and activity in the macrophages of rats are responsible for the resistance against T. gondii infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35834. [PMID: 22558235 PMCID: PMC3338469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infects humans and warm blooded animals causing devastating disease worldwide. It has long been a mystery as to why the peritoneal macrophages of rats are naturally resistant to T. gondii infection while those of mice are not. Here, we report that high expression levels and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and low levels of arginase-1 (Arg 1) activity in the peritoneal macrophages of rats are responsible for their resistance against T. gondii infection, due to high nitric oxide and low polyamines within these cells. The opposite situation was observed in the peritoneal macrophages of mice. This discovery of the opposing functions of iNOS and Arg 1 in rodent peritoneal macrophages may lead to a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms of mammals, particularly humans and livestock, against T. gondii and other intracellular pathogens.
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Differential effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on nitric oxide and cytokines in rat hepatocytes and macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:342-9. [PMID: 22198073 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANP) are virostatics effective against viruses like hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Our previous reports indicated immunomodulatory activities of ANP in mouse and human innate immune cells. Recently, evidence has increased that hepatocytes may play an active role in immune regulation of the liver homeostasis or injury. In this study we investigated possible immunomodulatory effects of ANP on rat hepatocytes and macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) production and secretion of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF) were analyzed under in vitro conditions. Test compounds included: 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; adefovir); 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP); (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(R)-PMPA; tenofovir] and [(S)-PMPA]; 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine [(R)-PMPDAP] and [(S)-PMPDAP]. The group of test compounds also included their N(6)-substituted derivatives. Some of ANP which are able to induce NO production and cytokine secretion in cultured macrophages possess the same immunobiological activity in isolated hepatocytes. The extent of responses is in range of LPS/IFN-γ stimulation in both types of cells. The effects of active ANP on NO expression and cytokine secretion are dose- and time-dependent. Interestingly, the spectrum of detected cytokines induced by ANP is broader in hepatocytes. The results also confirm immunomodulatory effects of some ANP on rodent macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time immunobiological reactivity of primary rat hepatocytes induced by exogenous ANP compounds. The potential of hepatocytes to synthesize cytokines can contribute to better understanding of liver immune function and can serve for pharmacological intervention in liver diseases.
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Jansa P, Baszczyňski O, Dračínský M, Votruba I, Zídek Z, Bahador G, Stepan G, Cihlar T, Mackman R, Holý A, Janeba Z. A novel and efficient one-pot synthesis of symmetrical diamide (bis-amidate) prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates and evaluation of their biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3748-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lin YF, Deng MC, Tseng LP, Jiang PR, Jan TR, Hsieh FI, Liu DZ. Adjuvant effect of liposome in chicken result from induction of nitric oxide. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:015011. [PMID: 21239850 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of liposome-encapsulated inactivated Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) is known to be an effective vaccine for inducing immunity in the respiratory tract from our previous reports. Four-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens were intranasally immunized with NDV entrapped in phosphatidylcholine-liposomes (PC-Lip). The mucosal levels of anti-NDV s-immunoglobulin A (IgA), serum IgG, a high hemagglutination inhibition titer (1:640), and the high survival rate with the PC-Lip vaccine were comparable to those of our previous report. The immune mechanisms of the PC-Lip adjuvant were determined by in vitro cellular experiments using the NO production of chicken spleen macrophages. The most important finding of this study was proving that macrophages were stimulated by PC-Lip via the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation pathways. This finding may be useful for developing potent mucosal vaccine delivery systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Feng Lin
- Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
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12
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Ray HJ, Chu P, Wu TH, Lyons CR, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. The Fischer 344 rat reflects human susceptibility to francisella pulmonary challenge and provides a new platform for virulence and protection studies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9952. [PMID: 20376351 PMCID: PMC2848594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, has been primarily characterized in mice. However, the high degree of sensitivity of mice to bacterial challenge, especially with the human virulent strains of F. tularensis, limits this animal model for screening of defined attenuated vaccine candidates for protection studies. Methods and Findings We analyzed the susceptibility of the Fischer 344 rat to pulmonary (intratracheal) challenge with three different subspecies (subsp) of F. tularensis that reflect different levels of virulence in humans, and characterized the bacterial replication profile in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In contrast to the mouse, Fischer 344 rats exhibit a broader range of sensitivity to pulmonary challenge with the human virulent subsp. tularensis and holarctica. Unlike mice, Fischer rats exhibited a high degree of resistance to pulmonary challenge with LVS (an attenuated derivative of subsp. holarctica) and subsp. novicida. Within BMDM, subsp. tularensis and LVS showed minimal replication, subsp. novicida showed marginal replication, and subsp. holartica replicated robustly. The limited intramacrophage replication of subsp. tularensis and novicida strains was correlated with the induction of nitric oxide production. Importantly, Fischer 344 rats that survived pulmonary infection with subsp. novicida were markedly protected against subsequent pulmonary challenge with subsp. tularensis, suggesting that subsp. novicida may be a useful platform for the development of vaccines against subsp. tularensis. Conclusions The Fischer 344 rat exhibits similar sensitivity to F. tularensis strains as that reported for humans, and thus the Fischer 344 ray may serve as a better animal model for tularemia vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Ray
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ping Chu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry H. Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - C. Rick Lyons
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu S, Tran KK, Pan S, Shen H. Detecting and differentiating microbes by dendritic cells for the development of cell-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Harmatha J, Vokác K, Kmonícková E, Zídek Z. Lack of interference of common phytoecdysteroids with production of nitric oxide by immune-activated mammalian macrophages. Steroids 2008; 73:466-71. [PMID: 18243265 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Effects of selected common phytoecdysteroids on immunobiological responses triggered by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were tested under in vitro conditions using murine resident peritoneal macrophages. Namely, production of nitric oxide was investigated. The series of test agents encompassed ecdysteroids occurring often as major components of the ecdysteroid fraction in numerous plant extracts: 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), polypodine B, ajugasterone C, ponasterone A and inokosterone. Their structural variability concerns only variation in the number and position of hydroxyls. Two additional side-chain modified ecdysteroids: makisterone A (with a methyl substituent at position 24) and carthamosterone (with a cyclic side-chain lactone), and three ecdysteroid analogs: poststerone, rubrosterone and dihydrorubrosterone (devoid of side chains) were included into the test series. All test compounds, except of ponasterone A, represent natural substances isolated from the medicinal plant Leuzea carthamoides and are supposed to be significant for the often reported pharmacological activities of preparations derived from this species. However, the tested ecdysteroids did not interfere with the immunobiological activity of the immunocompetent cells. Our results thus differ from the so far reported information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Harmatha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Česnek M, Holý A, Masojídková M, Kmoníčková E, Zídek Z. Synthesis of guanidino analogues of PMPDAP and their immunobiological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:965-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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