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On the Anti-Cancer Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and the Possible Role of Catalase-Dependent Apoptotic Pathways. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102330. [PMID: 33096638 PMCID: PMC7589812 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising new agent for (selective) cancer treatment, but the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP is not well understood yet. Among different theories and observations, one theory in particular has been postulated in great detail and consists of a very complex network of reactions that are claimed to account for the anti-cancer effect of CAP. Here, the key concept is a reactivation of two specific apoptotic cell signaling pathways through catalase inactivation caused by CAP. Thus, it is postulated that the anti-cancer effect of CAP is due to its ability to inactivate catalase, either directly or indirectly. A theoretical investigation of the proposed theory, especially the role of catalase inactivation, can contribute to the understanding of the underlying cause of the anti-cancer effect of CAP. In the present study, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the proposed catalase-dependent anti-cancer effect of CAP. Our results show that a catalase-dependent reactivation of the two apoptotic pathways of interest is unlikely to contribute to the observed anti-cancer effect of CAP. Thus, we believe that other theories of the underlying cause should be considered and evaluated to gain knowledge about the principles of CAP-induced cancer cell death.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a radical that is used as an attack molecule by immune cells. NO can interact and damage a range of biomolecules, and the biological outcome for bacteria assaulted with NO will be governed by how the radical distributes within their biochemical reaction networks. Measurement of those NO fluxes is complicated by the low abundance and transience of many of its reaction products. To overcome this challenge, we use computational modeling to translate measurements of several biochemical species (e.g., NO, O2, NO2-) into NO flux distributions. In this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol, which includes experimental measurements and computational modeling, to estimate the NO flux distribution in an Escherichia coli culture. Those fluxes will have uncertainty associated with them and we also discuss how further experiments and modeling can be employed for flux refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuanqing Wan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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3
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Modifying the Tumour Microenvironment: Challenges and Future Perspectives for Anticancer Plasma Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121920. [PMID: 31810265 PMCID: PMC6966454 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumours are complex systems formed by cellular (malignant, immune, and endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and acellular components (extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents and secreted factors). A close interplay between these factors, collectively called the tumour microenvironment, is required to respond appropriately to external cues and to determine the treatment outcome. Cold plasma (here referred as ‘plasma’) is an emerging anticancer technology that generates a unique cocktail of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to eliminate cancerous cells via multiple mechanisms of action. While plasma is currently regarded as a local therapy, it can also modulate the mechanisms of cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM communication, which could facilitate the propagation of its effect in tissue and distant sites. However, it is still largely unknown how the physical interactions occurring between cells and/or the ECM in the tumour microenvironment affect the plasma therapy outcome. In this review, we discuss the effect of plasma on cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM communication in the context of the tumour microenvironment and suggest new avenues of research to advance our knowledge in the field. Furthermore, we revise the relevant state-of-the-art in three-dimensional in vitro models that could be used to analyse cell-to-cell and cell-to-ECM communication and further strengthen our understanding of the effect of plasma in solid tumours.
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4
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Grimm EA. Immunology Comes Full Circle in Melanoma While Specific Immunity Is Unleashed to Eliminate Metastatic Disease, Inflammatory Products of Innate Immunity Promote Resistance. Crit Rev Oncog 2017; 21:57-63. [PMID: 27481002 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2016016901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma and many other cancers often express cells and molecular features of inflammation. Intrinsic to melanoma is the expression of a continuous cycle of cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The oxidative stress of inflammation is proposed to drive a metastatic process, not only of DNA adducts and crosslinks, but also of posttranslational oxidative modifications to lipids and proteins that we argue support growth and survival. Fortunately, numerous antioxidant agents are available clinically and we further propose that the pharmacological attenuation of these inflammatory processes, particularly the reactive nitrogen species, will restore the cancer cells to an apoptosis-permissive and growth-inhibitory state. Experimental model data using a small-molecule arginine antagonist that prevents enzymatic production of nitric oxide supports this view directly. I propose that the recognition, measurement, and regulation of such carcinogenic inflammation be considered as part of the approach to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grimm
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Avenue, Mail Unit 421, Room FC 11.2048, Houston, TX 77030
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5
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Yarlagadda K, Hassani J, Foote IP, Markowitz J. The role of nitric oxide in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:500-509. [PMID: 28963068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous signaling molecule that mediates its effects in melanoma through free radical formation and enzymatic processes. Investigations have demonstrated multiple roles for NO in melanoma pathology via immune surveillance, apoptosis, angiogenesis, melanogenesis, and on the melanoma cell itself. In general, elevated levels of NO prognosticate a poor outcome for melanoma patients. However, there are processes where the relative concentration of NO in different environments may also serve to limit melanoma proliferation. This review serves to outline the roles of NO in melanoma development and proliferation. As demonstrated by multiple in vivo murine models and observations from human tissue, NO may promote melanoma formation and proliferation through its interaction via inhibitory immune cells, inhibition of apoptosis, stimulation of pro-tumorigenic cytokines, activation of tumor associated macrophages, alteration of angiogenic processes, and stimulation of melanoma formation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Yarlagadda
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - John Hassani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Isaac P Foote
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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6
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Falleni M, Savi F, Tosi D, Agape E, Cerri A, Moneghini L, Bulfamante GP. M1 and M2 macrophages' clinicopathological significance in cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2017; 27:200-210. [PMID: 28272106 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin malignant melanoma (MM) is an aggressive cancer with an increasing incidence with limited therapies in advanced stages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major immune constituent of the MM microenvironment and contribute toward its prognosis. TAMs' characterization and localization in human cancer is important to understand cancer progression and to identify molecular personalized therapies. M2 TAMs in stage I-II MMs are associated with worse prognostic parameters. A comprehensive M1-macrophage and M2-macrophage intratumoral localization and quantification in all stages of skin MMs is documented here with its clinical significance. To highlight immune pathways and possible early indicators of MM progression, we evaluated the number of M1 and M2 TAMs and intratumoral distribution in a large series of skin MMs. CD68 double immunostaining with MRP8-14 or inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 macrophages) and with CD163 or CD204 (M2 macrophages) was performed in 94 stage I-IV skin MMs with a long duration of follow-up. The accumulation and distribution of M1 and M2 TAMs in intratumoral nests, stroma, and at the invasive front was correlated with clinicopathological variables. Since the early stage of MMs, M1 intratumoral macrophages were fewer than the M2 population; their recruitment was rapidly and progressively overwhelmed by an increase in M2 TAMs during MM progression. Independent of their intratumoral distribution, the accumulation of both M1 and M2 TAMs is associated with poor prognostic indicators and patients' survival. M1-recruited macrophages shift to the M2 phenotype early in MM development, possibly induced by high inducible nitric oxide synthase intratumoral increase peculiarly occurring since the initial MM stages. M2-recruited TAMs overwhelm M1 accumulation in all stages of MM progression, thus favoring neoplastic growth and dissemination. Independent of their intratumoral distribution, the prevalent accumulation of M2 TAMs in MM is statistically confirmed to be a poor indicator of patients' outcome and a potential target of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Falleni
- aDepartment of Health Sciences, Unit of Pathology bDepartment of Health Sciences, Division of Dermatology, University of Milan cUnit of Pathology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
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7
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Bernardes SS, de Souza-Neto FP, Ramalho LNZ, Derossi DR, Guarnier FA, da Silva CFN, Melo GP, Simão ANC, Cecchini R, Cecchini AL. Systemic oxidative profile after tumor removal and the tumor microenvironment in melanoma patients. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:226-32. [PMID: 25772650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the systemic oxidative changes in patients submitted to primary cutaneous melanoma removal. Cutaneous melanoma is highly aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide. We evaluated systemic oxidative stress (OS) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) expression in melanoma tissue in relation to the Breslow thickness in patients under surveillance. Forty-three patients with cutaneous melanoma and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups according to the tumor's Breslow thickness: T1/T2 (<2 mm) and T3/T4 (≥2 mm). Systemic OS and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in plasma, and the 3-NT expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry. Compared with the controls, the patients had lower blood levels of reduced glutathione, higher malondialdehyde and thiol levels, and a higher total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter to uric acid ratio. The C-reactive protein and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were increased only in the T3/T4 group. High levels of 3-NT were present only in T3/T4 patients. Our data suggested that a correlation exists between the Breslow thickness and a systemic pro-oxidant status, and that oxidative changes induced by the melanoma remain in the microenvironment post-surgery, demonstrating a role for oxygen species in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Santos Bernardes
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pinheiro de Souza-Neto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Leandra Náira Zambelli Ramalho
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rudgeri Derossi
- Londrina Cancer Hospital, Rua Lucilla Ballalai, 212, Londrina, PR 86015-520, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, PR 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alessandra Guarnier
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio Fernando Nunes da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Pascoal Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Londrina, PR 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380, Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil.
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Ulissi Z, Sen F, Gong X, Sen S, Iverson N, Boghossian A, Godoy LC, Wogan GN, Mukhopadhyay D, Strano MS. Spatiotemporal intracellular nitric oxide signaling captured using internalized, near-infrared fluorescent carbon nanotube nanosensors. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4887-94. [PMID: 25029087 PMCID: PMC4134139 DOI: 10.1021/nl502338y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanosensor probes have suffered from limited molecular recognition and a dearth of strategies for spatial-temporal operation in cell culture. In this work, we spatially imaged the dynamics of nitric oxide (NO) signaling, important in numerous pathologies and physiological functions, using intracellular near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes. The observed spatial-temporal NO signaling gradients clarify and refine the existing paradigm of NO signaling based on averaged local concentrations. This work enables the study of transient intracellular phenomena associated with signaling and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
W. Ulissi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fatih Sen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, 43100, Turkey
| | - Xun Gong
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Selda Sen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nicole Iverson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ardemis
A. Boghossian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luiz C. Godoy
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gerald N. Wogan
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Sinha BK, Kumar A, Bhattacharjee S, Espey MG, Mason RP. Effect of nitric oxide on the anticancer activity of the topoisomerase-active drugs etoposide and adriamycin in human melanoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:607-14. [PMID: 24049059 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (·NO) was originally identified as an innate cytotoxin. However, in tumors it can enhance resistance to chemotherapy and exacerbate cancer progression. Our previous studies indicated that (·NO/·NO-derived species react with etoposide (VP-16) in vitro and form products that show significantly reduced activity toward HL60 cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. Here, we further confirm the hypothesis that (÷)NO generation contributes to VP-16 resistance by examining interactions of ·NO with VP-16 in inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing human melanoma A375 cells. Inhibition of iNOS catalysis by N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine dihydrochloride (L-NIL) in human melanoma A375 cells reversed VP-16 resistance, leading to increased DNA damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that coculturing A375 melanoma cells with LPS-induced macrophage RAW cells also significantly reduced VP-16 cytotoxicity and DNA damage in A375 cells. We also examined the interactions of (·)NO with another topoisomerase active drug, Adriamycin, in A375 cells. In contrast, to VP-16, (·)NO caused no significant modulation of cytotoxicity or Adriamycin-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that (⋅)NO does not interact with Adriamycin. Our studies support the hypothesis that (·)NO oxidative chemistry can detoxify VP-16 through direct nitrogen oxide radical attack. Our results provide insights into the pharmacology and anticancer mechanisms of VP-16 that may ultimately contribute to increased resistance, treatment failure, and induction of secondary leukemia in VP-16-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.K.S., A.K., S.B., R.P.M.); and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (M.G.E.)
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10
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Grimm EA, Sikora AG, Ekmekcioglu S. Molecular pathways: inflammation-associated nitric-oxide production as a cancer-supporting redox mechanism and a potential therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5557-63. [PMID: 23868870 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that many cancers express features of inflammation, driven by both microenvironmental cells and factors, and the intrinsic production of inflammation-associated mediators from malignant cells themselves. Inflammation results in intracellular oxidative stress with the ultimate biochemical oxidants composed of reactive nitrogens and oxygens. Although the role of inflammation in carcinogensis is well accepted, we now present data showing that inflammatory processes are also active in the maintenance phase of many aggressive forms of cancer. The oxidative stress of inflammation is proposed to drive a continuous process of DNA adducts and crosslinks, as well as posttranslational modifications to lipids and proteins that we argue support growth and survival. In this perspective, we introduce data on the emerging science of inflammation-driven posttranslational modifications on proteins responsible for driving growth, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and inhibition of apoptosis. Examples include data from human melanoma, breast, head and neck, lung, and colon cancers. Fortunately, numerous antioxidant agents are clinically available, and we further propose that the pharmacologic attenuation of these inflammatory processes, particularly the reactive nitrogen species, will restore the cancer cells to an apoptosis-permissive and growth-inhibitory state. Our mouse model data using an arginine antagonist that prevents enzymatic production of nitric oxide directly supports this view. We contend that selected antioxidants be considered as part of the cancer treatment approach, as they are likely to provide a novel and mechanistically justified addition for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Grimm
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and Departments of Otolaryngology, Immunology, Oncological Science, and Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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11
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Robinson JL, Brynildsen MP. A kinetic platform to determine the fate of nitric oxide in Escherichia coli. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003049. [PMID: 23658508 PMCID: PMC3642044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO•) is generated by the innate immune response to neutralize pathogens. NO• and its autoxidation products have an extensive biochemical reaction network that includes reactions with iron-sulfur clusters, DNA, and thiols. The fate of NO• inside a pathogen depends on a kinetic competition among its many targets, and is of critical importance to infection outcomes. Due to the complexity of the NO• biochemical network, where many intermediates are short-lived and at extremely low concentrations, several species can be measured, but stable products are non-unique, and damaged biomolecules are continually repaired or regenerated, kinetic models are required to understand and predict the outcome of NO• treatment. Here, we have constructed a comprehensive kinetic model that encompasses the broad reactivity of NO• in Escherichia coli. The incorporation of spontaneous and enzymatic reactions, as well as damage and repair of biomolecules, allowed for a detailed analysis of how NO• distributes in E. coli cultures. The model was informed with experimental measurements of NO• dynamics, and used to identify control parameters of the NO• distribution. Simulations predicted that NO• dioxygenase (Hmp) functions as a dominant NO• consumption pathway at O2 concentrations as low as 35 µM (microaerobic), and interestingly, loses utility as the NO• delivery rate increases. We confirmed these predictions experimentally by measuring NO• dynamics in wild-type and mutant cultures at different NO• delivery rates and O2 concentrations. These data suggest that the kinetics of NO• metabolism must be considered when assessing the importance of cellular components to NO• tolerance, and that models such as the one described here are necessary to rigorously investigate NO• stress in microbes. This model provides a platform to identify novel strategies to potentiate the effects of NO•, and will serve as a template from which analogous models can be generated for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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12
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quốc Lu’o’ng KV, Nguyễn LTH. The roles of beta-adrenergic receptors in tumorigenesis and the possible use of beta-adrenergic blockers for cancer treatment: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms. Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:431-45. [PMID: 23293538 PMCID: PMC3534394 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s39153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the USA, and the incidence of cancer increases dramatically with age. Beta-adrenergic blockers appear to have a beneficial clinical effect in cancer patients. In this paper, we review the evidence of an association between β-adrenergic blockade and cancer. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link β-adrenergic blockade to cancer pathology. In particular, this link involves the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, the renin-angiotensin system, transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Beta-adrenergic blockers also exert anticancer effects through non-genomic factors, including matrix metalloproteinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, β-adrenergic blockade may play a beneficial role in cancer treatment. Additional investigations that examine β-adrenergic blockers as cancer therapeutics are required to further elucidate this role.
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Donia M, Mangano K, Fagone P, De Pasquale R, Dinotta F, Coco M, Padron J, Al-Abed Y, Giovanni Lombardo GA, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Zocca MB, Perciavalle V, Stosic-Grujicic S, Nicoletti F. Unique antineoplastic profile of Saquinavir-NO, a novel NO-derivative of the protease inhibitor Saquinavir, on the in vitro and in vivo tumor formation of A375 human melanoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:682-8. [PMID: 22665020 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that covalent attachment of the nitric oxide (NO) moiety to the HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir (Saq) produced a qualitatively new chemical entity, named Saquinavir-NO (Saq-NO), with enhanced anticancer properties and reduced toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to address several unanswered questions both on the pharmacological profile of Saq-NO as well as on the in vivo role of NO in the oncogenesis of A375 human melanoma cells. To this end, we have evaluated here the impact of single and combined effects of Saq-NO, Saq, the NO-donor DETA NONOate and the iNOS inhibitor L-NAME on the in vitro as well as in vivo growth of the iNOS positive A375 cells. Our data confirm clear-cut evidence for a strong and powerful anti-melanoma action of Saq-NO that is not duplicable by the combined use of Saq and DETA NONOate. Surprisingly, but also in agreement with the complex and multifaceted role of endogenous NO in A375 cells, both DETA NONOate and L-NAME significantly suppressed the in vivo growth of xenotransplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Donia
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
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14
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HLA-G as predisposing for metastasis. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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