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Franco JH, Harris RA, Ryan WG, Taylor RT, McCullumsmith RE, Chattopadhyay S, Pan ZK. Retinoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Mouse Coronavirus Replication Is Dependent on IRF3 and CaMKK. Viruses 2024; 16:140. [PMID: 38257840 PMCID: PMC10819102 DOI: 10.3390/v16010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the shortfalls in our understanding of how to treat coronavirus infections. With almost 7 million case fatalities of COVID-19 globally, the catalog of FDA-approved antiviral therapeutics is limited compared to other medications, such as antibiotics. All-trans retinoic acid (RA), or activated vitamin A, has been studied as a potential therapeutic against coronavirus infection because of its antiviral properties. Due to its impact on different signaling pathways, RA's mechanism of action during coronavirus infection has not been thoroughly described. To determine RA's mechanism of action, we examined its effect against a mouse coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV). We demonstrated that RA significantly decreased viral titers in infected mouse L929 fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The reduced viral titers were associated with a corresponding decrease in MHV nucleocapsid protein expression. Using interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) knockout RAW 264.7 cells, we demonstrated that RA-induced suppression of MHV required IRF3 activity. RNA-seq analysis of wildtype and IRF3 knockout RAW cells showed that RA upregulated calcium/calmodulin (CaM) signaling proteins, such as CaM kinase kinase 1 (CaMKK1). When treated with a CaMKK inhibitor, RA was unable to upregulate IRF activation during MHV infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that RA-induced protection against coronavirus infection depends on IRF3 and CaMKK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Franco
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA (S.C.)
| | - Ryan A. Harris
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA (S.C.)
| | - William G. Ryan
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Roger Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA (S.C.)
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurological Disorders, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA (S.C.)
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhixing K. Pan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA (S.C.)
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Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase Signal Transduction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911025. [PMID: 36232320 PMCID: PMC9570080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) is the activating kinase for multiple downstream kinases, including CaM-kinase I (CaMKI), CaM-kinase IV (CaMKIV), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and 5′AMP-kinase (AMPK), through the phosphorylation of their activation-loop Thr residues in response to increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, as CaMKK itself is a Ca2+/CaM-dependent enzyme. The CaMKK-mediated kinase cascade plays important roles in a number of Ca2+-dependent pathways, such as neuronal morphogenesis and plasticity, transcriptional activation, autophagy, and metabolic regulation, as well as in pathophysiological pathways, including cancer progression, metabolic syndrome, and mental disorders. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism underlying CaMKK-mediated signal transduction in normal and pathophysiological conditions. We summarize the current knowledge of the structural, functional, and physiological properties of the regulatory kinase, CaMKK, and the development and application of its pharmacological inhibitors.
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Binding and structural analyses of potent inhibitors of the human Ca 2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) identified from a collection of commercially-available kinase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16452. [PMID: 31712618 PMCID: PMC6848146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CAMKK2) acts as a signaling hub, receiving signals from various regulatory pathways and decoding them via phosphorylation of downstream protein kinases - such as AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and CAMK types I and IV. CAMKK2 relevance is highlighted by its constitutive activity being implicated in several human pathologies. However, at present, there are no selective small-molecule inhibitors available for this protein kinase. Moreover, CAMKK2 and its closest human homolog, CAMKK1, are thought to have overlapping biological roles. Here we present six new co-structures of potent ligands bound to CAMKK2 identified from a library of commercially-available kinase inhibitors. Enzyme assays confirmed that most of these compounds are equipotent inhibitors of both human CAMKKs and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) revealed that binding to some of these molecules to CAMKK2 is enthalpy driven. We expect our results to advance current efforts to discover small molecule kinase inhibitors selective to each human CAMKK.
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Santiago ADS, Couñago RM, Ramos PZ, Godoi PHC, Massirer KB, Gileadi O, Elkins JM. Structural Analysis of Inhibitor Binding to CAMKK1 Identifies Features Necessary for Design of Specific Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14800. [PMID: 30287839 PMCID: PMC6172212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CAMKKs) are upstream activators of CAMK1 and CAMK4 signalling and have important functions in neural development, maintenance and signalling, as well as in other aspects of biology such as Ca2+ signalling in the cardiovascular system. To support the development of specific inhibitors of CAMKKs we have determined the crystal structure of CAMKK1 with two ATP-competitive inhibitors. The structures reveal small but exploitable differences between CAMKK1 and CAMKK2, despite the high sequence identity, which could be used in the generation of specific inhibitors. Screening of a kinase inhibitor library revealed molecules that bind potently to CAMKK1. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the most potent inhibitors had binding energies largely dependent on favourable enthalpy. Together, the data provide a foundation for future inhibitor development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- André da Silva Santiago
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Couñago
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil.,Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, CBMEG, University of Campinas, Av Candido Rondon, 400, Barao Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Priscila Zonzini Ramos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Paulo H C Godoi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Katlin B Massirer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil.,Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, CBMEG, University of Campinas, Av Candido Rondon, 400, Barao Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Av. Dr. André Tosello, 550, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil. .,Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Vogt J, Kirischuk S, Unichenko P, Schlüter L, Pelosi A, Endle H, Yang JW, Schmarowski N, Cheng J, Thalman C, Strauss U, Prokudin A, Bharati BS, Aoki J, Chun J, Lutz B, Luhmann HJ, Nitsch R. Synaptic Phospholipid Signaling Modulates Axon Outgrowth via Glutamate-dependent Ca2+-mediated Molecular Pathways. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:131-145. [PMID: 27909001 PMCID: PMC5939201 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered synaptic bioactive lipid signaling has been recently shown to augment neuronal excitation in the hippocampus of adult animals by activation of presynaptic LPA2-receptors leading to increased presynaptic glutamate release. Here, we show that this results in higher postsynaptic Ca2+ levels and in premature onset of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing entorhinal cortex. Interestingly, increased synchronized neuronal activity led to reduced axon growth velocity of entorhinal neurons which project via the perforant path to the hippocampus. This was due to Ca2+-dependent molecular signaling to the axon affecting stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton. The spontaneous activity affected the entire entorhinal cortical network and thus led to reduced overall axon fiber numbers in the mature perforant path that is known to be important for specific memory functions. Our data show that precise regulation of early cortical activity by bioactive lipids is of critical importance for proper circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leslie Schlüter
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Assunta Pelosi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Endle
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carine Thalman
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10119 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey Prokudin
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Suman Bharati
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Polymorphism rs7214723 in CAMKK1 and lung cancer risk in Chinese population. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3147-52. [PMID: 23737288 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism rs7214723 was reported to be associated with lung cancer risk in UK Caucasians and caused the E375G substitution of CAMKK1 which plays important role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase cascade. To analyze rs7214723 in CAMKK1 and lung cancer risk in a Chinese population, SNPscan(TM) was used to genotype polymorphism rs7214723 in 961 lung cancer cases and 999 control subjects. The frequencies of the TT, TC, and CC genotypes of CAMKK1 rs7214723 were 43.3, 42.6, and 14.0 % in controls, and 41.1, 48.0, and 10.9 % in cases, respectively (P = 0.025). Compared with the CC genotype, TC genotype was associated with increased risk of lung cancer (OR 1.500, 95 % CI 1.112-2.022) after adjustment for age, gender, smoking status, and family history. The T allele of rs7214723 is the risk allele for lung carcinogenesis in dominant model (OR 1.354, 95 % CI 1.020-1.797). In stratified analysis, the risk effect of the TC genotype of rs7214723 was more evident in subgroups of those who had never been smokers (OR 1.556, 95 % CI 1.074-2.254). For the population without a family history of cancer, both the TT (OR 1.488, 95 % CI 1.050-2.109) and TC (OR 1.668, 95 % CI 1.180-2.357) carrier had an increased lung cancer risk. E375 is located in the kinase domain of CAMKK1, and E375G may change the electrical charge at the surface and decrease the kinase activity. Polymorphism rs7214723 in CAMKK1 might contribute to the risk of lung cancer in Chinese populations. The T allele is a risk allele in lung carcinogenesis.
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High dose zinc supplementation induces hippocampal zinc deficiency and memory impairment with inhibition of BDNF signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55384. [PMID: 23383172 PMCID: PMC3561272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions highly concentrate in hippocampus and play a key role in modulating spatial learning and memory. At a time when dietary fortification and supplementation of zinc have increased the zinc consuming level especially in the youth, the toxicity of zinc overdose on brain function was underestimated. In the present study, weaning ICR mice were given water supplemented with 15 ppm Zn (low dose), 60 ppm Zn (high dose) or normal lab water for 3 months, the behavior and brain zinc homeostasis were tested. Mice fed high dose of zinc showed hippocampus-dependent memory impairment. Unexpectedly, zinc deficiency, but not zinc overload was observed in hippocampus, especially in the mossy fiber-CA3 pyramid synapse. The expression levels of learning and memory related receptors and synaptic proteins such as NMDA-NR2A, NR2B, AMPA-GluR1, PSD-93 and PSD-95 were significantly decreased in hippocampus, with significant loss of dendritic spines. In keeping with these findings, high dose intake of zinc resulted in decreased hippocampal BDNF level and TrkB neurotrophic signaling. At last, increasing the brain zinc level directly by brain zinc injection induced BDNF expression, which was reversed by zinc chelating in vivo. These results indicate that zinc plays an important role in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory and BDNF expression, high dose supplementation of zinc induces specific zinc deficiency in hippocampus, which further impair learning and memory due to decreased availability of synaptic zinc and BDNF deficit.
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Hansen KF, Karelina K, Sakamoto K, Wayman GA, Impey S, Obrietan K. miRNA-132: a dynamic regulator of cognitive capacity. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:817-31. [PMID: 22706759 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, microRNAs have emerged as important effectors of an array of developmental, physiological, and cognitive processes. Along these lines, the CREB-regulated microRNA miR-132 has been shown to influence neuronal maturation via its effects on dendritic arborization and spinogenesis. In the mature nervous system, dysregulation of miR-132 has been suggested to play a role in a number of neurocognitive disorders characterized by aberrant synaptogenesis. However, little is known about the inducible expression and function of miR-132 under normal physiological conditions in vivo. Here, we begin to explore this question within the context of learning and memory. Using in situ hybridization, we show that the presentation of a spatial memory task induced a significant ~1.5-fold increase in miR-132 expression within the CA1, CA3, and GCL excitatory cell layers of the hippocampus. To examine the role of miR-132 in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, we employ a doxycycline-regulated miR-132 transgenic mouse strain to drive varying levels of transgenic miR-132 expression. These studies revealed that relatively low levels of transgenic miR-132 expression, paralleling the level of expression in the hippocampus following a spatial memory task, significantly enhanced cognitive capacity. In contrast, higher (supra-physiological) levels of miR-132 (>3-fold) inhibited learning. Interestingly, both the impaired cognition and elevated levels of dendritic spines resulting from supra-physiological levels of transgenic miR-132 were reversed by doxycycline suppression of transgene expression. Together, these data indicate that miR-132 functions as a key activity-dependent regulator of cognition, and that miR-132 expression must be maintained within a limited range to ensure normal learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelin F Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Graves Hall, Rm 4118, 333 W. 10th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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