1
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Pifer GC, Ferrara NC, Kwapis JL. Long-lasting effects of disturbing the circadian rhythm or sleep in adolescence. Brain Res Bull 2024; 213:110978. [PMID: 38759704 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous, near 24-hour rhythms that regulate a multitude of biological and behavioral processes across the diurnal cycle in most organisms. Over the lifespan, a bell curve pattern emerges in circadian phase preference (i.e. chronotype), with children and adults generally preferring to wake earlier and fall asleep earlier, and adolescents and young adults preferring to wake later and fall asleep later than their adult counterparts. This well-defined shift speaks to the variability of circadian rhythmicity over the lifespan and the changing needs and demands of the brain as an organism develops, particularly in the adolescent period. Indeed, adolescence is known to be a critical period of development during which dramatic neuroanatomical changes are occurring to allow for improved decision-making. Due to the large amount of re-structuring occurring in the adolescent brain, circadian disruptions during this period could have adverse consequences that persist across the lifespan. While the detrimental effects of circadian disruptions in adults have been characterized in depth, few studies have longitudinally assessed the potential long-term impacts of circadian disruptions during adolescence. Here, we will review the evidence that disruptions in circadian rhythmicity during adolescence have effects that persist into adulthood. As biological and social time often conflict in modern society, with school start times misaligned with adolescents' endogenous rhythms, it is critical to understand the long-term impacts of disrupted circadian rhythmicity in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen C Pifer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Discipline of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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2
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Murata EM, Pritschet L, Grotzinger H, Taylor CM, Jacobs EG. Circadian rhythms tied to changes in brain morphology in a densely-sampled male. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588906. [PMID: 38645226 PMCID: PMC11030376 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Circadian, infradian, and seasonal changes in steroid hormone secretion have been tied to changes in brain volume in several mammalian species. However, the relationship between circadian changes in steroid hormone production and rhythmic changes in brain morphology in humans is largely unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between diurnal fluctuations in steroid hormones and multiscale brain morphology in a precision imaging study of a male who completed forty MRI and serological assessments at 7 A.M. and 8 P.M. over the course of a month, targeting hormone concentrations at their peak and nadir. Diurnal fluctuations in steroid hormones were tied to pronounced changes in global and regional brain morphology. From morning to evening, total brain volume, gray matter volume, and cortical thickness decreased, coincident with decreases in steroid hormone concentrations (testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol). In parallel, cerebrospinal fluid and ventricle size increased from A.M. to P.M. Global changes were driven by decreases within the occipital and parietal cortices. These findings highlight natural rhythms in brain morphology that keep time with the diurnal ebb and flow of steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle M. Murata
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Laura Pritschet
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Hannah Grotzinger
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Caitlin M. Taylor
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Emily G. Jacobs
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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3
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Mahoney HL, Schmidt TM. The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:159-175. [PMID: 38279030 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Ever-present in our environments, light entrains circadian rhythms over long timescales, influencing daily activity patterns, health and performance. Increasing evidence indicates that light also acts independently of the circadian system to directly impact physiology and behaviour, including cognition. Exposure to light stimulates brain areas involved in cognition and appears to improve a broad range of cognitive functions. However, the extent of these effects and their mechanisms are unknown. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged as the primary conduit through which light impacts non-image-forming behaviours and are a prime candidate for mediating the direct effects of light on cognition. Here, we review the current state of understanding of these effects in humans and mice, and the tools available to uncover circuit-level and photoreceptor-specific mechanisms. We also address current barriers to progress in this area. Current and future efforts to unravel the circuits through which light influences cognitive functions may inform the tailoring of lighting landscapes to optimize health and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Mahoney
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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4
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Boyd HM, Frick KM, Kwapis JL. Connecting the Dots: Potential Interactions Between Sex Hormones and the Circadian System During Memory Consolidation. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:537-555. [PMID: 37464775 PMCID: PMC10615791 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231184761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Both the circadian clock and sex hormone signaling can strongly influence brain function, yet little is known about how these 2 powerful modulatory systems might interact during complex neural processes like memory consolidation. Individually, the molecular components and action of each of these systems have been fairly well-characterized, but there is a fundamental lack of information about how these systems cooperate. In the circadian system, clock genes function as timekeeping molecules that convey time-of-day information on a well-stereotyped cycle that is governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Keeping time is particularly important to synchronize various physiological processes across the brain and body, including those that regulate memory consolidation. Similarly, sex hormones are powerful modulators of memory, with androgens, estrogens, and progestins, all influencing memory consolidation within memory-relevant brain regions like the hippocampus. Despite clear evidence that each system can influence memory individually, exactly how the circadian and hormonal systems might interact to impact memory consolidation remains unclear. Research investigating either sex hormone action or circadian gene function within memory-relevant brain regions has unveiled several notable places in which the two systems could interact to control memory. Here, we bring attention to known interactions between the circadian clock and sex hormone signaling. We then review sex hormone-mediated control of memory consolidation, highlighting potential nodes through which the circadian system might interact during memory formation. We suggest that the bidirectional relationship between these two systems is essential for proper control of memory formation based on an animal's hormonal and circadian state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Boyd
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Karyn M. Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Janine L. Kwapis
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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5
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Alvarez-García L, Sánchez-García FJ, Vázquez-Pichardo M, Moreno-Altamirano MM. Chikungunya Virus, Metabolism, and Circadian Rhythmicity Interplay in Phagocytic Cells. Metabolites 2023; 13:1143. [PMID: 37999239 PMCID: PMC10672914 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, causing the chikungunya fever disease, associated with inflammation and severe articular incapacitating pain. There has been a worldwide reemergence of chikungunya and the number of cases increased to 271,006 in 2022 in the Americas alone. The replication of CHIKV takes place in several cell types, including phagocytic cells. Monocytes and macrophages are susceptible to infection by CHIKV; at the same time, they provide protection as components of the innate immune system. However, in host-pathogen interactions, CHIKV might have the ability to alter the function of immune cells, partly by rewiring the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Some viral evasion mechanisms depend on the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, and the cell metabolism is intertwined with circadian rhythmicity; thus, a circadian immunovirometabolism axis may influence viral pathogenicity. Therefore, analyzing the interplay between viral infection, circadian rhythmicity, and cellular metabolic reprogramming in human macrophages could shed some light on the new field of immunovirometabolism and eventually contribute to the development of novel drugs and therapeutic approaches based on circadian rhythmicity and metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linamary Alvarez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - F. Javier Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
| | - Mauricio Vázquez-Pichardo
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Departamento de Virología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Secretaría de Salud, Francisco de P. Miranda 177, Col. Lomas de Plateros, Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - M. Maximina Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (L.A.-G.); (F.J.S.-G.); (M.V.-P.)
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6
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Bellfy L, Smies CW, Bernhardt AR, Bodinayake KK, Sebastian A, Stuart EM, Wright DS, Lo CY, Murakami S, Boyd HM, von Abo MJ, Albert I, Kwapis JL. The clock gene Per1 may exert diurnal control over hippocampal memory consolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1789-1797. [PMID: 37264172 PMCID: PMC10579262 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The circadian system influences many different biological processes, including memory performance. While the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functions as the brain's central pacemaker, downstream "satellite clocks" may also regulate local functions based on the time of day. Within the dorsal hippocampus (DH), for example, local molecular oscillations may contribute to time-of-day effects on memory. Here, we used the hippocampus-dependent Object Location Memory task to determine how memory is regulated across the day/night cycle in mice. First, we systematically determined which phase of memory (acquisition, consolidation, or retrieval) is modulated across the 24 h day. We found that mice show better long-term memory performance during the day than at night, an effect that was specifically attributed to diurnal changes in memory consolidation, as neither memory acquisition nor memory retrieval fluctuated across the day/night cycle. Using RNA-sequencing we identified the circadian clock gene Period1 (Per1) as a key mechanism capable of supporting this diurnal fluctuation in memory consolidation, as learning-induced Per1 oscillates in tandem with memory performance in the hippocampus. We then show that local knockdown of Per1 within the DH impairs spatial memory without affecting either the circadian rhythm or sleep behavior. Thus, Per1 may independently function within the DH to regulate memory in addition to its known role in regulating the circadian system within the SCN. Per1 may therefore exert local diurnal control over memory consolidation within the DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bellfy
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chad W Smies
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alicia R Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kasuni K Bodinayake
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Emily M Stuart
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Destiny S Wright
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chen-Yu Lo
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Shoko Murakami
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hannah M Boyd
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Megan J von Abo
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Istvan Albert
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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7
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Brunswick CA, Baldwin DJ, Bodinayake KK, McKenna AR, Lo CY, Bellfy L, Urban MW, Stuart EM, Murakami S, Smies CW, Kwapis JL. The clock gene Per1 is necessary in the retrosplenial cortex-but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus-for incidental learning in young and aging male mice. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 126:77-90. [PMID: 36958103 PMCID: PMC10106450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs both circadian rhythms and memory, though the relationship between these impairments is not fully understood. Circadian rhythms are largely dictated by clock genes within the body's central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), though these genes are also expressed in local clocks throughout the body. As circadian rhythms can directly affect memory performance, one possibility is that memory deficits observed with age are downstream of global circadian rhythm disruptions stemming from the SCN. Here, we demonstrate that expression of clock gene Period1 within a memory-relevant cortical structure, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), is necessary for incidental learning, and that age-related disruption of Period1 within the RSC-but not necessarily the SCN-contributes to cognitive decline. These data expand the known functions of clock genes beyond maintaining circadian rhythms and suggests that age-associated changes in clock gene expression modulates circadian rhythms and memory performance in a brain region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Brunswick
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Derek J Baldwin
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kasuni K Bodinayake
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | - Chen-Yu Lo
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Lauren Bellfy
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mark W Urban
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Emily M Stuart
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Shoko Murakami
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Chad W Smies
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
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8
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Yin JCP, Cui E, Hardin PE, Zhou H. Circadian disruption of memory consolidation in Drosophila. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1129152. [PMID: 37034015 PMCID: PMC10073699 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1129152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the circadian system in memory formation is an important question in neurobiology. Despite this hypothesis being intuitively appealing, the existing data is confusing. Recent work in Drosophila has helped to clarify certain aspects of the problem, but the emerging sense is that the likely mechanisms are more complex than originally conceptualized. In this report, we identify a post-training window of time (during consolidation) when the circadian clock and its components are involved in memory formation. In the broader context, our data suggest that circadian biology might have multiple roles during memory formation. Testing for its roles at multiple timepoints, and in different cells, will be necessary to resolve some of the conflicting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry C. P. Yin
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neurology Department, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jerry C. P. Yin
| | - Ethan Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul E. Hardin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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