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Wilkinson ML, Gow AJ. Effects of fatty acid nitroalkanes on signal transduction pathways and airway macrophage activation. Innate Immun 2021; 27:353-364. [PMID: 34375151 PMCID: PMC8419298 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211015330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid nitroalkenes are reversibly-reactive electrophiles that are endogenously detectable at nM concentrations and display anti-inflammatory, pro-survival actions. These actions are elicited through the alteration of signal transduction proteins via a Michael addition on nucleophilic cysteine thiols. Nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FAs), like 9- or 10-nitro-octadec-9-enolic acid, will act on signal transduction proteins directly or on key regulatory proteins to cause an up-regulation or down-regulation of the protein's expression, yielding an anti-inflammatory response. These responses have been characterized in many organ systems, such as the cardiovascular system, with the pulmonary system less well defined. Macrophages are one of the most abundant immune cells in the lung and are essential in maintaining lung homeostasis. Despite this, macrophages can play a role in both acute and chronic lung injury due to up-regulation of anti-inflammatory signal transduction pathways and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory pathways. Through their propensity to alter signal transduction pathways, NO2-FAs may be able to reduce macrophage activation during pulmonary injury. This review will focus on the implications of NO2-FAs on macrophage activation in the lung and the signal transduction pathways that may be altered, leading to reduced pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Wilkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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Gow J, Yang Y, Govindraj M, Guo C. Nitric Oxide Regulates Macrophage Fungicidal Activity via S-nitrosylation of Dectin-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:90-98. [PMID: 32953945 PMCID: PMC7500157 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2020.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recognition of fungal surface β-glucan by pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1 is a critical process for fungal clearance in the lung. In humans, persistent fungal infection is observed in individuals with particular Dectin-1 polymorphism. We have identified that nitric oxide (NO) modifies critical cysteines in pattern recognition molecules to disassemble and alter protein function. There is a hydrophobic S-nitrosylation motif present in surfactant protein-D (SP-D) that is also present in Dectin-1. We hypothesized that Dectin-1 can be modified by nitrosative stress potentially leading to impairment of fungal clearance. Materials and Methods: Recombinant Dectin-1 was incubated with l-nitrosocysteine (L-SNOC) and S-nitrosylated Dectin-1 was detected by Biotin-switch assay. Cells of a murine macrophage line (Raw 264.7) were incubated with S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO) and Dectin-1 shedding from the cell surface was determined by Western blot. Dectin-1 quaternary structure was determined by native gel electrophoresis. Dectin-1 function was assayed by NF-κB activity and IL-6 mRNA real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phagocytic activity was measured by fluorescence labeled zymosan beads. Results: Dectin-1 was S-nitrosylated by l-nitrosocysteine (L-SNOC) in vitro, as determined by Biotin-switch assay, resulting in structural disruption. We used Western blotting and flow cytometry to demonstrate that incubation of a murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7 cells) with GSNO reduced the surface Dectin-1 expression as a result of shedding to the media. The shedding of Dectin-1 is due to formation of S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-Dectin-1 and disruption of the Dectin-1 oligomeric complex. GSNO also induces Dectin-1 shedding from the cell surface. The functional significance of GSNO treatment of macrophages is shown by reduced β-glucan-mediated signaling in terms of NF-κB function and IL-6 expression. Finally, it was demonstrated that GSNO treatment reduces the capability of macrophages to phagocytose zymosan. Conclusions: These data provide mechanistic data to support the role of Dectin-1 nitrosylation as a mediator of reduced fungal clearance in the face of increased NO exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mohan Govindraj
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Electrophilic Nitro-Fatty Acids: Nitric Oxide and Nitrite-Derived Metabolic and Inflammatory Signaling Mediators. Nitric Oxide 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Muchumarri RR, Reddy RC. Nitrated Fatty Acids Reverse Cigarette Smoke-Induced Alveolar Macrophage Activation and Inhibit Protease Activity via Electrophilic S-Alkylation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153336. [PMID: 27119365 PMCID: PMC4847772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrated fatty acids (NFAs), endogenous products of nonenzymatic reactions of NO-derived reactive nitrogen species with unsaturated fatty acids, exhibit substantial anti-inflammatory activities. They are both reversible electrophiles and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, but the physiological implications of their electrophilic activity are poorly understood. We tested their effects on inflammatory and emphysema-related biomarkers in alveolar macrophages (AMs) of smoke-exposed mice. NFA (10-nitro-oleic acid or 12-nitrolinoleic acid) treatment downregulated expression and activity of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB while upregulating those of PPARγ. It also downregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and of the protease cathepsin S (Cat S), a key mediator of emphysematous septal destruction. Cat S downregulation was accompanied by decreased AM elastolytic activity, a major mechanism of septal destruction. NFAs downregulated both Cat S expression and activity in AMs of wild-type mice, but only inhibited its activity in AMs of PPARγ knockout mice, pointing to a PPARγ-independent mechanism of enzyme inhibition. We hypothesized that this mechanism was electrophilic S-alkylation of target Cat S cysteines, and found that NFAs bind directly to Cat S following treatment of intact AMs and, as suggested by in silico modeling and calculation of relevant parameters, elicit S-alkylation of Cys25 when incubated with purified Cat S. These results demonstrate that NFAs' electrophilic activity, in addition to their role as PPARγ agonists, underlies their protective effects in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and support their therapeutic potential in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, United States of America
| | - Sowmya P. Lakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, United States of America
| | - Ramamohan R. Muchumarri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, United States of America
| | - Raju C. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, United States of America
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Zhang X, Koronowski KB, Li L, Freeman BA, Woodcock S, de Groat WC. Nitro-oleic acid desensitizes TRPA1 and TRPV1 agonist responses in adult rat DRG neurons. Exp Neurol 2013; 251:12-21. [PMID: 24212047 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2), an electrophilic fatty acid nitroalkene byproduct of redox reactions, activates transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPA1 and TRPV1) in primary sensory neurons. To test the possibility that signaling actions of OA-NO2 might modulate TRP channels, we examined: (1) interactions between OA-NO2 and other agonists for TRPA1 (allyl-isothiocyanate, AITC) and TRPV1 (capsaicin) in rat dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells using Ca(2+) imaging and patch clamp techniques and (2) interactions between these agents on sensory nerves in the rat hindpaw. Ca(2+) imaging revealed that brief application (15-30 s) of each of the three agonists induced homologous desensitization. Heterologous desensitization also occurred when one agonist was applied prior to another agonist. OA-NO2 was more effective in desensitizing the response to AITC than the response to capsaicin. Prolonged exposure to OA-NO2 (20 min) had a similar desensitizing effect on AITC or capsaicin. Homologous and heterologous desensitizations were also demonstrated with patch clamp recording. Deltamethrin, a phosphatase inhibitor, reduced the capsaicin or AITC induced desensitization of OA-NO2 but did not suppress the OA-NO2 induced desensitization of AITC or capsaicin, indicating that heterologous desensitization induced by either capsaicin or AITC occurs by a different mechanism than the desensitization produced by OA-NO2. Subcutaneous injection of OA-NO2 (2.5mM, 35 μl) into a rat hindpaw induced delayed and prolonged nociceptive behavior. Homologous desensitization occurred with AITC and capsaicin when applied at 15 minute intervals, but did not occur with OA-NO2 when applied at a 30 min interval. Pretreatment with OA-NO2 reduced AITC-evoked nociceptive behaviors but did not alter capsaicin responses. These results raise the possibility that OA-NO2 might be useful clinically to reduce neurogenic inflammation and certain types of painful sensations by desensitizing TRPA1 expressing nociceptive afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Kevin B Koronowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William C de Groat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Delmastro-Greenwood M, Freeman BA, Wendell SG. Redox-dependent anti-inflammatory signaling actions of unsaturated fatty acids. Annu Rev Physiol 2013; 76:79-105. [PMID: 24161076 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unsaturated fatty acids are metabolized to reactive products that can act as pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling mediators. Electrophilic fatty acid species, including nitro- and oxo-containing fatty acids, display salutary anti-inflammatory and metabolic actions. Electrophilicity can be conferred by both enzymatic and oxidative reactions, via the homolytic addition of nitrogen dioxide to a double bond or via the formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and epoxide substituents. The endogenous formation of electrophilic fatty acids is significant and influenced by diet, metabolic, and inflammatory reactions. Transcriptional regulatory proteins and enzymes can sense the redox status of the surrounding environment upon electrophilic fatty acid adduction of functionally significant, nucleophilic cysteines. Through this covalent and often reversible posttranslational modification, gene expression and metabolic responses are induced. At low concentrations, the pleiotropic signaling actions that are regulated by these protein targets suggest that some classes of electrophilic lipids may be useful for treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Delmastro-Greenwood
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; , ,
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Bonilla L, O‘Donnell V, Clark S, Rubbo H, Trostchansky A. Regulation of protein kinase C by nitroarachidonic acid: Impact on human platelet activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 533:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The Nitrated Fatty Acid 10-Nitro-oleate Diminishes Severity of LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:617063. [PMID: 22919366 PMCID: PMC3423963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/617063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory condition culminating in respiratory failure. There is currently no effective pharmacological treatment. Nitrated fatty acids (NFAs) have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. We therefore hypothesized that delivery of NFAs directly to the site of inflammation would reduce the severity of ALI. Pulmonary delivery of 10-nitro-oleate following endotoxin-induced ALI in mice reduced markers of lung inflammation and injury, including capillary leakage, lung edema, infiltration of neutrophils into the lung, and oxidant stress, as well as plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Nitro-oleate delivery likewise downregulated expression of proinflammatory genes by alveolar macrophages, key cells in regulation of lung inflammation. These effects may be accounted for by the observed increases in the activity of PPAR-γ and the PPAR-γ-induced antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2, together with the decreased activity of NF-κB. Our results demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of NFAs reduces severity of acute lung injury and suggest potential utility of these molecules in other inflammatory lung diseases.
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Carriba P, Pardo L, Parra-Damas A, Lichtenstein MP, Saura CA, Pujol A, Masgrau R, Galea E. ATP and noradrenaline activate CREB in astrocytes via noncanonical Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP independent pathways. Glia 2012; 60:1330-44. [PMID: 22593004 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, it is well established that CREB contributes to learning and memory by orchestrating the translation of experience into the activity-dependent (i.e., driven by neurotransmitters) transcription of plasticity-related genes. The activity-dependent CREB-triggered transcription requires the concerted action of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A and Ca(2+) /calcineurin via the CREB-regulated transcription co-activator (CRTC). It is not known, however, whether a comparable molecular sequence occurs in astrocytes, despite the unquestionable contribution of these cells to brain plasticity. Here we sought to determine whether and how ATP and noradrenaline cause CREB-dependent transcription in rat cortical astrocyte cultures. Both transmitters induced CREB phosphorylation (Western Blots), CREB-dependent transcription (CRE-luciferase reporter assays), and the transcription of Bdnf, a canonical regulator of synaptic plasticity (quantitative RT-PCR). We indentified a Ca(2+) and diacylglycerol-independent protein kinase C at the uppermost position of the cascade leading to CREB-dependent transcription. Notably, CREB-dependent transcription was partially dependent on ERK1/2 and CRTC, but independent of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A or Ca(2+) /calcineurin. We conclude that ATP and noradrenaline activate CREB-dependent transcription in cortical astrocytes via an atypical protein kinase C. It is of relevance that the signaling involved be starkly different to the one described in neurons since there is no convergence of Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways on CRTC, which, moreover, exerts a modulatory rather than a central role. Our data thus point to the existence of an alternative, non-neuronal, glia-based role of CREB in plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Carriba
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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