1
|
Chakraborty P, Ghosh N, Awasthi N, Rath SP. Spin-Flip via Subtle Electronic Perturbation in Axially Ligated Diiron(III) Porphyrin Dimer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400266. [PMID: 38407531 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Spin state switching in the metal center is a crucial phenomenon in many enzymatic reactions in biology. The spin state alteration, a critical step in cytochrome P450 catalysis, is driven most likely through a weak perturbation upon substrate binding in the enzyme, which is still not well clarified. In the current work, the spin state transition of iron(III) from high to intermediate via an admixed state is observed upon a subtle electronic perturbation to the sulphonate moieties coordinated axially to a diiron(III)porphyrin dimer. While electron-donating substituents stabilize the high-spin state of iron(III), strongly electron-withdrawing groups stabilize an intermediate-spin state, whereas the moderate electron-withdrawing nature of axial ligands resulted in an admixed state. Confirmation of the molecular structures and their spin states have been made utilizing single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, Mössbauer, magnetic, EPR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations. The position of the signals of the porphyrin macrocycle in the paramagnetic 1H NMR is found to be very characteristic of the spin state of the iron center in solution. The Curie plot for the pure high-spin complexes shows the signals' temperature dependency in line with the Curie law. Conversely, the pure intermediate-spin state of iron exhibits an anti-Curie temperature dependence, whereas the admixed-spin state of iron displays significant curvature of the lines in the Curie plot. An extensive DFT analysis displays a linear dependence between the energy difference between dx 2 - y 2 ${{_{x{^{2}}- y{^{2}}}}}$ and dz 2 ${{_{z{^{2}}}}}$ orbital versus Fe-Npor distance for the complexes reported here. Furthermore, a strong linear correlation between the Fe-O distance and the spin density over the oxygen atom, as well as the Fe-Npor distance for the complexes, has been observed. Thus, a slight electronic perturbation at the axial ligand of the diheme resulted in a large change in the electronic structures with a spin-flip. This is at par with the metalloenzymes, which employ minute perturbations around the periphery of the active sites, leading to spin state transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulami Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Niva Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Nidhi Awasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jurt P, Abels AS, Gamboa‐Carballo JJ, Fernández I, Le Corre G, Aebli M, Baker MG, Eiler F, Müller F, Wörle M, Verel R, Gauthier S, Trincado M, Gianetti TL, Grützmacher H. Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides by Hydrogen with Rhodium(I)–Platinum(II) Olefin Complexes as Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jurt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anne Sofie Abels
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Juan José Gamboa‐Carballo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences (InSTEC) University of Havana Ave. S. Allende 1110 10600 Havana Cuba
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Grégoire Le Corre
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marcel Aebli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthew G. Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Frederik Eiler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Wörle
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - René Verel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Gauthier
- Univ. Rennes CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Monica Trincado
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas L. Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arizona, Tucson 1306 E. University Blvd. Tucson AZ 85719 USA
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jurt P, Abels AS, Gamboa-Carballo JJ, Fernández I, Le Corre G, Aebli M, Baker MG, Eiler F, Müller F, Wörle M, Verel R, Gauthier S, Trincado M, Gianetti TL, Grützmacher H. Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides by Hydrogen with Rhodium(I)-Platinum(II) Olefin Complexes as Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25372-25380. [PMID: 34510678 PMCID: PMC9298341 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen oxides NO2, NO, and N2O are among the most potent air pollutants of the 21st century. A bimetallic RhI–PtII complex containing an especially designed multidentate phosphine olefin ligand is capable of catalytically detoxifying these nitrogen oxides in the presence of hydrogen to form water and dinitrogen as benign products. The catalytic reactions were performed at room temperature and low pressures (3–4 bar for combined nitrogen oxides and hydrogen gases). A turnover number (TON) of 587 for the reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to water and N2 was recorded, making these RhI–PtII complexes the best homogeneous catalysts for this reaction to date. Lower TONs were achieved in the conversion of nitric oxide (NO, TON=38) or nitrogen dioxide (NO2, TON of 8). These unprecedented homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation reactions of NOx were investigated by a combination of multinuclear NMR techniques and DFT calculations, which provide insight into a possible reaction mechanism. The hydrogenation of NO2 proceeds stepwise, to first give NO and H2O, followed by the generation of N2O and H2O, which is then further converted to N2 and H2O. The nitrogen−nitrogen bond‐forming step takes place in the conversion from NO to N2O and involves reductive dimerization of NO at a rhodium center to give a hyponitrite (N2O22−) complex, which was detected as an intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jurt
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Sofie Abels
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan José Gamboa-Carballo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.,Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences (InSTEC), University of Havana, Ave. S. Allende 1110, 10600, Havana, Cuba
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grégoire Le Corre
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Aebli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew G Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Eiler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wörle
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Verel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Gauthier
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Monica Trincado
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reed CJ, Lam QN, Mirts EN, Lu Y. Molecular understanding of heteronuclear active sites in heme-copper oxidases, nitric oxide reductases, and sulfite reductases through biomimetic modelling. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2486-2539. [PMID: 33475096 PMCID: PMC7920998 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heme-copper oxidases (HCO), nitric oxide reductases (NOR), and sulfite reductases (SiR) catalyze the multi-electron and multi-proton reductions of O2, NO, and SO32-, respectively. Each of these reactions is important to drive cellular energy production through respiratory metabolism and HCO, NOR, and SiR evolved to contain heteronuclear active sites containing heme/copper, heme/nonheme iron, and heme-[4Fe-4S] centers, respectively. The complexity of the structures and reactions of these native enzymes, along with their large sizes and/or membrane associations, make it challenging to fully understand the crucial structural features responsible for the catalytic properties of these active sites. In this review, we summarize progress that has been made to better understand these heteronuclear metalloenzymes at the molecular level though study of the native enzymes along with insights gained from biomimetic models comprising either small molecules or proteins. Further understanding the reaction selectivity of these enzymes is discussed through comparisons of their similar heteronuclear active sites, and we offer outlook for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Quan N Lam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA
| | - Evan N Mirts
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA. and Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL 61801, USA and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferousi C, Majer SH, DiMucci IM, Lancaster KM. Biological and Bioinspired Inorganic N-N Bond-Forming Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5252-5307. [PMID: 32108471 PMCID: PMC7339862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The metallobiochemistry underlying the formation of the inorganic N-N-bond-containing molecules nitrous oxide (N2O), dinitrogen (N2), and hydrazine (N2H4) is essential to the lifestyles of diverse organisms. Similar reactions hold promise as means to use N-based fuels as alternative carbon-free energy sources. This review discusses research efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying biological N-N bond formation in primary metabolism and how the associated reactions are tied to energy transduction and organismal survival. These efforts comprise studies of both natural and engineered metalloenzymes as well as synthetic model complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ferousi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sean H Majer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beck D, Klüfers P. HN 2 O 2 - as a Ligand in Mononuclear Hydrogenhyponitrite-κ 2 -N,O Ruthenium Complexes with Bisphosphane Co-Ligands. Chemistry 2018; 24:16019-16028. [PMID: 30144196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hyponitrite anion is a tentative intermediate in the reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N2 O) catalyzed by nitric-oxide reductase (NOR) in the process of bacterial denitrification. Owing to the considerable number of known coordination modes for the hyponitrito ligand, its actual bonding form in the enzymatic cycle is a point of current discussion. Here, we contribute to the hardly known ligand properties of a key intermediate, the monoprotonated hyponitrite anion. Three air- and water-stable ruthenium complexes with hydrogenhyponitrite as the ligand were synthesized by using commercially available bisphosphane co-ligands (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene (dppv)). The starting compounds [Ru(dppe)2 (tos)]BF4 (1) and [Ru(dppp)2 (tos)]BF4 (2) contained the bidentate coordinating tosylate anion (tos) as a particularly well-suited leaving group. To confirm the protonated and deprotonated species, X-ray diffraction, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy (solution and solid state), solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy were used. DFT calculations give insight into the bonding situation. We report on [Ru(dppe)2 (HN2 O2 )]BF4 (5), [Ru(dppp)2 (HN2 O2 )]BF4 (6), [Ru(dppv)2 (HN2 O2 )]BF4 (7), [Ru(dppp)2 (HN2 O2 )]BF4 ⋅Imi (9; Imi=imidazole) as the first mononuclear trans-hydrogenhyponitrite complexes. Isolated deprotonated analogs are [Ru(dppe)2 (N2 O2 )]⋅HImi(BF4 ) (8) and [Ru(dppv)2 (N2 O2 )] ⋅HImi(BF4 )⋅Imi (10).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beck
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus D, München, 81377, Germany
| | - Peter Klüfers
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus D, München, 81377, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dias L, Bekhti N, Kuznetsov ML, Ferreira JAB, Bacariza MC, da Silva JAL. Nitrite Reduction in Aqueous Solution Mediated by Amavadin Homologues: N2O Formation and Water Oxidation. Chemistry 2018; 24:2474-2482. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Dias
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Nihel Bekhti
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maxim L. Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - José A. B. Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria C. Bacariza
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - José Armando L. da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural; Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049-001 Lisbon Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sil D, Khan FST, Rath SP. Effect of Inter-Porphyrin Distance on Spin-State in Diiron(III) μ-Hydroxo Bisporphyrins. Chemistry 2016; 22:14585-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debangsu Sil
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur- 208016 India
| | | | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur- 208016 India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sahoo D, Singh AK, Rath SP. Binuclear Highly Distorted Iron(III) Porphyrins Bridged by the Dianions of Hydroquinones: Role of the Bridge in Electronic Communication. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; 208016 Kanpur India
| | - Akhil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; 208016 Kanpur India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; 208016 Kanpur India
| |
Collapse
|