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Murthy AK, Wright-McAfee E, Warda K, Moy LN, Bui N, Musunuri T, Manam S, Chako CZ, Ramsey KH, Li W. Protective Anti-Chlamydial Vaccine Regimen-Induced CD4+ T cell Response Mediates Early Inhibition of Pathogenic CD8+ T cell Response Following Genital Challenge. Pathog Dis 2024:ftae008. [PMID: 38684476 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that TNF-α-producing CD8 + T cells mediate chlamydial pathogenesis, likely in an antigen (Ag)-specific fashion. Here we hypothesize that inhibition of Ag-specific CD8 + T cell response after immunization and/or challenge would correlate with protection against oviduct pathology induced by a protective vaccine regimen. Intranasal (i.n.) live chlamydial elementary body (EB), intramuscular (i.m.) live EB, or i.n. irrelevant antigen, bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunized animals induced near-total protection, 50% protection, or no protection, respectively against oviduct pathology following i.vag. C. muridarum challenge. In these models, we evaluated Ag-specific CD8 + T cell cytokine response at various time-periods after immunization or challenge. The results show protective efficacy of vaccine regimens correlated with reduction of Ag-specific CD8 + T cell TNF-α responses following i.vag. chlamydial challenge, not after immunization. Depletion of CD4 + T cells abrogated, whereas adoptive transfer of Ag-specific CD4 + T cells induced the significant reduction of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell TNF- α response after chlamydial challenge. In conclusion, protective anti-chlamydial vaccine regimens induce Ag-specific CD4 + T cell response that mediate early inhibition of pathogenic CD8 + T cell response following challenge and may serve as a predictive biomarker of protection against Chlamydia -induced chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nhi Bui
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine
| | | | - S Manam
- College of Veterinary Medicine
| | | | - Kyle H Ramsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308
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2
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Jaffey JA, Shubitz LF, Johnson MDL, Bolch CA, da Cunha A, Murthy AK, Lopez BS, Monasky R, Carswell I, Spiker J, Neubert MJ, Menghani SV. Evaluation of Host Constitutive and Ex Vivo Coccidioidal Antigen-Stimulated Immune Response in Dogs with Naturally Acquired Coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020213. [PMID: 36836327 PMCID: PMC9959558 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The early innate immune response to coccidioidomycosis has proven to be pivotal in directing the adaptive immune response and disease outcome in mice and humans but is unexplored in dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the innate immune profile of dogs with coccidioidomycosis and determine if differences exist based on the extent of infection (i.e., pulmonary or disseminated). A total of 28 dogs with coccidioidomycosis (pulmonary, n = 16; disseminated, n = 12) and 10 seronegative healthy controls were enrolled. Immunologic testing was performed immediately, without ex vivo incubation (i.e., constitutive), and after coccidioidal antigen stimulation of whole blood cultures. Whole blood cultures were incubated with a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) (negative control) or a coccidioidal antigen (rCTS1 (105-310); 10 µg/mL) for 24 h. A validated canine-specific multiplex bead-based assay was used to measure 12 cytokines in plasma and cell culture supernatant. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with an ELISA assay. Leukocyte expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs)2 and TLR4 was measured using flow cytometry. Dogs with coccidioidomycosis had higher constitutive plasma keratinocyte chemotactic (KC)-like concentrations (p = 0.02) and serum CRP concentrations compared to controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis had higher serum CRP concentrations than those with dissemination (p = 0.001). Peripheral blood leukocytes from dogs with coccidioidomycosis produced higher concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.0003), interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.04), interferon (IFN)-γ (p = 0.03), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (p = 0.02), IL-10 (p = 0.02), and lower IL-8 (p = 0.003) in supernatants following coccidioidal antigen stimulation when compared to those from control dogs. There was no detectable difference between dogs with pulmonary and disseminated disease. No differences in constitutive or stimulated leukocyte TLR2 and TLR4 expression were found. These results provide information about the constitutive and coccidioidal antigen-specific stimulated immune profile in dogs with naturally acquired coccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa F. Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, BIO5 Institute, Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Bolch
- Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Anderson da Cunha
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Brina S. Lopez
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Ross Monasky
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Imani Carswell
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Justine Spiker
- Department of Specialty Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Miranda J. Neubert
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sanjay V. Menghani
- Department of Immunobiology, Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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3
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Selamet Tierney ES, Chung S, Stauffer KJ, Brabender J, Collins RT, Folk R, Li W, Murthy AK, Murphy DJ, Esfandiarei M. Can 10 000 Healthy Steps a Day Slow Aortic Root Dilation in Pediatric Patients With Marfan Syndrome? J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027598. [PMID: 36453629 PMCID: PMC9851465 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Stiffer aortas are associated with a faster rate of aortic root (AoR) dilation and higher risk of aortic dissection in patients with Marfan syndrome. We have previously shown that mild aerobic exercise reduces aortic stiffness and rate of AoR dilation in a Marfan mouse model. In this study, we investigated if these results could be translated to pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome. Methods and Results We enrolled 24 patients with Marfan syndrome aged 8 to 19 years to participate in a 6-month physical activity intervention, excluding those with ventricular dysfunction or prior history of aortic surgery. We instructed patients to take 10 000 steps per day, tracked by an activity tracker. At baseline and 6 months, we measured AoR dimension, arterial stiffness, endothelial function, physical activity indices, inflammatory biomarkers, and coping scores. Controls consisted of 15 age-matched patients with Marfan syndrome. Twenty-four patients with Marfan syndrome (median age, 14.4 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 12.2-16.8], 14 male patients) were enrolled. Baseline assessment demonstrated that the majority of these patients were sedentary and had abnormal arterial health. Twenty-two patients completed the intervention and took an average of 7709±2177 steps per day (median, 7627 [IQR, 6344-9671]). Patients wore their Garmin trackers at a median of 92.8% (IQR, 84%-97%) of their intervention days. AoR Z score in the intervention group had a significantly lower rate of change per year compared with the controls (rate of change, -0.24 versus +0.008; P=0.01). Conclusions In this clinical intervention in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome, we demonstrated that a simple physical activity intervention was feasible in this population and has the potential to decrease the AoR dilation rate. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03567460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Seda Selamet Tierney
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
| | - Sukyung Chung
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
| | - Katie Jo Stauffer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
| | - Jerrid Brabender
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
| | - Ronnie Thomad Collins
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
| | - Robert Folk
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern UniversityGlendaleAZ
| | - Weidang Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineMidwestern UniversityGlendaleAZ
| | | | - Daniel Jerome Murphy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of PediatricsStanford University Medical CenterPalo AltoCA
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Goyins KA, Yu JJ, Papp SB, Beddard R, Murthy AK, Chambers JP, Arulanandam BP. Isotyping and quantitation of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1055-1060. [DOI: 10.1177/15353702221084966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is important for development of effective diagnostics and vaccines. We report here a broad antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) in 100 convalescent patient plasma samples. Antibody isotypes IgA, IgM, and IgG exhibited significantly higher anti-RBD titers when compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative controls. IgG subtyping indicated IgG1 and IgG3 to be most abundant. Greater than 90 % of SARS-CoV-2 positive plasma samples tested exhibited significant neutralization capacity using a surrogate virus neutralization assay. Of the IgG subclasses, IgG1 and IgG3 exhibited the highest viral neutralization capacity; whereas, IgG2 and IgG4 viral neutralization was not observed. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 elicited total IgG binding to emerging variant (alpha, beta, and delta) RBDs indicated decreased binding. Furthermore, neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma of delta and omicron variant RBDs was significantly decreased suggesting that neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma are less effective in inhibiting variants currently in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Goyins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sara B Papp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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5
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Seleem MA, Wood NA, Brinkworth AJ, Manam S, Carabeo RA, Murthy AK, Ouellette SP, Conda-Sheridan M. In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of (Trifluoromethyl)pyridines as Anti- Chlamydia trachomatis Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:227-241. [PMID: 34935346 PMCID: PMC9516413 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading pathogen in sexually transmitted bacterial infections across the globe. The development of a selective treatment against this pathogen could be an attractive therapeutic option that will reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Previously, we reported some sulfonylpyridine-based compounds that showed selectivity against C. trachomatis. Here, we describe a set of related compounds that display enhanced anti-chlamydial potency when compared to our early leads. We found that the active molecules are bactericidal and have no impact on Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli strains. Importantly, the molecules were not toxic to mammalian cells. Furthermore, a combination of molecule 20 (the most active molecule) and azithromycin at subinhibitory concentrations acted synergistically to inhibit chlamydial growth. Molecule 20 also eradicated Chlamydia in a 3D infection model and accelerated the recovery of Chlamydia-infected mice. This work presents compounds that could be further developed to be used alone or in combination with existing treatment regimens against chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Seleem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Wood
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amanda J. Brinkworth
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Srikanth Manam
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, United States
| | - Rey A. Carabeo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, United States
| | - Scot P. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Martin Conda-Sheridan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Reid J, Manam S, Gadagkar SR, Forsthuber T, Nicholson BJ, Murthy AK. The Contribution of Connexin 43 in Choroid Plexus to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.105.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive neurologic disease among young adults worldwide; yet the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in mice is a robust model and has been extensively used to understand the pathophysiology of MS. The expression of connexin 43 (CX43), a gap junction protein, has been shown to be enhanced in the choroid plexus during the development of acute EAE, with significantly increased CX43 expression at the peak of the disease. However, the contribution of such increased CX43 expression to the development of EAE has yet to be fully characterized. Using the Cre-Lox platform, we generated mice with conditional deletion of CX43 in the ciliated columnar epithelium of the choroid plexus (Foxj1Cre-CX43 KO mice; referred to as CX43 KO mice hereafter). We employed the MOG-induced EAE model in both male and female CX43 KO mice to understand the role of CX43 in the pathogenesis of EAE. Male CX43 and WT mice displayed comparable peak EAE clinical disease scores of 1.83±0.33 and 1.75±0.66, respectively. Female CX43 KO, however, displayed a significantly reduced peak EAE clinical disease score of 0.33±0.24 compared to 1.15±0.39 in female WT animals. These results suggest a role for CX43 in the ciliated columnar epithelium of choroid plexus to the development of EAE in female, not male, mice and underscore the need for further exploration of mechanism(s) underpinning the role of CX43 in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess interventions and health outcomes in studies giving data on economic evaluation (EE) of school-based caries prevention. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN Systematic review. Both partial EE that included cost description, cost-outcome description, cost analysis and full EE that included both cost and outcome of at least 2 interventions were included. Quality assessment used the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) guidelines. RESULTS An electronic search of 6 databases identified 558 titles and abstracts. Paper eligibility screening identified 32 full papers which met the inclusion criteria. Most were conducted in the United States and cost effectiveness analysis was the most common type of EE. Nine were model-based studies and 17 derived their data from single studies. Sealants were most frequently evaluated followed by fluoride mouthrinse. Many CHEERS criteria were not met in the included studies. The following were found to be cost-effective: school-based, under general supervision, longer duration of program and targeting high caries risk groups. CONCLUSIONS The deficiencies in the existing studies warrant more investigations of the economic aspects of school-based activities interventions to prevent caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Murthy
- Public Health Dentistry, Oxford Dental College and Hospital, India
| | - N Fareed
- Public Health Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, India
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8
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Li W, Warda K, Moy LN, Musunuri T, Bui N, Wright-McAfee E, Murthy AK. Antigen-Specific CD4 T cells Protect Against Reproductive Pathology by Subverting Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cell Response. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.157.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that CD4 T cells are protective whereas CD8 T cells cause reproductive pathology following genital chlamydial infection. In this study, we explored the interactions of these cell types in context of vaccine-mediated protection. We evaluated three immunization regimens: live-chlamydial elementary body intranasal (EB-i.n.), live-EB i.m. (EB-i.m.), and irrelevant antigen bovine serum albumin i.n. (BSA-i.n.) that induced near-total (90%), partial (50%), and no (0%) protection, respectively against oviduct pathology following i.vag. C. muridarum challenge in C57BL6/J animals. We found no differences in Chlamydia-specific IFN-g, TNF-α, or IL-17 response from purified splenic CD8 T cells on days 7, 14, and 21 after immunization. We further evaluated Chlamydia-specific splenic CD8 T cell responses on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 following i.vag. chlamydial challenge. All groups of challenged animals displayed comparable induction of Ag-specific CD8 T cell cytokine responses on day 6 after challenge. As early as day 9 after challenge, Ag-specific IFN-g and TNF-α production from CD8 T cells was significantly reduced in EB-i.n.-immunized mice, and on day 12, both EB-i.n.- and EB-i.m.-immunized animals displayed minimal Ag-specific TNF-a production, compared to enhanced TNF-a production from CD8 T cells in BSA-i.n. immunized animals. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cells at the time of genital infection induced significant reduction in Chlamydia-specific splenic CD8 T cell response on day 12 after challenge. In summary, these results suggest that Ag-specific CD4 T cells subvert a pathogenic Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cell response to protect against reproductive pathology.
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9
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Murthy AK, Warda K, Moy L, Musunuri T, Bui N, Wright-McAfee E, Ramsey KH, Li W. Antigen-specific CD8 T cell response following genital chlamydial challenge is a predictive biomarker of vaccine efficacy in protection against reproductive tract pathology. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.196.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TNF-α producing antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells induce upper genital tract (UGT) pathology following primary C. muridarum infection; therefore, we hypothesized that a vaccine regimen must subvert Ag-specific CD8 T cell response following immunization, and/or challenge to attenuate Chlamydia-induced UGT pathology. We evaluated three immunization regimens: live-chlamydial elementary body intranasal (EB-i.n.), live-EB i.m. (EB-i. m.), and irrelevant antigen bovine serum albumin i.n. (BSA-i.n.) that induced near-total (90%), partial (50%), and no (0% ) protection, respectively against oviduct pathology following i.vag. C. muridarum challenge in C57BL6/J animals. Live-EB-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 response from purified splenic CD8 T cells was evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21 after immunization. There was no detectable reduction of Ag-specific CD8 T cell response following immunization with protective vaccine regimens. We evaluated splenic live-EB-specific CD8 T cell responses on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 following i.vag. chlamydial challenge. All groups of challenged animals displayed comparable induction of Ag-specific CD8 T cell cytokine responses on day 6 after challenge. As early as day 9 after challenge, Ag-specific IFN-γ and TNF-α production from CD8 T cells was significantly reduced in EB-i.n.-, compared to the EB-i.m.- or BSA-i.n.-immunized animals. On day 12, both EB-i.n.- and EB-i.m.-immunized animals displayed minimal Ag-specific TNF-α production, compared to enhanced TNF-α production from CD8 T cells in BSA-i.n. immunized animals. These results suggest that TNF-α producing CD8 T cell response could serve as a predictive biomarker of anti-chlamydia vaccine efficacy against reproductive pathology.
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Zafiratos MT, Cottrell JT, Manam S, Henderson KK, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members 1a and 1b contribute to exacerbation of atherosclerosis by Chlamydia pneumoniae in mice. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:104-108. [PMID: 30292879 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The host immune responses that mediate Chlamydia-induced chronic disease sequelae are incompletely understood. The role of TNF-α, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), in Chlamydia pneumoniae (CPN)-induced atherosclerosis was studied using the high-fat diet-fed male C57BL/6J mouse model. Following intranasal CPN infection, TNF-α knockout (KO), TNFR1 KO, TNFR2 KO, and TNFR 1/2 double-knockout, displayed comparable serum anti-chlamydial antibody response, splenic antigen-specific cytokine response, and serum cholesterol profiles compared to wild type (WT) animals. However, atherosclerotic pathology in each CPN-infected KO mouse group was reduced significantly compared to WT mice, suggesting that both TNFR1 and TNFR2 promote CPN-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Zafiratos
- College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, 60515, USA
| | - Jonathan T Cottrell
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, 60515, USA
| | - Srikanth Manam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, 85308, USA
| | - Kyle K Henderson
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, 60515, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, 85308, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, 85308, USA.
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11
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Li W, Gudipaty P, Li C, Henderson KK, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Intranasal immunization with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor attenuates atherosclerotic pathology following Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:85-91. [PMID: 30051926 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that intranasal vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF: antigen) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant induces robust protection against pathological consequences of female genital tract infection with Chlamydia muridarum, a closely related species and a rodent model for the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis. Another related species Chlamydia pneumoniae, a human respiratory pathogen, has been associated with exacerbation of atherosclerotic pathology. CPAF is highly conserved among Chlamydia spp. leading us to hypothesize that immunization with rCPAF with IL-12 will protect against high-fat diet (HFD) and C. pneumoniae-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis. rCPAF ± IL-12 immunization induced robust splenic antigen (Ag)-specific IFN-γ and TNF-α production and significantly elevated serum total anti-CPAF Ab, IgG2c, and IgG1 antibody levels compared to mock or IL-12 alone groups. The addition of IL-12 to rCPAF significantly elevated splenic Ag-specific IFN-γ production and IgG2c/IgG1 anti-CPAF antibody ratio. Following intranasal C. pneumoniae challenge and HFD feeding, rCPAF ± IL-12-immunized mice displayed significantly enhanced splenic IFN-γ, not TNF-α, response on days 6 and 9 after challenge, and significantly reduced lung chlamydial burden on day 9 post-challenge compared to mock- or IL-12-immunized mice. Importantly, rCPAF ± IL-12-immunized mice displayed significantly reduced atherosclerotic pathology in the aortas after C. pneumoniae challenge. Serum cholesterol levels were comparable between the groups suggesting that the observed differences in pathology were due to protective immunity against the infection. Together, these results confirm and extend our previous observations that CPAF is a promising candidate antigen for a multisubunit vaccine regimen to protect against Chlamydia-induced pathologies, including atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
| | - Pareesha Gudipaty
- College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
| | - Chuxi Li
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.,College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyle K Henderson
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA.,Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, CA, USA
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12
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Sigar IM, Schripsema JH, Kelly KA, Murthy AK, Manam S, Ramsey KH. Elimination of Mycoplasma contamination in Chlamydia stocks as a result of in vivo passage or plaque isolation. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:361. [PMID: 29880030 PMCID: PMC5992720 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to eliminate Mycoplasma spp. contamination from laboratory stocks of Chlamydia spp. by in vivo passage or by plaque assay. RESULTS We have described two methods of eliminating Mycoplasma contamination from Chlamydia laboratory stocks. We conclude that Mycoplasma species commonly contaminating chlamydial stocks do not survive passage in mice. Chlamydia may also be derived Mycoplasma-free by plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira M. Sigar
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, SH-323H, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL USA
| | - Justin H. Schripsema
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, SH-323H, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL USA
| | - Kathleen A. Kelly
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ USA
| | - Srikanth Manam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ USA
| | - Kyle H. Ramsey
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, SH-323H, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL USA
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Murthy AK, Keeler KR, Do J, Seetharaman A, Ramsey KH, Ciancio M, Li W. Tissue Specific Overexpression of Human Heat Shock Protein 70 in Mouse Oviduct Epithelium Reduces Chlamydia Induced Immunopathology. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.114.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections lead to severe immunopathological consequences in the upper genital tract (UGT), including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility, in a small subset of infected women. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an evolutionarily conserved stress-induced protein and has been shown to exhibit significant cytoprotective and immunoregulatory activities. However, the role of Hsp70 in genital chlamydial pathologies had not been examined. Hsp70 transgenic (Hsp70 Tg) mice were created by injecting a villin promoter-driven human Hsp70 targeting vector into C57BL/6 oocytes. The villin promoter is active only in the epithelium of the mouse oviduct but not in other parts of the female mouse genital tract. Female, 6-8 week old, Hsp70 Tg and non-transgenic (NTG) littermates were infected intravaginally with 5×104 IFU of C. muridarum. Vaginal chlamydial shedding, bacterial burden in the upper genital tract including oviducts and uterine horns, Chlamydia-specific IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 production, and serum anti-Chlamydia antibody levels were comparable between NTG and Hsp70 Tg mice. However, at day 80 after inoculation, the incidence and severity of pathology in oviducts, not neighboring uterine horns, was significantly reduced in Hsp70 Tg mice compared to NTG mice. Given the highly polymorphic nature of hsp-70 gene and associated susceptibility to various inflammatory conditions, and the occurrence of immunopathology in only a subset of Chlamydia-infected women, these results also underscore the need to further evaluate the role of hsp-70 in chlamydial immunopathogenesis in the female upper reproductive tract.
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Li W, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Chlamydia-Specific CD8+ T cells Enhance Neutrophil Infiltration into Chlamydia-Infected Female Mouse Genital Tract. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.117.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that Chlamydia-specific TNF-α producing and TNF receptor 2 bearing CD8+ T cells mediate chlamydial pathogenesis in the mouse female upper genital tract (UGT). Additionally, TNF-α production from CD8+ T lymphocytes is necessary for pathogenesis; however, CD8+ T lymphocytes are not a sufficient source of TNF-α production for pathogenesis. Myeloid cells including neutrophils are important sources of TNF-α production and have been implicated in chlamydial pathogenesis. Herein, we evaluated frequency of neutrophils in Chlamydia muridarum-infected female genital tracts of C57BL/6J (WT) mice, mice deficient in Chlamydia-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-1 mice) and TNFR2 knockout (KO) mice. Frequencies of Gr-1+ cells (neutrophils) in UGT were evaluated on days 4, 9, 15, and 24 following genital Chlamydia muridarum infection. OT-1 and TNFR2 KO displayed significant reduction in neutrophil frequency compared to WT animals on day 9 following chlamydial inoculation. Furthermore, we found that OT-1 mice replete with WT CD8+ T cells at the time of chlamydial inoculation display restoration of neutrophil (Ly-6G) frequency to WT levels. These results suggest that Chlamydia-specific CD8+ T cells engage other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils in infected genital tracts in order to cause chronic pathologies in the upper reproductive tract.
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Volin MV, Ahmed F, Zanotti B, Manam S, Murthy AK. Evaluation of the pathogenesis of Chlamydia induced reactive arthritis. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.58.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We hypothesized that reactive arthritis can be induced in the knees and ankles of wild-type C57BL/6 mice following infection with Chlamydia muridarum through the involvement of inflammatory mediators. Reactive arthritis is a chronic form of arthritis, which can also result in conjunctivitis and inflammation of the genital, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. C. muridarum is a gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen which can infect the epithelium of the cervix, urethra, and rectum. The exact pathological mechanism of reactive arthritis is unknown. It is understood to result from CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and factors including TNF-alpha and perforin. Five groups of C57BL/6J mice were used including a positive control group, CD4+ T cells knockout mice, TNF-alpha knockout mice, perforin knockout mice and TNFRSF knockout mice. Mice from each group were intra-vaginally infected with 5×104 inclusion forming units of C. muridarum, marked as day 0. The mice were swabbed a few days after infection to confirm C. muridarum. The mice from each group were euthanized on day 7 and day 14, and sera was collected and analyzed for cytokine expression using an antibody array. Ankles collected from C57BL/6J positive control mice were histologically processed and graded to determine pathology. C57BL/6J positive control mice showed increased synovial lining thickening 14 days following infection. Cytokine expression from TNF-alpha knockout mice, CD4+ T cells knockout mice, perforin knockout mice, and TNFRSF knockout mice was generally reduced. The results show that chlamydial induced reactive arthritis can be detected in the ankles of C57BL/6J mice and suggest that TNF-alpha and CD4+ T cells may be involved in this inflammatory process.
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Murthy AK, Manam S, La Salle S, Holtzman MJ, Zhang Y, Ramsey KH, Nicholson BJ. Gap Junction Mediated Antigen Transport in Epithelium Promotes Amplification of CD8 T Cell Mediated Bystander Pathology Following Chlamydial Infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.149.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cells play a significant role in oviduct pathology, not bacterial clearance. We hypothesized that gap junction mediated antigen transport (GMAT) from infected to uninfected cells could explain the apparent targeting of uninfected epithelial cells by Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cells. Since gap junction protein connexin 43 is highly expressed in oviduct epithelium, we generated Foxj1Cre-Cx43flox mice with a conditional deficiency of CX43 only in ciliated columnar epithelia in oviducts. Foxj1Cre-Cx43flox mice displayed similar chlamydial infection, but reduced splenic Ag-specific CD8 T cell response and oviduct pathology when compared to WT mice, suggesting that CX43-mediates chlamydial pathogenesis. To evaluate the role of GMAT via CX43 in pathogenesis, HeLa S3 cells were engineered to express functional CX43 or a closed channel point-mutant CX43 (T154A). Chlamydial peptides were observed in neighboring uninfected cells at mid-developmental cycle upon infection of HeLa-CX43, not HeLa S3 or HeLa-CX43-T154A cells. Naïve mouse antigen-presenting cells (APC) optimally activated Chlamydia-specific mouse CD8 T cells upon co-culture with Chlamydia-infected HeLa-CX43, when compared to HeLa S3 or HeLa-CX43-T154A cells, demonstrating that GMAT is involved in activation of CD8 T cells. Furthermore, naïve mouse APC optimally activated Chlamydia-specific mouse CD8 T cells upon co-culture with a 1:4 mixture of Chlamydia-infected HeLa-CX43 and uninfected HeLa-CX43 cells, when compared to mixtures of infected HeLa-CX43 with uninfected HeLa-S3 or HeLa-CX43-T154A cells. These results demonstrate that GMAT via uninfected epithelial cells amplifies pathogenic Chlamydia-specific CD8 T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Zhang
- 3Washington Univ. Sch. of Med. in St. Louis
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Wali S, Gupta R, Yu JJ, Lanka GKK, Chambers JP, Guentzel MN, Zhong G, Murthy AK, Arulanandam BP. Chlamydial protease-like activity factor mediated protection against C. trachomatis in guinea pigs. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:454-460. [PMID: 27990018 PMCID: PMC5449249 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have comprehensively demonstrated using the mouse model that intranasal immunization with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) leads to a significant reduction in bacterial burden, genital tract pathology and preserves fertility following intravaginal genital chlamydial challenge. In the present report, we evaluated the protective efficacy of rCPAF immunization in guinea pigs, a second animal model for genital chlamydial infection. Using a vaccination strategy similar to the mouse model, we intranasally immunized female guinea pigs with rCPAF plus CpG deoxynucleotides (CpG; as an adjuvant), and challenged intravaginally with C. trachomatis serovar D (CT-D). Immunization with rCPAF/CpG significantly reduced vaginal CT-D shedding and induced resolution of infection by day 24, compared to day 33 in CpG alone treated and challenged animals. Immunization induced robust anti-rCPAF serum IgG 2 weeks following the last immunization, and was sustained at a high level 4 weeks post challenge. Upregulation of antigen specific IFN-γ gene expression was observed in rCPAF/CpG vaccinated splenocytes. Importantly, a significant reduction in inflammation in the genital tissue in rCPAF/CpG-immunized guinea pigs compared to CpG-immunized animals was observed. Taken together, this study provides evidence of the protective efficacy of rCPAF as a vaccine candidate in a second animal model of genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rishein Gupta
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gopala Krishna Koundinya Lanka
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Manam S, Zafiratos MT, Cottrell JT, Henderson KK, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. TNF Receptor 2 on CD8+ T cells and TNF receptor 1 on non-CD8+ T cells Contribute Significantly to Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced Atherosclerosis. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.54.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia and has been associated with exacerbation of atherosclerosis. A role of TNF-α in Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) induced atherosclerosis has been reported previously; however, the relative contribution of the two cognate receptors of TNF-α, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 had not been studied. In the current study, C57BL/6J (WT) mice, TNFR1, TNFR2 and TNFR1/2 DKO mice were infected intranasally on days 0, 14 and 28 with 1 × 107 IFU of Cpn (AR39) and were fed a high fat (HF) diet throughout the experiment. One group of WT mice were mock infected with PBS as a control. All Cpn-infected KO mice displayed serum anti-Cpn antibody response, splenic cellular Cpn-specific IFN-γ and TNF-α response, and serum total cholesterol levels comparable to infected WT animals. On day 100 following infection, Cpn infected TNFR1, TNFR2 and TNFR1/2 DKO mice displayed significantly reduced atherosclerotic pathology compared to infected WT mice, and at levels comparable to mock-infected WT animals., suggesting that TNFR1 and TNFR2 play a significant role in Cpn-induced atherosclerosis. We demonstrated recently that CD8+ T cells induce Cpn-mediated atherosclerosis; therefore, we further investigated the role of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on CD8+ T cells in pathogenesis. TNFR2 KO mice, not TNFR1 KO mice, replete with WT CD8+ T cells displayed enhancement of atherosclerotic pathology to levels observed in Cpn-infected WT animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TNFR2 on CD8+ T cells and TNFR1 on non-CD8+ T cells contribute significantly to Chlamydia pneumoniae induced atherosclerosis.
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Lanka GKK, Yu JJ, Gong S, Gupta R, Mustafa SB, Murthy AK, Zhong G, Chambers JP, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. IgA modulates respiratory dysfunction as a sequela to pulmonary chlamydial infection as neonates. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftv121. [PMID: 26755533 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal Chlamydia lung infections are associated with serious sequelae such as asthma and airway hyper-reactivity in children and adults. Our previous studies demonstrated the importance of Th-1 type cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ in protection against neonatal pulmonary chlamydial challenge; however, the role of the humoral arm of defense has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that B-cells and IgA, the major mucosal antibody, play a protective role in newborns against development of later life respiratory sequelae to Chlamydia infection. Our studies using neonatal mice revealed that all WT and IgA-deficient (IgA(-/-)) animals survived a sublethal pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum challenge at one day after birth with similar reduction in bacterial burdens over time. In contrast, all B-cell-deficient (μMT) mice succumbed to infection at the same challenge dose correlating to failure to control bacterial burdens in the lungs. Although IgA may not be important for bacterial clearance, we observed IgA(-/-) mice displayed greater respiratory dysfunction 5 weeks post challenge. Specifically, comparative respiratory functional analyses revealed a significant shift upward in P-V loops, and higher dynamic resistance in IgA(-/-) animals. This study provides insight(s) into the protective role of IgA in neonates against pulmonary chlamydial infection induced respiratory pathological sequelae observed later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala Krishna Koundinya Lanka
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Siqi Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rishein Gupta
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shamimunisa B Mustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - James P Chambers
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - M Neal Guentzel
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Bernard P Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Abstract
Chlamydial infections lead to a number of clinically relevant diseases and induce significant morbidity in human populations. It is generally understood that certain components of the host immune response to infection also mediate such disease pathologies. A clear understanding of pathogenic mechanisms will enable us to devise better preventive and/or intervention strategies to mitigate the morbidity caused by these infections. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the immunopathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-induced diseases of the eye, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular systems. In this article, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by Chlamydia, animal models used to study disease pathology, and a historical context to the efforts to understand chlamydial pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of the adaptive immune response in the development of chlamydial disease sequelae. Finally, we summarize the key insights obtained from studies of chlamydial pathogenesis and avenues that remain to be explored in order to inform the next steps of vaccine development against chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Weidang Li
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
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Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a community-acquired bacterial pathogen that has been strongly associated with exacerbation of atherosclerosis. We evaluated the role of CD8(+) T cells in the C57BL/6J mouse model of C. pneumoniae-induced atherosclerosis. Groups of 4- to 6-week-old male wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) mice and mice with a gene deficiency in CD8α (CD8 KO mice) were infected with C. pneumoniae and fed a high fat (HF) diet. Serum antibody response and serum cholesterol were comparable between infected CD8 KO and WT mice. However, infected CD8 KO mice displayed significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque lesions on day 100 compared to infected WT mice, at a level comparable to both uninfected WT and CD8 KO mice fed the HF diet. Moreover, repletion of CD8 KO mice with WT CD8(+) T cells (1 × 10(7) cells/mouse intravenously) at the time of infection reverted atherosclerotic plaque lesions to WT levels. These results demonstrate that CD8(+) T cells play an important role in mediating C. pneumoniae-induced exacerbation of atherosclerotic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Zafiratos
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Srikanth Manam
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle K Henderson
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Gupta R, Wali S, Yu JJ, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Murthy AK, Bakar SA, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. In vivo whole animal body imaging reveals colonization of Chlamydia muridarum to the lower genital tract at early stages of infection. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:635-41. [PMID: 24723309 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial infection is Chlamydia trachomatis. The aim of this study is to investigate the early events in colonization of this bacterium within the murine genital tract. PROCEDURES An in vivo animal body imaging technology was used to track fluorophore labeled C. muridarum elementary bodies (EBs) inoculated intravaginally in C57BL/6 mice during the first 24 h of infection. RESULTS Ascension of viable EBs was observed (1) to be localized to the lower regions of the murine genital tract within the first 24 h post challenge and (2) was dose independent during this early exposure period. Molecular detection revealed enhanced bacterial load in lower regions of the genital tract with increasing bacterial load in the upper region beginning 12 h post inoculation. CONCLUSION This study provides additional insight into chlamydial colonization in the murine genital tract during the first 12-24 h following inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishein Gupta
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Disease and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
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Jasper DK, Sigar IM, Schripsema JH, Sainvil CK, Smith CL, Yeruva L, Rank RG, Murthy AK, Widder JR, Ramsey KH. Genomic variant representation in a Chlamydia population is dynamic and adaptive with dependence on in vitro and in vivo passage. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-12. [PMID: 25673672 PMCID: PMC4399565 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Chlamydia muridarum has multiple genomic variants that concomitantly vary in their in vitro and in vivo phenotype. Herein, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assays to query plaque-cloned isolates of C. muridarum for the frequency of eight selected polymorphisms. These strains had no history of passage in vivo since their original isolation from laboratory mice. There was significant variance in the frequency of two of the eight polymorphisms assessed with the remaining exhibiting a low rate of variance. To determine if any of these polymorphisms were more favorable for in vivo conditions, we blindly passaged non-clonal C. muridarum three times at 7-day intervals through the urogenital tract of mice. Seven of the eight polymorphisms varied in frequency following in vivo passage and four of these varied between C. muridarum strains. Selected isolates displayed variable growth rates and cytopathic effect in vitro. We conclude that multiple genotypic variants are present within the existing known C. muridarum strains and that the frequency of these variants changes upon introduction into the mouse host. These findings lend support to the concept that genotypic proportional representation in a chlamydial population is dynamic and adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana K Jasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Ira M Sigar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Justin H Schripsema
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Carlyn K Sainvil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Christopher L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Roger G Rank
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jared R Widder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College Of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Manam S, Thomas JD, Li W, Maladore A, Schripsema JH, Ramsey KH, Murthy AK. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor Superfamily Member 1b on CD8+ T Cells and TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 1a on Non-CD8+ T Cells Contribute Significantly to Upper Genital Tract Pathology Following Chlamydial Infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:2014-22. [PMID: 25552370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We demonstrated previously that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-producing Chlamydia-specific CD8(+) T cells cause oviduct pathological sequelae. METHODS In the current study, we used wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) mice with a deficiency in genes encoding TNF receptor superfamily member 1a (TNFR1; TNFR1 knockout [KO] mice), TNF receptor superfamily member 1b (TNFR2; TNFR2 KO mice), and both TNFR1 and TNFR2 (TNFR1/2 double KO [DKO] mice) and mix-match adoptive transfers of CD8(+) T cells to study chlamydial pathogenesis. RESULTS TNFR1 KO, TNFR2 KO, and TNFR1/2 DKO mice displayed comparable clearance of primary or secondary genital Chlamydia muridarum infection but significantly reduced oviduct pathology, compared with WT animals. The Chlamydia-specific total cellular cytokine response in splenic and draining lymph nodes and the antibody response in serum were comparable between the WT and KO animals. However, CD8(+) T cells from TNFR2 KO mice displayed significantly reduced activation (CD11a expression and cytokine production), compared with TNFR1 KO or WT animals. Repletion of TNFR2 KO mice with WT CD8(+) T cells but not with TNFR2 KO CD8(+) T cells and repletion of TNFR1 KO mice with either WT or TNFR1 KO CD8(+) T cells restored oviduct pathology to WT levels in both KO groups. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results demonstrate that TNFR2-bearing CD8(+) T cells and TNFR1-bearing non-CD8(+) T cells contribute significantly to oviduct pathology following genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Justin H Schripsema
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
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Wali S, Gupta R, Veselenak RL, Li Y, Yu JJ, Murthy AK, Cap AP, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Rank RG, Pyles RB, Arulanandam BP. Use of a Guinea pig-specific transcriptome array for evaluation of protective immunity against genital chlamydial infection following intranasal vaccination in Guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114261. [PMID: 25502875 PMCID: PMC4263467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs have been used as a second animal model to validate putative anti-chlamydial vaccine candidates tested in mice. However, the lack of guinea pig-specific reagents has limited the utility of this animal model in Chlamydia sp. vaccine studies. Using a novel guinea pig-specific transcriptome array, we determined correlates of protection in guinea pigs vaccinated with Chlamydia caviae (C. caviae) via the intranasal route, previously reported by us and others to provide robust antigen specific immunity against subsequent intravaginal challenge. C. caviae vaccinated guinea pigs resolved genital infection by day 3 post challenge. In contrast, mock vaccinated animals continued to shed viable Chlamydia up to day 18 post challenge. Importantly, at day 80 post challenge, vaccinated guinea pigs experienced significantly reduced genital pathology - a sequelae of genital chlamydial infections, in comparison to mock vaccinated guinea pigs. Sera from vaccinated guinea pigs displayed antigen specific IgG responses and increased IgG1 and IgG2 titers capable of neutralizing GPIC in vitro. Th1-cellular/inflammatory immune genes and Th2-humoral associated genes were also found to be elevated in vaccinated guinea pigs at day 3 post-challenge and correlated with early clearance of the bacterium. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of guinea pig-specific genes involved in anti-chlamydial vaccination and illustrates the enhancement of the utility of this animal model in chlamydial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Rishein Gupta
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Ronald L. Veselenak
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States of America
| | - Yansong Li
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT2, Building 3610/Room224-1, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, United States of America
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downer's Grove, Illinois, 60148, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT2, Building 3610/Room224-1, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7702 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States of America
| | - Roger G. Rank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
- * E-mail:
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Gupta R, Arkatkar T, Yu JJ, Wali S, Haskins WE, Chambers JP, Murthy AK, Bakar SA, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. Chlamydia muridarum infection associated host MicroRNAs in the murine genital tract and contribution to generation of host immune response. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 73:126-40. [PMID: 24976530 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the leading sexually transmitted bacterial infection in humans and is associated with reproductive tract damage. However, little is known about the involvement and regulation of microRNAs (miRs) in genital CT. METHODS We analyzed miRs in the genital tract (GT) following C. muridarum (murine strain of CT) challenge of wild type (WT) and CD4(+) T-cell deficient (CD4(-/-)) C57BL/6 mice at days 6 and 12 post-challenge. RESULTS At day 6, miRs significantly downregulated in the lower GT were miR-125b-5p, -16, -214, -23b, -135a, -182, -183, -30c, and -30e while -146 and -451 were significantly upregulated, profiles not exhibited at day 12 post-bacterial challenge. Significant differences in miR-125b-5p (+5.06-fold change), -135a (+4.9), -183 (+7.9), and -182 (+3.2) were observed in C. muridarum-infected CD4(-/-) compared to WT mice. In silico prediction and mass spectrometry revealed regulation of miR-135a and -182 and associated proteins, that is, heat-shock protein B1 and alpha-2HS-glycoprotein. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence on regulation of miRs following genital chlamydial infection suggesting a role in pathogenesis and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishein Gupta
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Li W, Murthy AK, Lanka GK, Chetty SL, Yu JJ, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Forsthuber TG, Guentzel MN, Arulanandam BP. A T cell epitope-based vaccine protects against chlamydial infection in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:5722-8. [PMID: 24096029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) has been shown to provide robust protection against genital Chlamydia infection. Adoptive transfer of IFN-γ competent CPAF-specific CD4⁺ T cells was sufficient to induce early resolution of chlamydial infection and reduction of subsequent pathology in recipient IFN-γ-deficient mice indicating the importance of IFN-γ secreting CD4⁺ T cells in host defense against Chlamydia. In this study, we identify CD4⁺ T cell reactive CPAF epitopes and characterize the activation of epitope-specific CD4⁺ T cells following antigen immunization or Chlamydia challenge. Using the HLA-DR4 (HLA-DRB1*0401) transgenic mouse for screening overlapping peptides that induced T cell IFN-γ production, we identified at least 5 CPAF T cell epitopes presented by the HLA-DR4 complex. Immunization of HLA-DR4 transgenic mice with a rCPAFep fusion protein containing these 5 epitopes induced a robust cell-mediated immune response and significantly accelerated the resolution of genital and pulmonary Chlamydia infection. rCPAFep vaccination induced CPAF-specific CD4⁺ T cells in the spleen were detected using HLA-DR4/CPAF-epitope tetramers. Additionally, CPAF-specific CD4⁺ clones could be detected in the mouse spleen following Chlamydia muridarum and a human Chlamydia trachomatis strain challenge using these novel tetramers. These results provide the first direct evidence that a novel CPAF epitope vaccine can provide protection and that HLA-DR4/CPAF-epitope tetramers can detect CPAF epitope-specific CD4⁺ T cells in HLA-DR4 mice following C. muridarum or C. trachomatis infection. Such tetramers could be a useful tool for monitoring CD4⁺ T cells in immunity to Chlamydia infection and in developing epitope-based human vaccines using the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center for Excellence in Infection Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States; Department of Pathology and Department of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States
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Evani SJ, Dallo SF, Murthy AK, Ramasubramanian AK. Shear Stress Enhances Chemokine Secretion from Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected Monocytes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 6:326-334. [PMID: 24505240 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that is considered a highly likely risk factor for atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae is disseminated from the lung into systemic circulation via infected monocytes and lodges at the atherosclerotic sites. During transit, C. pneumoniae-infected monocytes in circulation are subjected to shear stress due to blood flow. The effect of mechanical stimuli on infected monocytes is largely understudied in the context of C. pneumoniae infection and inflammation. We hypothesized that fluid shear stress alters the inflammatory response of C. pneumoniae-infected monocytes and contributes to immune cell recruitment to the site of tissue damage. Using an in vitro model of blood flow, we determined that a physiological shear stress of 7.5 dyn/cm2 for 1 h on C. pneumoniae-infected monocytes enhances the production of several chemokines, which in turn is correlated with the recruitment of significantly large number of monocytes. Taken together, these results suggest synergistic interaction between mechanical and chemical factors in C. pneumoniae infection and associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar J Evani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Shatha F Dallo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ashlesh K Murthy
- Departments of Pathology and Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Anand K Ramasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Manam S, Chaganty BKR, Evani SJ, Zafiratos MT, Ramasubramanian AK, Arulanandam BP, Murthy AK. Intranasal vaccination with Chlamydia pneumoniae induces cross-species immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum challenge in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64917. [PMID: 23741420 PMCID: PMC3669087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the world and specifically in the United States, with the highest incidence in age-groups 14-19 years. In a subset of females, the C. trachomatis genital infection leads to serious pathological sequelae including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Chlamydia pneumoniae, another member of the same genus, is a common cause of community acquired respiratory infection with significant number of children aged 5-14 yr displaying sero-conversion. Since these bacteriae share several antigenic determinants, we evaluated whether intranasal immunization with live C. pneumoniae (1×10(6) inclusion forming units; IFU) in 5 week old female C57BL/6 mice would induce cross-species protection against subsequent intravaginal challenge with Chlamydia muridarum (5×10(4) IFU), which causes a similar genital infection and pathology in mice as C. trachomatis in humans. Mice vaccinated intranasally with live C. pneumoniae, but not mock (PBS) immunized animals, displayed high levels of splenic cellular antigen-specific IFN-γ production and serum antibody response against C. muridarum and C. trachomatis. Mice vaccinated with C. pneumoniae displayed a significant reduction in the vaginal C. muridarum shedding as early as day 12 after secondary i.vag. challenge compared to PBS (mock) immunized mice. At day 19 after C. muridarum challenge, 100% of C. pneumoniae vaccinated mice had cleared the infection compared to none (0%) of the mock immunized mice, which cleared the infection by day 27. At day 80 after C. muridarum challenge, C. pneumoniae vaccinated mice displayed a significant reduction in the incidence (50%) and degree of hydrosalpinx compared to mock immunized animals (100%). These results suggest that respiratory C. pneumoniae infection induces accelerated chlamydial clearance and reduction of oviduct pathology following genital C. muridarum challenge, and may have important implications to the C. trachomatis-induced reproductive disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Manam
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bharat K. R. Chaganty
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shankar Jaikishan Evani
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Zafiratos
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anand K. Ramasubramanian
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kamalakaran S, Chaganty BKR, Gupta R, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Murthy AK, Arulanandam BP. Vaginal chlamydial clearance following primary or secondary infection in mice occurs independently of TNF-α. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:11. [PMID: 23483844 PMCID: PMC3593625 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of TNF-α in chlamydial clearance is uncertain. Antibody-mediated depletion of TNF-α in mice and guinea pigs has been shown not to significantly affect chlamydial clearance, whereas production of TNF-α in addition to IFN-γ from T cells has been shown to correlate with enhanced clearance. The aim of our study is to evaluate the mechanistic role of TNF-α in clearance of primary and secondary chlamydial infection from the genital tract (GT) using C57BL/6 TNF-α deficient (TNF-α−/−) and wild type (WT) mice. Chlamydial shedding from the lower GT was evaluated following primary and secondary intravaginal challenge. Also, antibody and antigen specific cytokine responses were analyzed from the infected GT and spleens, and oviduct pathology determined to analyze the role of TNF-α in upper GT pathological sequelae. MHC II−/− mice, known to display muted adaptive immune responses and failure to resolve genital chlamydial infections, were used as a negative control. Following both primary and secondary genital chlamydial infection, TNF-α−/− mice exhibited elevated granzyme B production, but similar IFN-γ and antibody responses. Importantly, absence of TNF-α did not significantly alter the resolution of infection. However, TNF-α−/− mice displayed significantly reduced upper genital tract (UGT) pathology compared to WT mice. This study demonstrates mechanistically that optimal chlamydial clearance following primary and secondary chlamydial genital infection can occur in the complete absence of TNF-α, and considered with the reduction of upper GT pathology in TNF-α−/− mice, suggests that targeted induction of anti-chlamydial TNF-α responses by vaccination may be unnecessary, and moreover could be potentially pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangamithra Kamalakaran
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Manam S, Nicholson BJ, Murthy AK. OT-1 mice display minimal upper genital tract pathology following primary intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum infection. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:221-4. [PMID: 23620186 PMCID: PMC3641702 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide and leads to serious pathological sequelae in the upper genital tract (UGT) including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Several components of the host immune responses have been shown to contribute to the UGT pathology following genital chlamydial infection. We have shown recently that CD8(+) T cells induce the chlamydial UGT pathology via the production of TNF-α. However, those studies did not determine whether the pathology is mediated by bystander or antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we compared chlamydial clearance and UGT pathology in OT-1 transgenic mice and the corresponding C57BL/6J wild-type mice following primary intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum infection. All CD8(+) T cells in the OT-1 mice respond only to the Ova 257-264 peptide and are incapable of responding to other antigenic epitopes including those of Chlamydia. OT-1 mice displayed vaginal chlamydial clearance comparable to the wild-type animals. However, both oviduct and uterine horn pathology were minimal in the OT-1 mice compared with the high degree of pathology observed in the wild-type animals. These results strongly suggest that Chlamydia-specific, not bystander, CD8(+) T cells mediate the UGT pathological sequelae following genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Manam
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Li W, Murthy AK, Chaganty BKR, Guentzel MN, Seshu J, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Immunization with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor induces protective immunity against genital chlamydiamuridarum challenge. Front Immunol 2011; 2:73. [PMID: 22566862 PMCID: PMC3342055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that immunization with soluble recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) and a T helper 1 type adjuvant can induce significantly enhanced bacterial clearance and protection against Chlamydia-induced pathological sequelae in the genital tract. In this study, we investigated the use of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) pulsed ex vivo with rCPAF + CpG in an adoptive subcutaneous immunization for the ability to induce protective immunity against genital chlamydial infection. We found that BMDCs pulsed with rCPAF + CpG efficiently up-regulated the expression of activation markers CD86, CD80, CD40, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), and secreted interleukin-12, but not IL-10 and IL-4. Mice adoptively immunized with rCPAF + CpG-pulsed BMDCs or UV-EB + CpG-pulsed BMDCs produced elevated levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ and enhanced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Moreover, mice immunized with rCPAF + CpG-pulsed BMDCs or UV-EB + CpG-pulsed BMDCs exhibited significantly reduced genital Chlamydia shedding, accelerated resolution of infection, and reduced oviduct pathology when compared to infected mock-immunized animals. These results suggest that adoptive subcutaneous immunization with ex vivo rCPAF-pulsed BMDCs is an effective approach, comparable to that induced by UV-EB–BMDCs, for inducing robust anti-Chlamydia immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
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Thathiah P, Sanapala S, Rodriguez AR, Yu JJ, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Forsthuber TG, Chambers JP, Arulanandam BP. Non-FcεR bearing mast cells secrete sufficient interleukin-4 to control Francisella tularensis replication within macrophages. Cytokine 2011; 55:211-20. [PMID: 21565523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells have classically been implicated in the triggering of allergic and anaphylactic reactions. However, recent findings have elucidated the ability of these cells to selectively release a variety of cytokines leading to bacterial clearance through neutrophil and dendritic cell mobilization, and suggest an important role in innate host defenses. Our laboratory has established a primary bone marrow derived mast cell-macrophage co-culture system and found that mast cells mediated a significant inhibition of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) uptake and replication within macrophages through contact and the secreted product interleukin-4 (IL-4). In this study, we utilized P815 mast cells and J774 macrophages to further investigate whether mast cell activation by non-FcεR driven signals could produce IL-4 and control intramacrophage LVS replication. P815 supernatants collected upon activation by the mast cell activating peptide MP7, as well as P815 cells co-cultured with J774 macrophages, exhibited marked inhibition of bacterial uptake and replication, which correlated with the production of IL-4. The inhibition noted in vitro was titratable and preserved at ratios relevant to cellular infiltration events following pulmonary challenge. Collectively, our data suggest that both primary mast cell and P815 mast cell (lacking FcεR) secreted IL-4 can control intramacrophage Francisella replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prea Thathiah
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Nallaparaju KC, Yu JJ, Rodriguez SA, Zogaj X, Manam S, Guentzel MN, Seshu J, Murthy AK, Chambers JP, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. Evasion of IFN-γ signaling by Francisella novicida is dependent upon Francisella outer membrane protein C. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18201. [PMID: 21483828 PMCID: PMC3069069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of the lethal disease tularemia. An outer membrane protein (FTT0918) of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis has been identified as a virulence factor. We generated a F. novicida (F. tularensis subsp. novicida) FTN_0444 (homolog of FTT0918) fopC mutant to study the virulence-associated mechanism(s) of FTT0918. Methods and Findings The ΔfopC strain phenotype was characterized using immunological and biochemical assays. Attenuated virulence via the pulmonary route in wildtype C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, as well as in knockout (KO) mice, including MHC I, MHC II, and µmT (B cell deficient), but not in IFN-γ or IFN-γR KO mice was observed. Primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) prepared from C57BL/6 mice treated with rIFN-γ exhibited greater inhibition of intracellular ΔfopC than wildtype U112 strain replication; whereas, IFN-γR KO macrophages showed no IFN-γ-dependent inhibition of ΔfopC replication. Moreover, phosphorylation of STAT1 was downregulated by the wildtype strain, but not the fopC mutant, in rIFN-γ treated macrophages. Addition of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, an NOS inhibitor, led to an increase of ΔfopC replication to that seen in the BMDM unstimulated with rIFN-γ. Enzymatic screening of ΔfopC revealed aberrant acid phosphatase activity and localization. Furthermore, a greater abundance of different proteins in the culture supernatants of ΔfopC than that in the wildtype U112 strain was observed. Conclusions F. novicida FopC protein facilitates evasion of IFN-γ-mediated immune defense(s) by down-regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation and nitric oxide production, thereby promoting virulence. Additionally, the FopC protein also may play a role in maintaining outer membrane stability (integrity) facilitating the activity and localization of acid phosphatases and other F. novicida cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C. Nallaparaju
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Rodriguez
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xhavit Zogaj
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Srikanth Manam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janakiram Seshu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez AR, Yu JJ, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Klose KE, Forsthuber TG, Chambers JP, Berton MT, Arulanandam BP. Mast cell/IL-4 control of Francisella tularensis replication and host cell death is associated with increased ATP production and phagosomal acidification. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:217-26. [PMID: 20861832 PMCID: PMC3040285 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as effective modulators of innate immunity. We recently reported that mast cells and secreted interleukin-4 (IL-4) effectively control intramacrophage replication of Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS), and that mice deficient in mast cells or IL-4 receptor (IL-4R(-/-)) exhibit greater susceptibility to pulmonary challenge. In this study, we further evaluated the mechanism(s) by which mast cells/IL-4 control intramacrophage bacterial replication and host cell death, and found that IL-4R(-/-) mice exhibited significantly greater induction of active caspase-3 within lung macrophages than wild-type animals following intranasal challenge with either LVS or the human virulent type A strain SCHU S4. Treatment of LVS-infected bone-marrow-derived macrophages with a pancaspase inhibitor (zVAD) did not alter bacterial replication, but minimized active caspase-3 and other markers (Annexin V and propidium iodide) of cell death, whereas treatment with both rIL-4 and zVAD resulted in concomitant reduction of both parameters, suggesting that inhibition of bacterial replication by IL-4 was independent of caspase activation. Interestingly, IL-4-treated infected macrophages exhibited significantly increased ATP production and phagolysosomal acidification, as well as enhanced mannose receptor upregulation and increased internalization with acidification, which correlated with observations in mast cell-macrophage co-cultures, with resultant decreases in F. tularensis replication.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis
- Animals
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Francisella tularensis/growth & development
- Francisella tularensis/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Organelles/chemistry
- Organelles/microbiology
- Phagosomes/chemistry
- Phagosomes/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tularemia/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette R. Rodriguez
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
| | - Michael T. Berton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229; USA
| | - Bernard. P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249; USA
- Corresponding author: Bernard Arulanandam, Ph.D., South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249. Phone: (210) 458-5492; Fax: (210) 458-5523;
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Murthy AK, Chaganty BKR, Troutman T, Guentzel MN, Yu JJ, Ali SK, Lauriano CM, Chambers JP, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. Mannose-containing oligosaccharides of non-specific human secretory immunoglobulin A mediate inhibition of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16847. [PMID: 21347387 PMCID: PMC3036728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of antigen-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) has been studied extensively, whereas there is a limited body of evidence regarding the contribution of non-specific SIgA to innate immune defenses against invading pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the effects of non-specific SIgA against infection with Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 and biofilm formation. Seven day old infant mice deficient in IgA (IgA-/- mice) displayed significantly greater intestinal MO10 burden at 24 hr post-challenge when compared to IgA+/+ pups. Importantly, cross-fostering of IgA-/- pups with IgA+/+ nursing dams reversed the greater susceptibility to MO10 infection, suggesting a role for non-specific SIgA in protection against the infection. Since biofilm formation is associated with virulence of MO10, we further examined the role of human non-specific SIgA on this virulence phenotype of the pathogen. Human non-specific SIgA, in a dose-dependent fashion, significantly reduced the biofilm formation by MO10 without affecting the viability of the bacterium. Such an inhibitory effect was not induced by human serum IgA, IgG, or IgM, suggesting a role for the oligosaccharide-rich secretory component (SC) of SIgA. This was supported by the demonstration that SIgA treated with endoglycosidase H, to cleave the high-mannose containing terminal chitobiose residues, did not induce a reduction in biofilm formation by MO10. Furthermore, the addition of free mannose per se, across a wide dose range, induced significant reduction in MO10 biofilm formation. Collectively, these results suggest that mannose containing oligosacchardies within human non-specific secretory IgA can alter important virulence phenotypes of Vibrio cholerae such as biofilm formation, without affecting viability of the microorganism. Such effects may contribute significantly to innate immune defenses against invading pathogens in vivo in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bharat K. R. Chaganty
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ty Troutman
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Syed Khalid Ali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Crystal M. Lauriano
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Murthy AK, Li W, Guentzel MN, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Vaccination with the defined chlamydial secreted protein CPAF induces robust protection against female infertility following repeated genital chlamydial challenge. Vaccine 2011; 29:2519-22. [PMID: 21300093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously have shown the efficacy of recombinant (r) chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) vaccination against hydrosalpinx development following primary genital chlamydial challenge. In this study, we evaluated further the protection induced by rCPAF vaccination against infertility. Following primary challenge, fertility levels were not significantly different between the mock- and CPAF-vaccinated and Chlamydia alone challenged mice. However, following secondary genital chlamydial challenge, mock (PBS) immunized mice displayed a significant reduction of fertility compared to age-matched naïve mice, while mice vaccinated intranasally with rCPAF+CpG displayed significant prevention of infertility. These results suggest that hydrosalpinx may be a reliable indicator of impending infertility, and that rCPAF is a promising candidate to prevent infertility resulting from repeated genital chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Evani SJ, Murthy AK, Mareedu N, Montgomery RK, Arulanandam BP, Ramasubramanian AK. Hydrodynamic regulation of monocyte inflammatory response to an intracellular pathogen. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14492. [PMID: 21249123 PMCID: PMC3017540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic bacterial infections elicit inflammatory response that promotes acute or chronic complications such as sepsis, arthritis or atherosclerosis. Of interest, cells in circulation experience hydrodynamic shear forces, which have been shown to be a potent regulator of cellular function in the vasculature and play an important role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. In this study, we have examined the effect of shear forces due to blood flow in modulating the inflammatory response of cells to infection. Using an in vitro model, we analyzed the effects of physiological levels of shear stress on the inflammatory response of monocytes infected with chlamydia, an intracellular pathogen which causes bronchitis and is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. We found that chlamydial infection alters the morphology of monocytes and trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-6. We also found that the exposure of chlamydia-infected monocytes to short durations of arterial shear stress significantly enhances the secretion of cytokines in a time-dependent manner and the expression of surface adhesion molecule ICAM-1. As a functional consequence, infection and shear stress increased monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells under flow and in the activation and aggregation of platelets. Overall, our study demonstrates that shear stress enhances the inflammatory response of monocytes to infection, suggesting that mechanical forces may contribute to disease pathophysiology. These results provide a novel perspective on our understanding of systemic infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar J Evani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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39
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Jupelli M, Selby DM, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Forsthuber TG, Zhong G, Murthy AK, Arulanandam BP. The contribution of interleukin-12/interferon-gamma axis in protection against neonatal pulmonary Chlamydia muridarum challenge. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:407-15. [PMID: 20187773 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia has been associated with respiratory sequelae in later life. We recently established a mouse model of neonatal pulmonary Chlamydia muridaum infection and found an important contribution of IFN-gamma to protective immunity. In this study, we further characterized the role of Th1-type cytokines; IL-12, IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma signaling using mice genetically deficient in IL-12, IFN-gamma, or IFN-gamma receptor 1. All 3 knockout (KO) mice challenged intranasally with C. muridarum 1 day after birth exhibited 100% mortality by day 17 post-challenge whereas wild-type (WT) animals survived the monitoring period of 1 month. The KO mice exhibited greater lung bacterial burdens and enhanced dissemination to the liver, compared to WT animals. The inflammatory cellular infiltration in C. muridarum-challenged KO animals was significantly reduced in the lungs, but markedly enhanced in the livers of the KO mice compared to similarly challenged WT mice. It was also found that a deficiency in IL-12 or IFN-gamma resulted in correspondingly reduced IFN-gamma or IL-12 production, respectively, suggesting an intricate interdependence in the induction of these cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that the IL-12/ IFN-gamma axis induces pulmonary cellular infiltration, induces bacterial clearance from the lung, reduces dissemination to other organs, and promotes the survival of the host during neonatal pulmonary chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Jupelli
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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40
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Ray HJ, Chu P, Wu TH, Lyons CR, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. The Fischer 344 rat reflects human susceptibility to francisella pulmonary challenge and provides a new platform for virulence and protection studies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9952. [PMID: 20376351 PMCID: PMC2848594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, has been primarily characterized in mice. However, the high degree of sensitivity of mice to bacterial challenge, especially with the human virulent strains of F. tularensis, limits this animal model for screening of defined attenuated vaccine candidates for protection studies. Methods and Findings We analyzed the susceptibility of the Fischer 344 rat to pulmonary (intratracheal) challenge with three different subspecies (subsp) of F. tularensis that reflect different levels of virulence in humans, and characterized the bacterial replication profile in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). In contrast to the mouse, Fischer 344 rats exhibit a broader range of sensitivity to pulmonary challenge with the human virulent subsp. tularensis and holarctica. Unlike mice, Fischer rats exhibited a high degree of resistance to pulmonary challenge with LVS (an attenuated derivative of subsp. holarctica) and subsp. novicida. Within BMDM, subsp. tularensis and LVS showed minimal replication, subsp. novicida showed marginal replication, and subsp. holartica replicated robustly. The limited intramacrophage replication of subsp. tularensis and novicida strains was correlated with the induction of nitric oxide production. Importantly, Fischer 344 rats that survived pulmonary infection with subsp. novicida were markedly protected against subsequent pulmonary challenge with subsp. tularensis, suggesting that subsp. novicida may be a useful platform for the development of vaccines against subsp. tularensis. Conclusions The Fischer 344 rat exhibits similar sensitivity to F. tularensis strains as that reported for humans, and thus the Fischer 344 ray may serve as a better animal model for tularemia vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Ray
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ping Chu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry H. Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - C. Rick Lyons
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunity, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karl E. Klose
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaganty BKR, Murthy AK, Evani SJ, Li W, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Heat denatured enzymatically inactive recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor induces robust protective immunity against genital chlamydial challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:2323-9. [PMID: 20056182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF) plus interleukin-12 as an adjuvant induces robust protective immunity against primary genital Chlamydia muridarum challenge in mice. Since CPAF is a protease, we compared the effects of enzymatically active and inactive (heat denatured) rCPAF to determine whether proteolytic activity is expendable for the induction of protective immunity against chlamydial challenge. Active, but not inactive, rCPAF immunization induced high levels of anti-active CPAF antibody, whereas both induced robust splenic CPAF-specific IFN-gamma production. Vaccination with active or inactive rCPAF induced enhanced vaginal chlamydial clearance as early as day 6 with complete resolution of infection by day 18, compared to day 30 in mock-vaccinated and challenged animals. Importantly, significant and comparable reductions in oviduct pathology were observed in active and inactive rCPAF-vaccinated mice compared to mock-vaccinated animals. Thus, rCPAF induced anti-chlamydial immunity is largely independent of enzymatic activity and secondary or higher order protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat K R Chaganty
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Chlamydial protease-like activity factor--insights into immunity and vaccine development. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:179-84. [PMID: 19853923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular pathogen that remains the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide, despite the availability of efficacious antimicrobial therapy. Given that chlamydial infections cause severe pathological sequelae in the upper genital tract, a licensed vaccine to prevent infection and disease would be an ideal solution. Chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) is a protein secreted in considerable amounts into the cytosol of infected cells and released into the extracellular milieu upon cellular lysis, which therefore is accessible to the host immune system. This is further substantiated by the observation that CPAF is immunodominant among other antigens in Chlamydia sero-positive humans. The efficacy of vaccination with CPAF against genital chlamydial challenge has been evaluated extensively in the murine model. This review will discuss important insights into the potential of CPAF as a component of an anti-chlamydial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Murthy AK, Chaganty BKR, Li W, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Seshu J, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. A limited role for antibody in protective immunity induced by rCPAF and CpG vaccination against primary genital Chlamydia muridarum challenge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 55:271-9. [PMID: 19281569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in B cells (micromT mice) were used to evaluate the role of antibody in enhanced chlamydial clearance and reduction of pathology afforded by vaccination with recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF). Enhanced, but comparable, chlamydial clearance was observed in micromT and wild-type (WT) mice after rCPAF+CpG vaccination. Chlamydia-induced pathology was present in mock-immunized animals, but at significantly greater levels in micromT than WT mice, whereas vaccinated micromT and WT mice exhibited similar reductions in pathology. Thus, antibodies may play a role in protection against chlamydial pathology after primary infection, but were largely dispensable in rCPAF+CpG-induced chlamydial clearance and reduction in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249, USA
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Doody RS, Ferris SH, Salloway S, Sun Y, Goldman R, Watkins WE, Xu Y, Murthy AK. Donepezil treatment of patients with MCI: a 48-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2009; 72:1555-61. [PMID: 19176895 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000344650.95823.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with cholinesterase inhibitors may improve symptoms. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, subjects with MCI entered a 3-week placebo run-in period followed by 48 weeks of double-blind donepezil (5 mg/day for 6 weeks, then 10 mg/day for 42 weeks) or placebo treatment. Primary efficacy variables included change from baseline in the modified Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-sum of boxes (CDR-SB) after 48 weeks of treatment (modified intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary efficacy measures evaluated cognition, behavior, and function. RESULTS The dual primary efficacy endpoint was not reached. We noted a small, but significant, decrease in modified ADAS-Cog scores in favor of donepezil at study endpoint. Little change from baseline in CDR-SB and secondary variables was observed for either group. Patient Global Assessment scores favored donepezil at all time points except week 12 (p < or = 0.05). Perceived Deficits Questionnaire scores favored donepezil at week 24 (p = 0.05). Clinical Global Impression of Change-MCI scores favored donepezil only at week 6 (p = 0.04). Adverse events were generally mild or moderate. More donepezil-treated subjects (18.4%) discontinued treatment due to adverse events than placebo-treated subjects (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS Donepezil demonstrated small but significant improvement on the primary measure of cognition but there was no change on the primary measure of global function. Most other measures of global impairment, cognition, and function were not improved, possibly because these measures are insensitive to change in MCI. Responses on subjective measures suggest subjects perceived benefits with donepezil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Doody
- Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Li W, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Seshu J, Forsthuber TG, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produce sufficient IFN-gamma to mediate robust protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection. J Immunol 2008; 180:3375-82. [PMID: 18292563 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia has been shown to evade host-specific IFN-gamma-mediated bacterial killing; however, IFN-gamma-deficient mice exhibit suboptimal late phase vaginal Chlamydia muridarum clearance, greater dissemination, and oviduct pathology. These findings introduce constraints in understanding results from murine chlamydial vaccination studies in context of potential implications to humans. In this study, we used mice deficient in either IFN-gamma or the IFN-gamma receptor for intranasal vaccination with a defined secreted chlamydial Ag, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), plus CpG and examined the role of IFN-gamma derived from adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in protective immunity against genital C. muridarum infection. We found that early Ag-specific IFN-gamma induction and CD4+ T cell infiltration correlates with the onset of genital chlamydial clearance. Adoptively transferred IFN-gamma competent CPAF-specific CD4+ T cells failed to enhance the resolution of genital chlamydial infection within recipient IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice. Conversely, IFN-gamma production from adoptively transferred CPAF-specific CD4+ T cells was sufficient in IFN-gamma-deficient mice to induce early resolution of infection and reduction of subsequent pathology. These results provide the first direct evidence that enhanced anti-C. muridarum protective immunity induced by Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is dependent upon IFN-gamma signaling and that such cells produce sufficient IFN-gamma to mediate the protective effects. Additionally, MHC class II pathway was sufficient for induction of robust protective anti-C. muridarum immunity. Thus, targeting soluble candidate Ags via MHC class II to CD4+ T cells may be a viable vaccine strategy to induce optimal IFN-gamma production for effective protective immunity against human genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidang Li
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Jupelli M, Guentzel MN, Meier PA, Zhong G, Murthy AK, Arulanandam BP. Endogenous IFN-gamma production is induced and required for protective immunity against pulmonary chlamydial infection in neonatal mice. J Immunol 2008; 180:4148-55. [PMID: 18322226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis infection in neonates, not adults, has been associated with the development of chronic respiratory sequelae. Adult chlamydial infections induce Th1-type responses that subsequently clear the infection, whereas the neonatal immune milieu in general has been reported to be biased toward Th2-type responses. We examined the protective immune responses against intranasal Chlamydia muridarum challenge in 1-day-old C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Infected C57BL/6 pups displayed earlier chlamydial clearance (day 14) compared with BALB/c pups (day 21). However, challenged C57BL/6 pups exhibited prolonged deficits in body weight gain (days 12-30) compared with BALB/c pups (days 9-12), which correlated with continual pulmonary cellular infiltration. Both strains exhibited a robust Th1-type response, including elevated titers of serum antichlamydial IgG2a and IgG2b, not IgG1, and elevated levels of splenic C. muridarum-specific IFN-gamma, not IL-4, production. Additionally, elevated IFN-gamma, not IL-4 expression, was observed locally in the infected lungs of both mouse strains. The immune responses in C57BL/6 pups were significantly greater compared with BALB/c pups after chlamydial challenge. Importantly, infected mice deficient in IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma receptor demonstrated enhanced chlamydial dissemination, and 100% of animals died by 2 wk postchallenge. Collectively, these results indicate that neonatal pulmonary chlamydial infection induces a robust Th1-type response, with elevated pulmonary IFN-gamma production, and that endogenous IFN-gamma is important in protection against this infection. The enhanced IFN-gamma induction in the immature neonatal lung also may be relevant to the development of respiratory sequelae in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Jupelli
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Yu JJ, Raulie EK, Murthy AK, Guentzel MN, Klose KE, Arulanandam BP. The presence of infectious extracellular Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida in murine plasma after pulmonary challenge. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 27:323-5. [PMID: 18087734 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J-J Yu
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Cong Y, Jupelli M, Guentzel MN, Zhong G, Murthy AK, Arulanandam BP. Intranasal immunization with chlamydial protease-like activity factor and CpG deoxynucleotides enhances protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection. Vaccine 2007; 25:3773-80. [PMID: 17349723 PMCID: PMC2757645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) enhances protective immunity against genital chlamydial challenge. In this study, we show that i.n. or intraperitoneal (i.p.) vaccination with CPAF plus CpG deoxynucleotides (CpG), an alternative T helper 1 (Th1) adjuvant, induced robust CPAF-specific IFN-gamma responses and elevated levels of serum antibody and vaginal IgA production. CPAF+CpG vaccinated animals displayed accelerated genital chlamydial clearance, and minimal hydrosalpinx and inflammatory cellular infiltration compared to mock-immunized (PBS) challenged animals. Together, CpG dexoynucleotides are an efficacious alternative Th1 adjuvant with CPAF to induce protective anti-chlamydial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
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Murthy AK, Chambers JP, Meier PA, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. Intranasal vaccination with a secreted chlamydial protein enhances resolution of genital Chlamydia muridarum infection, protects against oviduct pathology, and is highly dependent upon endogenous gamma interferon production. Infect Immun 2006; 75:666-76. [PMID: 17118987 PMCID: PMC1828486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01280-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no licensed vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide. Conventional vaccination attempts using surface-exposed chlamydial antigens have achieved only partial success. We have employed a novel vaccination strategy using a secreted protein, chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF), which has been shown to degrade host major histocompatibility complex transcription factors and keratin-8 and therefore may allow immune evasion and establishment of a productive infection. Intranasal immunization using recombinant CPAF (rCPAF) plus interleukin-12 (IL-12) (rCPAF+IL-12 immunization) was used to assess the protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection in BALB/c mice. rCPAF+IL-12 immunization induced robust gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production and minimal IL-4 production by splenocytes upon in vitro recall with rCPAF. The total and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) anti-rCPAF antibody levels in serum were significantly elevated after rCPAF+IL-12 vaccination, as were the total antibody, IgG2a, and IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and vaginal fluids when the animals were compared to animals that received rCPAF alone. rCPAF+IL-12-vaccinated mice displayed significantly reduced bacterial shedding upon chlamydial challenge and accelerated resolution of infection compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals. Moreover, rCPAF+IL-12-immunized animals exhibited protection against pathological consequences of chlamydial infection, including the development of hydrosalpinx and oviduct dilatation. This vaccination regimen also reduced the development of fibrosis and the influx of neutrophils into the upper genital tract when the animals were compared to mock-immunized (phosphate-buffered saline) animals after bacterial challenge. rCPAF+IL-12-mediated resolution of the bacterial infection and protection against Chlamydia-induced inflammatory disease were highly dependent on endogenous IFN-gamma production. Together, these results demonstrate that secreted chlamydial antigens may be novel vaccine candidates to induce protective immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Chlamydia Infections/immunology
- Chlamydia Infections/pathology
- Chlamydia muridarum/immunology
- Chlamydia muridarum/isolation & purification
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Fallopian Tubes/pathology
- Female
- Genital Diseases, Female/immunology
- Genital Diseases, Female/microbiology
- Genital Diseases, Female/pathology
- Genital Diseases, Female/therapy
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vagina/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900N Loop 1604W, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Murphey C, Murthy AK, Meier PA, Guentzel MN, Zhong G, Arulanandam BP. The protective efficacy of chlamydial protease-like activity factor vaccination is dependent upon CD4+ T cells. Cell Immunol 2006; 242:110-7. [PMID: 17116296 PMCID: PMC1885537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously determined the protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination with chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) against genital chlamydial infection. Since T-helper 1 (Th1) responses are important for anti-chlamydial immunity, we examined the contribution of CD4(+) T cells in CPAF mediated immunity against intravaginal (i.vag.) Chlamydia muridarum infection in C57BL/6 mice. CPAF+IL-12 vaccination induced antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that secreted elevated levels of IFN-gamma, and generated strong humoral responses. The protective effects of CPAF vaccination against genital chlamydial challenge were abrogated by anti-CD4 neutralizing antibody treatment. Moreover, anti-chlamydial immunity could be adoptively transferred to naïve recipients using CPAF-specific CD4(+) T cells. Therefore, CPAF mediated anti-chlamydial immunity is highly dependent upon antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathi Murphey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Patricia A. Meier
- Department of Pathology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78236
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
- Corresponding Author: Bernard Arulanandam, Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900N Loop 1604W, San Antonio, TX 78249 ; Ph: (210) 458-5492; Fax: (210) 458-5523
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