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Soontrapa P, Liewluck T. Anoctamin 5 (ANO5) Muscle Disorders: A Narrative Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101736. [PMID: 36292621 PMCID: PMC9602132 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoctaminopathy-5 refers to a group of hereditary skeletal muscle or bone disorders due to mutations in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5)-encoding gene, ANO5. ANO5 is a 913-amino acid protein of the anoctamin family that functions predominantly in phospholipid scrambling and plays a key role in the sarcolemmal repairing process. Monoallelic mutations in ANO5 give rise to an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplastic syndrome (gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia or GDD), while its biallelic mutations underlie a continuum of four autosomal recessive muscle phenotypes: (1). limb–girdle muscular dystrophy type R12 (LGMDR12); (2). Miyoshi distal myopathy type 3 (MMD3); (3). metabolic myopathy-like (pseudometabolic) phenotype; (4). asymptomatic hyperCKemia. ANO5 muscle disorders are rare, but their prevalence is relatively high in northern European populations because of the founder mutation c.191dupA. Weakness is generally asymmetric and begins in proximal muscles in LGMDR12 and in distal muscles in MMD3. Patients with the pseudometabolic or asymptomatic hyperCKemia phenotype have no weakness, but conversion to the LGMDR12 or MMD3 phenotype may occur as the disease progresses. There is no clear genotype–phenotype correlation. Muscle biopsy displays a broad spectrum of pathology, ranging from normal to severe dystrophic changes. Intramuscular interstitial amyloid deposits are observed in approximately half of the patients. Symptomatic and supportive strategies remain the mainstay of treatment. The recent development of animal models of ANO5 muscle diseases could help achieve a better understanding of their underlying pathomechanisms and provide an invaluable resource for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannathat Soontrapa
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Teerin Liewluck
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Yassaee VR, Khojasteh A, Hashemi-Gorji F, Sadeghi H, Safiaghdam H, Mirfakhraie R. Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia with a novel genetic variant in a large family from Iran. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2004. [PMID: 35758145 PMCID: PMC9482395 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD) is an ultrarare autosomal dominant bone dysplasia characterized by cementoosseous lesions of the jawbones, bone fragility, frequent bone fractures at the young age, bowing of tubular bones, and diaphyseal sclerosis of long bones associated with generalized osteopenia. GDD is caused by point mutations in anoctamin‐5 (ANO5) on chromosome 11p14.3. For the past few years, next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has facilitated the discovery of causative variants in genetically heterogeneous diseases. Methods In this study, exome sequencing (ES) was performed using the DNA sample of the proband. Family histories and clinical information were collected through comprehensive medical examination and genetic counseling. Results ES results identified a heterozygous variant, NM_213599.3:c.1078T>C(p.Cys360Arg) in the ANO5 gene. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the detected pathogenic variant in DNA samples of the entire family (except deceased individuals), which segregated with the disease within the family. Finally, in silico analysis was applied to test the pathogenicity of the variant using various online software. Conclusion In summary, our investigation identified a novel pathogenic variant in the ANO5, responsible for gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia in a large Iranian family. Therefore, based on the present study, this variant can be helpful for diagnosis and effective management of GDD patients. Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD) is an ultrarare autosomal dominant bone dysplasia characterized by cementoosseous lesions of the jawbones, bone fragility, frequent bone fractures at the young age. In this study, Exome Sequencing results identified a heterozygous mutation, NM_213599.3:c.1078T>C(p.Cys360Arg) in the ANO5 confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Reza Yassaee
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Khojasteh
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Hashemi-Gorji
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hannaneh Safiaghdam
- Student Research Committee, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Katz M, Garton FC, Davis M, Henderson RD, McCombe PA. Novel Variants of ANO5 in Two Patients With Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy: Case Report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:868655. [PMID: 35463132 PMCID: PMC9033199 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.868655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on two unrelated adult patients presenting with Limb girdle muscular dystrophy who were found to have novel variants in ANO5. Both patients had prominent weakness of their proximal lower limbs with mild weakness of elbow flexion and markedly elevated creatine kinase. Next generation sequencing using a custom-designed neuromuscular panel was performed in both patients. In one patient, 336 genes were targeted for casual variants and in the other patient (using a later panel design), 464 genes were targeted. One patient was homozygous for a novel splice variant [c.294+5G>A; p.(Ala98Ins4*)] in ANO5. Another patient was compound heterozygous for two variants in ANO5; a common frameshift variant [c.191dupA; p.(Asn64fs)] and a novel missense variant [c.952G>C; p.(Ala318Pro)]. These findings support the utility of next generation sequencing in the diagnosis of patients presenting with a Limb girdle muscular dystrophy phenotype and extends the genotypic spectrum of ANO5 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Katz
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew Katz
| | - Fleur C. Garton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert D. Henderson
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pamela A. McCombe
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Foltz S, Wu F, Ghazal N, Kwong JQ, Hartzell HC, Choo HJ. Sex differences in the involvement of skeletal and cardiac muscles in myopathic Ano5-/- mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C283-C295. [PMID: 35020501 PMCID: PMC8836717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00350.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R12 (LGMD-R12) is caused by recessive mutations in the Anoctamin-5 gene (ANO5, TMEM16E). Although ANO5 myopathy is not X-chromosome linked, we performed a meta-analysis of the research literature and found that three-quarters of patients with LGMD-R12 are males. Females are less likely to present with moderate to severe skeletal muscle and/or cardiac pathology. Because these sex differences could be explained in several ways, we compared males and females in a mouse model of LGMD-R12. This model recapitulates the sex differences in human LGMD-R12. Only male Ano5-/- mice had elevated serum creatine kinase after exercise and exhibited defective membrane repair after laser injury. In contrast, by these measures, female Ano5-/- mice were indistinguishable from wild type. Despite these differences, both male and female Ano5-/- mice exhibited exercise intolerance. Although exercise intolerance of male mice can be explained by skeletal muscle dysfunction, echocardiography revealed that Ano5-/- female mice had features of cardiomyopathy that may be responsible for their exercise intolerance. These findings heighten concerns that mutations of ANO5 in humans may be linked to cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Foltz
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nasab Ghazal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hyojung J Choo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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5
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Christiansen J, Güttsches AK, Schara-Schmidt U, Vorgerd M, Heute C, Preusse C, Stenzel W, Roos A. ANO5-related muscle diseases: from clinics and genetics to pathology and research strategies. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1506-1520. [PMID: 36157496 PMCID: PMC9485283 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Moshe-Lilie O, Ghetie D, Banks G, Hansford BG, Chahin N. Unusual cases of Anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy with predominant distal leg weakness and atrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 32:170-175. [PMID: 35031192 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy is classically characterized by subacute or chronic, severe, progressive and symmetric myositis which predominantly affects proximal muscles. We report two unusual cases presenting with predominantly distal, asymmetric weakness, with selective involvement of the posterior compartment of the thighs, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles, in addition to inflammation and edema on STIR or T2-weighted, fat-saturated MRI. In each case, creatine kinase (CK) levels were >10 times normal and myositis panels returned positive for anti-SRP. ANA, ENA, RF, and HMGCR antibody were all negative. Nerve conduction study (NCS) was normal. Electromyography (EMG) confirmed diffuse myopathy with fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves. Additional work up, including whole exome sequencing (WES), immunohistochemical staining for different types of muscular dystrophy, and western blot for calpain 3 and dysferlin were negative. The strength and CK levels of both patients markedly improved following immunosuppression. Our cases emphasize the importance of considering anti-SRP necrotizing myopathy in patients presenting with recent onset predominant asymmetric distal leg weakness of unclear etiology, and support the usefulness of MRI of the distal legs for early recognition. Given the potential consequences of delays in treatment of this condition, the recognition of this clinical pattern is important and can allow for prompt initiation of aggressive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Moshe-Lilie
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Daniela Ghetie
- Department of Rheumatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - George Banks
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Barry G Hansford
- Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nizar Chahin
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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7
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Thiruvengadam G, Sreetama SC, Charton K, Hogarth M, Novak JS, Suel-Petat L, Chandra G, Allard B, Richard I, Jaiswal JK. Anoctamin 5 Knockout Mouse Model Recapitulates LGMD2L Muscle Pathology and Offers Insight Into in vivo Functional Deficits. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 8:S243-S255. [PMID: 34633328 PMCID: PMC8673513 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Anoctamin 5 (Ano5) gene that result in the lack of expression or function of ANO5 protein, cause Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD) 2L/R12, and Miyoshi Muscular Dystrophy (MMD3). However, the dystrophic phenotype observed in patient muscles is not uniformly recapitulated by ANO5 knockout in animal models of LGMD2L. Here we describe the generation of a mouse model of LGMD2L generated by targeted out-of-frame deletion of the Ano5 gene. This model shows progressive muscle loss, increased muscle weakness, and persistent bouts of myofiber regeneration without chronic muscle inflammation, which recapitulates the mild to moderate skeletal muscle dystrophy reported in the LGMD2L patients. We show that these features of ANO5 deficient muscle are not associated with a change in the calcium-activated sarcolemmal chloride channel activity or compromised in vivo regenerative myogenesis. Use of this mouse model allows conducting in vivo investigations into the functional role of ANO5 in muscle health and for preclinical therapeutic development for LGMD2L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija Thiruvengadam
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC
| | - Sen Chandra Sreetama
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC
| | - Karine Charton
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, University Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Marshall Hogarth
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC
| | - James S Novak
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC
| | - Laurence Suel-Petat
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, University Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC
| | - Bruno Allard
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut NeuroMyoGene, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Généthon INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, University Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, MW Washington, DC.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC
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8
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Marago I, Roberts M, Roncaroli F, DuPlessis D, Sewry C, Nagaraju S, Limbada F, Marini-Bettolo C, Hudson J, Banerjee S, Newton L, Bukhari M, Chinoy H, Lilleker JB. Limb girdle muscular dystrophy R12 (LGMD 2L, anoctaminopathy) mimicking idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: key points to prevent misdiagnosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1645-1650. [PMID: 34264321 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnosing the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) can be challenging as several conditions, including genetic myopathies such as limb girdle muscular dystrophy type R12 (LGMD 2 l, anoctaminopathy), mimic the presentation. Here we describe learning points identified from review of four patients with LGMD 2 l who were initially incorrectly diagnosed with IIM. Our aim is to provide clinicians working in adult rheumatology services with a toolkit to help identify non-inflammatory presentations of myopathy. METHODS We performed retrospective review of medical notes, laboratory results, muscle imaging and histological findings of four patients with LGMD 2 l who were previously misdiagnosed with IIM. We focused on clinical presentation and progression, therapeutic agents used, and events leading to revision of the diagnosis. RESULTS Three males and one female patients with a mean age of 51 years at presentation were reviewed. In each case treatment with immunosuppressants, in one case for >15 years, was observed without a clear therapeutic response. All patients were negative for anti-nuclear antibodies and available myositis-associated/specific autoantibodies and associated connective tissue disease features were absent. Prominent fatty infiltration and selective muscle involvement on thigh muscle magnetic resonance imaging was a common. CONCLUSIONS Adult-onset genetic myopathies, particularly LGMD R12, can mimic IIM. Accurate diagnosis is crucial to avoid use of potentially harmful immunosuppressive therapies, allow appropriate genetic counselling, and facilitate involvement in research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Marago
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Mark Roberts
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel DuPlessis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Care Alliance, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Caroline Sewry
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Care Alliance, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Santhosh Nagaraju
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Faheema Limbada
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Northern Care Alliance, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Chiara Marini-Bettolo
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Judith Hudson
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Siwalik Banerjee
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Laura Newton
- Department of Rheumatology, Burnley General Teaching Hospital, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Burnley, UK
| | - Marwan Bukhari
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Lancaster, UK
| | - Hector Chinoy
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford, UK
| | - James B Lilleker
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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9
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The Groovy TMEM16 Family: Molecular Mechanisms of Lipid Scrambling and Ion Conduction. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166941. [PMID: 33741412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The TMEM16 family of membrane proteins displays a remarkable functional dichotomy - while some family members function as Ca2+-activated anion channels, the majority of characterized TMEM16 homologs are Ca2+-activated lipid scramblases, which catalyze the exchange of phospholipids between the two membrane leaflets. Furthermore, some TMEM16 scramblases can also function as channels. Due to their involvement in important physiological processes, the family has been actively studied ever since their molecular identity was unraveled. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the field and how they influenced our view of TMEM16 family function and evolution. Structural, functional and computational studies reveal how relatively small rearrangements in the permeation pathway are responsible for the observed functional duality: while TMEM16 scramblases can adopt both ion- and lipid conductive conformations, TMEM16 channels can only populate the former. Recent data further provides the molecular details of a stepwise activation mechanism, which is initiated by Ca2+ binding and modulated by various cellular factors, including lipids. TMEM16 function and the surrounding membrane properties are inextricably intertwined, with the protein inducing bilayer deformations associated with scrambling, while the surrounding lipids modulate TMEM16 conformation and activity.
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10
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Foltz SJ, Cui YY, Choo HJ, Hartzell HC. ANO5 ensures trafficking of annexins in wounded myofibers. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202007059. [PMID: 33496727 PMCID: PMC7844426 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ANO5 (TMEM16E) cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R12. Defective plasma membrane repair is a likely mechanism. Using myofibers from Ano5 knockout mice, we show that trafficking of several annexin proteins, which together form a cap at the site of injury, is altered upon loss of ANO5. Annexin A2 accumulates at the wound to nearly twice the level observed in WT fibers, while annexin A6 accumulation is substantially inhibited in the absence of ANO5. Appearance of annexins A1 and A5 at the cap is likewise diminished in the Ano5 knockout. These changes are correlated with an alteration in annexin repair cap fine structure and shedding of annexin-positive vesicles. We conclude that loss of annexin coordination during repair is disrupted in Ano5 knockout mice and underlies the defective repair phenotype. Although ANO5 is a phospholipid scramblase, abnormal repair is rescued by overexpression of a scramblase-defective ANO5 mutant, suggesting a novel, scramblase-independent role of ANO5 in repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyojung J. Choo
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H. Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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11
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Di Zanni E, Gradogna A, Picco C, Scholz-Starke J, Boccaccio A. TMEM16E/ANO5 mutations related to bone dysplasia or muscular dystrophy cause opposite effects on lipid scrambling. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1157-1170. [PMID: 32112655 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human TMEM16E/ANO5 gene are causative for gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD), a rare bone malformation and fragility disorder, and for two types of muscular dystrophy (MD). Previous studies have demonstrated that TMEM16E/ANO5 is a Ca2+ -activated phospholipid scramblase and that the mutation c.1538C>T (p.Thr513Ile) causing GDD leads to a gain-of-function phenotype. Here, using established HEK293-based functional assays, we investigated the effects of MD-related and further GDD-related amino acid exchanges on TMEM16E/ANO5 function in the same expression system. These experiments also revealed that the gradual changes in HEK293 cell morphology observed upon expression of TMEM16E/ANO5GDD mutants are a consequence of aberrant protein activity. Our results collectively demonstrate that, on the level of protein function, MD mutations are associated to loss-of-function and GDD mutations to gain-of-function phenotypes, confirming conjectures made on the basis of inheritance modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Zanni
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Gradogna
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristiana Picco
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Anna Boccaccio
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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12
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Chandra G, Defour A, Mamchoui K, Pandey K, Mishra S, Mouly V, Sreetama S, Mahad Ahmad M, Mahjneh I, Morizono H, Pattabiraman N, Menon AK, Jaiswal JK. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis prevents plasma membrane repair in Anoctamin 5/TMEM16E-deficient patient muscle cells. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:118. [PMID: 31341644 PMCID: PMC6639303 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive mutations in Anoctamin 5 (ANO5/TMEM16E), a member of the transmembrane 16 (TMEM16) family of Ca2+-activated ion channels and phospholipid scramblases, cause adult-onset muscular dystrophies (limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2L (LGMD2L) and Miyoshi Muscular Dystrophy (MMD3). However, the molecular role of ANO5 is unclear and ANO5 knockout mouse models show conflicting requirements of ANO5 in muscle. To study the role of ANO5 in human muscle cells we generated a myoblast line from a MMD3-patient carrying the c.2272C>T mutation, which we find causes the mutant protein to be degraded. The patient myoblasts exhibit normal myogenesis, but are compromised in their plasma membrane repair (PMR) ability. The repair deficit is linked to the poor ability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to clear cytosolic Ca2+ increase caused by focal plasma membrane injury. Expression of wild-type ANO5 or pharmacological prevention of injury-triggered cytosolic Ca2+ overload enable injured patient muscle cells to repair. A homology model of ANO5 shows that several of the known LGMD2L/MMD3 patient mutations line the transmembrane region of the protein implicated in its channel activity. These results point to a role of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis in PMR, indicate a role for ANO5 in ER-mediated cytosolic Ca2+ uptake and identify normalization of cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis as a potential therapeutic approach to treat muscular dystrophies caused by ANO5 deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chandra
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Aurelia Defour
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,7Present Address: Aix Marseille Université, UMR_S 910, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mamchoui
- 2Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kalpana Pandey
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Soumya Mishra
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Vincent Mouly
- 2Center for Research in Myology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - SenChandra Sreetama
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Mohammad Mahad Ahmad
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA
| | - Ibrahim Mahjneh
- 4Department of Neurology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hiroki Morizono
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,5Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037 USA
| | | | - Anant K Menon
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- 1Center of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 USA.,5Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037 USA
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13
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Tsuji T, Cheng J, Tatematsu T, Ebata A, Kamikawa H, Fujita A, Gyobu S, Segawa K, Arai H, Taguchi T, Nagata S, Fujimoto T. Predominant localization of phosphatidylserine at the cytoplasmic leaflet of the ER, and its TMEM16K-dependent redistribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13368-13373. [PMID: 31217287 PMCID: PMC6613088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822025116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM16K, a membrane protein carrying 10 transmembrane regions, has phospholipid scramblase activity. TMEM16K is localized to intracellular membranes, but whether it actually scrambles phospholipids inside cells has not been demonstrated, due to technical difficulties in studying intracellular lipid distributions. Here, we developed a freeze-fracture electron microscopy method that enabled us to determine the phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) distribution in the individual leaflets of cellular membranes. Using this method, we found that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells harbored abundant PtdSer in its cytoplasmic leaflet and much less in the luminal leaflet, whereas the outer and inner nuclear membranes (NMs) had equivalent amounts of PtdSer in both leaflets. The ER and NMs of budding yeast also harbored PtdSer in their cytoplasmic leaflet, but asymmetrical distribution in the ER was not observed. Treating mouse embryonic fibroblasts with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 compromised the cytoplasmic leaflet-dominant PtdSer asymmetry in the ER and increased PtdSer in the NMs, especially in the nucleoplasmic leaflet of the inner NM. This Ca2+-induced PtdSer redistribution was not observed in TMEM16K-null fibroblasts, but was recovered in these cells by reexpressing TMEM16K. These results indicate that, similar to the plasma membrane, PtdSer in the ER of mammalian cells is predominantly localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet, and that TMEM16K directly or indirectly mediates Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tsuji
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Tatematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aoi Ebata
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kamikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akikazu Fujita
- Field of Veterinary Pathobiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 890-0065 Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayuri Gyobu
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan;
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14
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Whitlock JM, Yu K, Cui YY, Hartzell HC. Anoctamin 5/TMEM16E facilitates muscle precursor cell fusion. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1498-1509. [PMID: 30257928 PMCID: PMC6219693 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L arises from mutations in the anoctamin ANO5, whose role in muscle physiology is unknown. Whitlock et al. show that loss of ANO5 perturbs phosphatidylserine exposure and cell–cell fusion in muscle precursor cells, which is an essential step in muscle repair. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) is a myopathy arising from mutations in ANO5; however, information about the contribution of ANO5 to muscle physiology is lacking. To explain the role of ANO5 in LGMD2L, we previously hypothesized that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling facilitates cell–cell fusion of mononucleated muscle progenitor cells (MPCs), which is required for muscle repair. Here, we show that heterologous overexpression of ANO5 confers Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling to HEK-293 cells and that scrambling is associated with the simultaneous development of a nonselective ionic current. MPCs isolated from adult Ano5−/− mice exhibit defective cell fusion in culture and produce muscle fibers with significantly fewer nuclei compared with controls. This defective fusion is associated with a decrease of Ca2+-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure on the surface of Ano5−/− MPCs and a decrease in the amplitude of Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. Viral introduction of ANO5 in Ano5−/− MPCs restores MPC fusion competence, ANO5-dependent phospholipid scrambling, and Ca2+-dependent outwardly rectifying ionic currents. ANO5-rescued MPCs produce myotubes having numbers of nuclei similar to wild-type controls. These data suggest that ANO5-mediated phospholipid scrambling or ionic currents play an important role in muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuan Yuan Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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15
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Development of muscular dystrophy in a CRISPR-engineered mutant rabbit model with frame-disrupting ANO5 mutations. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:609. [PMID: 29789544 PMCID: PMC5964072 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L (LGMD2L) and Miyoshi myopathy type 3 (MMD3) are autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the gene encoding anoctamin-5 (ANO5), which belongs to the anoctamin protein family. Two independent lines of mice with complete disruption of ANO5 transcripts did not exhibit overt muscular dystrophy phenotypes; instead, one of these mice was observed to present with some abnormality in sperm motility. In contrast, a third line of ANO5-knockout (KO) mice with residual expression of truncated ANO5 expression was reported to display defective membrane repair and very mild muscle pathology. Many of the ANO5-related patients carry point mutations or small insertions/deletions (indels) in the ANO5 gene. To more closely mimic the human ANO5 mutations, we engineered mutant ANO5 rabbits via co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into the zygotes. CRISPR-mediated small indels in the exon 12 and/or 13 in the mutant rabbits lead to the development of typical signs of muscular dystrophy with increased serum creatine kinase (CK), muscle necrosis, regeneration, fatty replacement and fibrosis. This novel ANO5 mutant rabbit model would be useful in studying the disease pathogenesis and therapeutic treatments for ANO5-deficient muscular dystrophy.
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16
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Di Zanni E, Gradogna A, Scholz-Starke J, Boccaccio A. Gain of function of TMEM16E/ANO5 scrambling activity caused by a mutation associated with gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1657-1670. [PMID: 29124309 PMCID: PMC5897490 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human TMEM16E (ANO5) gene are associated both with the bone disease gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD; OMIM: 166260) and muscle dystrophies (OMIM: 611307, 613319). However, the physiological function of TMEM16E has remained unclear. We show here that human TMEM16E, when overexpressed in mammalian cell lines, displayed partial plasma membrane localization and gave rise to phospholipid scrambling (PLS) as well as non-selective ionic currents with slow time-dependent activation at highly depolarized membrane potentials. While the activity of wild-type TMEM16E depended on elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels, a mutant form carrying the GDD-causing T513I substitution showed PLS and large time-dependent ion currents even at low cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Contrarily, mutation of the homologous position in the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel TMEM16B paralog hardly affected its function. In summary, these data provide the first direct demonstration of Ca2+-dependent PLS activity for TMEM16E and suggest a gain-of-function phenotype related to a GDD mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Zanni
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Gradogna
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Joachim Scholz-Starke
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Anna Boccaccio
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
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17
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Otaify GA, Whyte MP, Gottesman GS, McAlister WH, Eric Gordon J, Hollander A, Andrews MV, El-Mofty SK, Chen WS, Veis DV, Stolina M, Woo AS, Katsonis P, Lichtarge O, Zhang F, Shinawi M. Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia: Severe atypical presentation with novel heterozygous mutation of the anoctamin gene (ANO5). Bone 2018; 107:161-171. [PMID: 29175271 PMCID: PMC5987759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD; OMIM #166260) is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutation in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene and features fibro-osseous lesions of the jawbones, bone fragility with recurrent fractures, and bowing/sclerosis of tubular bones. The physiologic role of ANO5 is unknown. We report a 5-year-old boy with a seemingly atypical and especially severe presentation of GDD and unique ANO5 mutation. Severe osteopenia was associated with prenatal femoral fractures, recurrent postnatal fractures, and progressive bilateral enlargement of his maxilla and mandible beginning at ~2months-of-age that interfered with feeding and speech and required four debulking operations. Histopathological analysis revealed benign fibro-osseous lesions resembling cemento-ossifying fibromas of the jaw without psammomatoid bodies. A novel, de novo, heterozygous, missense mutation was identified in exon 15 of ANO5 (c.1553G>A; p.Gly518Glu). Our findings broaden the phenotypic and molecular spectra of GDD. Fractures early in life with progressive facial swelling are key features. We assessed his response to a total of 7 pamidronate infusions commencing at age 15months. Additional reports must further elucidate the phenotype, explore any genotype-phenotype correlation, and evaluate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Otaify
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Clinical Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary S Gottesman
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William H McAlister
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J Eric Gordon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abby Hollander
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marisa V Andrews
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samir K El-Mofty
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei-Shen Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah V Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Stolina
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Albert S Woo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Panagiotis Katsonis
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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18
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Papadopoulos C, LaforÊt P, Nectoux J, Stojkovic T, Wahbi K, Carlier RY, Carlier PG, Leonard-Louis S, Leturcq F, Romero N, Eymard B, Behin A. Hyperckemia and myalgia are common presentations of anoctamin-5-related myopathy in French patients. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:1096-1100. [PMID: 28187523 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with anoctamin-5 (ANO5) mutations may present not only with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L or adult-onset Miyoshi-type myopathy but also with asymptomatic hyperCKemia, exercise intolerance, or rhabdomyolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 38 patients in France with ANO5 mutations with and without muscle weakness on first examination were compared. RESULTS Twenty patients presented without muscle weakness. Median age at symptom onset or discovery of hyperCKemia was 23 years. Creatine kinase levels ranged from 200 to 40,000 U/L. Electromyography showed a myopathic pattern in 5 patients, and muscle imaging showed involvement of posterior calf muscles in 10 patients. Mild cardiac involvement was observed in 2 patients. Sixteen patients remain free of weakness after a median follow-up period of 5 years. DISCUSSION Asymptomatic, sometimes mild hyperCKemia or exercise intolerance is a presentation of ANO5-related myopathy and may remain isolated or precede muscle weakness by many years. Muscle Nerve 56: 1096-1100, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Papadopoulos
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Pascal LaforÊt
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Nectoux
- APHP, Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karim Wahbi
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Myology Institute, Paris, France
| | - Robert-Yves Carlier
- Radiological Unit, Teaching Hospital R. Poincaré, University Hospital of Paris, Versailles St Quentin University, Garches, France
| | | | - Sarah Leonard-Louis
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - France Leturcq
- APHP, Service de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Norma Romero
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Musculaire Risler, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Behin
- APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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19
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Ylikallio E, Auranen M, Mahjneh I, Lamminen A, Kousi M, Träskelin AL, Muurinen T, Löfberg M, Salmi T, Paetau A, Lehesjoki AE, Piirilä P, Kiuru-Enari S. Decreased Aerobic Capacity in ANO5-Muscular Dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis 2016; 3:475-485. [DOI: 10.3233/jnd-160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Ylikallio
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mari Auranen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Ibrahim Mahjneh
- Division of Neurology, Pietarsaari District Hospital, Pietarsaari, Finland
- Department of Neurology, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Lamminen
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Kousi
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Muurinen
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Löfberg
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tapani Salmi
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Paetau
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Piirilä
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Kiuru-Enari
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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20
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Whitlock JM, Hartzell HC. Anoctamins/TMEM16 Proteins: Chloride Channels Flirting with Lipids and Extracellular Vesicles. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 79:119-143. [PMID: 27860832 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoctamin (ANO)/TMEM16 proteins exhibit diverse functions in cells throughout the body and are implicated in several human diseases. Although the founding members ANO1 (TMEM16A) and ANO2 (TMEM16B) are Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, most ANO paralogs are Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblases that serve as channels facilitating the movement (scrambling) of phospholipids between leaflets of the membrane bilayer. Phospholipid scrambling significantly alters the physical properties of the membrane and its landscape and has vast downstream signaling consequences. In particular, phosphatidylserine exposed on the external leaflet of the plasma membrane functions as a ligand for receptors vital for cell-cell communication. A major consequence of Ca2+-dependent scrambling is the release of extracellular vesicles that function as intercellular messengers by delivering signaling proteins and noncoding RNAs to alter target cell function. We discuss the physiological implications of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scrambling, the extracellular vesicles associated with this activity, and the roles of ANOs in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred M Whitlock
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
| | - H Criss Hartzell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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21
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Jeng G, Aggarwal M, Yu WP, Chen TY. Independent activation of distinct pores in dimeric TMEM16A channels. J Gen Physiol 2016; 148:393-404. [PMID: 27799319 PMCID: PMC5089935 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The TMEM16 family encompasses Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs) and lipid scramblases. These proteins are formed by two identical subunits, as confirmed by the recently solved crystal structure of a TMEM16 lipid scramblase. However, the high-resolution structure did not provide definitive information regarding the pore architecture of the TMEM16 channels. In this study, we express TMEM16A channels constituting two covalently linked subunits with different Ca2+ affinities. The dose-response curve of the heterodimer appears to be a weighted sum of two dose-response curves-one corresponding to the high-affinity subunit and the other to the low-affinity subunit. However, fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments suggest that the covalently linked heterodimeric proteins fold and assemble as one molecule. Together these results suggest that activation of the two TMEM16A subunits likely activate independently of each other. The Ca2+ activation curve for the heterodimer at a low Ca2+ concentration range ([Ca2+] < 5 µM) is similar to that of the wild-type channel-the Hill coefficients in both cases are significantly greater than one. This suggests that Ca2+ binding to one subunit of TMEM16A is sufficient to activate the channel and that each subunit contains more than one Ca2+-binding site. We also take advantage of the I-V curve rectification that results from mutation of a pore residue to address the pore architecture of the channel. By introducing the pore mutation and the mutation that alters Ca2+ affinity in the same or different subunits, we demonstrate that activation of different subunits appears to be associated with the opening of different pores. These results suggest that the TMEM16A CaCC may also adopt a "double-barrel" pore architecture, similar to that found in CLC channels and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Jeng
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Muskaan Aggarwal
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Wei-Ping Yu
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Tsung-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618 .,Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618
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22
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Jin S, Du J, Wang Z, Zhang W, Lv H, Meng L, Xiao J, Yuan Y. Heterogeneous characteristics of MRI changes of thigh muscles in patients with dysferlinopathy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:1072-1079. [PMID: 27251469 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of thigh muscle MRI changes in a large cohort of patients with dysferlinopathy. METHODS MRI of the thigh was performed in 60 patients. We correlated the scale of muscle involvement on MRI with the modified Gardner-Medwin and Walton (GM-W) scale and disease duration. We also analyzed the relationship between muscle changes and genetic mutations. RESULTS Fatty infiltration and edema were observed in 95.50% and 86.67% of patients, respectively. The hamstring muscles had the highest frequency and mean score of fatty infiltration, although a posterior-dominant pattern was found in only 56%. Edema most commonly and severely affected the quadriceps and adductor magnus muscles. Fatty infiltration score correlated positively with disease duration and GM-W scale. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of fatty infiltration was heterogeneous in dysferlinopathy patients. Muscle edema was common. Fatty infiltration can be used to assess disease progression. Muscle Nerve 54: 1072-1079, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Jin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
| | - He Lv
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
| | - Lingchao Meng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
| | - Jiangxi Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku St, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, PR. China
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Modulating Ca²⁺ signals: a common theme for TMEM16, Ist2, and TMC. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:475-90. [PMID: 26700940 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of TMEM16A (anoctamin 1, ANO1) as Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel, the protein was found to serve different physiological functions, depending on the type of tissue. Subsequent reports on other members of the anoctamin family demonstrated a broad range of yet poorly understood properties. Compromised anoctamin function is causing a wide range of diseases, such as hearing loss (ANO2), bleeding disorder (ANO6), ataxia and dystonia (ANO3, 10), persistent borrelia and mycobacteria infection (ANO10), skeletal syndromes like gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia and limb girdle muscle dystrophy (ANO5), and cancer (ANO1, 6, 7). Animal models demonstrate CF-like airway disease, asthma, and intestinal hyposecretion (ANO1). Although present data indicate that ANO1 is a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel, it remains unclear whether all anoctamins form plasma membrane-localized or intracellular chloride channels. We find Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents appearing by expression of most anoctamin paralogs, including the Nectria haematococca homologue nhTMEM16 and the yeast homologue Ist2. As recent studies show a role of anoctamins, Ist2, and the related transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins for intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, we will discuss the role of these proteins in generating compartmentalized Ca(2+) signals, which may give a hint as to the broad range of cellular functions of anoctamins.
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A Role of TMEM16E Carrying a Scrambling Domain in Sperm Motility. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:645-59. [PMID: 26667038 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00919-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16E (TMEM16E) belongs to the TMEM16 family of proteins that have 10 transmembrane regions and appears to localize intracellularly. Although TMEM16E mutations cause bone fragility and muscular dystrophy in humans, its biochemical function is unknown. In the TMEM16 family, TMEM16A and -16B serve as Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) channels, while TMEM16C, -16D, -16F, -16G, and -16J support Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid scrambling. Here, we show that TMEM16E carries a segment composed of 35 amino acids homologous to the scrambling domain in TMEM16F. When the corresponding segment of TMEM16A was replaced by this 35-amino-acid segment of TMEM16E, the chimeric molecule localized to the plasma membrane and supported Ca(2+)-dependent scrambling. We next established TMEM16E-deficient mice, which appeared to have normal skeletal muscle. However, fertility was decreased in the males. We found that TMEM16E was expressed in germ cells in early spermatogenesis and thereafter and localized to sperm tail. TMEM16E(-/-) sperm showed no apparent defect in morphology, beating, mitochondrial function, capacitation, or binding to zona pellucida. However, they showed reduced motility and inefficient fertilization of cumulus-free but zona-intact eggs in vitro. Our results suggest that TMEM16E may function as a phospholipid scramblase at inner membranes and that its defect affects sperm motility.
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Abstract
Since an intact membrane is required for normal cellular homeostasis, membrane repair is essential for cell survival. Human genetic studies, combined with the development of novel animal models and refinement of techniques to study cellular injury, have now uncovered series of repair proteins highly relevant for human health. Many of the deficient repair pathways manifest in skeletal muscle, where defective repair processes result in myopathies or other forms of muscle disease. Dysferlin is a membrane-associated protein implicated in sarcolemmal repair and also linked to other membrane functions including the maintenance of transverse tubules in muscle. MG53, annexins, and Eps15 homology domain-containing proteins interact with dysferlin to form a membrane repair complex and similarly have roles in membrane trafficking in muscle. These molecular features of membrane repair are not unique to skeletal muscle, but rather skeletal muscle, due to its high demands, is more dependent on an efficient repair process. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, as well as Ca(2+), are central regulators of membrane organization during repair. Given the importance of muscle health in disease and in aging, these pathways are targets to enhance muscle function and recovery from injury.
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Han JH, Kim HM, Seo DG, Lee G, Jeung EB, Yu FH. Multiple transcripts of anoctamin genes expressed in the mouse submandibular salivary gland. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2015; 45:69-75. [PMID: 25932341 PMCID: PMC4415004 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2015.45.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Han
- Program in Neurobiology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Kim
- Program in Neurobiology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deog-Gyu Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chungbuk National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Frank H Yu
- Program in Neurobiology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Savarese M, Di Fruscio G, Tasca G, Ruggiero L, Janssens S, De Bleecker J, Delpech M, Musumeci O, Toscano A, Angelini C, Sacconi S, Santoro L, Ricci E, Claes K, Politano L, Nigro V. Next generation sequencing on patients with LGMD and nonspecific myopathies: Findings associated with ANO5 mutations. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:533-41. [PMID: 25891276 PMCID: PMC4502439 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We studied 786 undiagnosed patients with LGMD or nonspecific myopathic features to investigate the role of ANO5 mutations in limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) and in nonspecific myopathies using the next generation sequencing (NGS) approach. In 160 LGMD patients, we first sequenced hotspot exons 5 and 20 and then sequenced the remaining part of the coding region. Another 626 patients, recruited using broader inclusion criteria, were directly analyzed by targeted NGS. By combining NGS and Sanger sequencing, we identified 33/786 (4%) patients carrying putative pathogenic changes in both alleles and 23 ANO5 heterozygotes (3%). The phenotypic spectrum is broader than expected, from hyperCKemia to myopathies, with lack of genotype/phenotype correlations. In particular, this is currently the largest screening of the ANO5 gene. The large number of heterozygotes for damaging mutations suggests that anoctaminopathies should be frequent and often nonpenetrant. We propose the multiple genetic testing by targeted NGS as a first step to analyze patients with nonspecific myopathic presentations. This represents a straightforward approach to overcome the difficulties of clinical heterogeneity of ANO5 patients, and to test, at the same time, many other genes involved in neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Savarese
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Di Fruscio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze riproduttive ed odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandra Janssens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Delpech
- Biochimie et génétique moléculaire, Centre hospitalier Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Corrado Angelini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires - SLA, Hôpital Archet 1, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze riproduttive ed odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Kathleen Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luisa Politano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
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Vissing CR, Preisler N, Husu E, Prahm KP, Vissing J. Aerobic training in patients with anoctamin 5 myopathy and hyperckemia. Muscle Nerve 2014; 50:119-23. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer R. Vissing
- Neuromuscular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Section 3342, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nicolai Preisler
- Neuromuscular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Section 3342, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Edith Husu
- Neuromuscular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Section 3342, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kira P. Prahm
- Neuromuscular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Section 3342, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Neuromuscular Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Section 3342, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L presenting as necrotizing myopathy. ACTA MYOLOGICA : MYOPATHIES AND CARDIOMYOPATHIES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY OF MYOLOGY 2014; 33:19-21. [PMID: 24843231 PMCID: PMC4021630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in the ANO5 gene, encoding anoctamin 5, cause proximal limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2L), Miyoshi-type distal myopathy (MM3) and asymptomatic hyper- CKemia. We report a woman with exertion-induced myalgia and weakness in the hip girdle manifesting at the age of 40. Creatine kinase (CK) was increased 20-fold. Histologically the dominating feature was necrotizing myopathy, but long-term immunosuppressive therapy did not change CK level or myopathic symptoms. Molecular genetic investigation led to the finding of the homozygous ANO5 c.191dupA mutation. This is a report of a muscular dystrophy due to ANO5 mutation presenting histologically as necrotizing myopathy. For this reason our finding extends the histological spectrum of myopathies due to ANO5 mutations as well as the possible differential diagnoses for necrotizing myopathy.
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Leung DG, Taylor HA, Lindy AS, Basehore MJ, Mammen AL. A case of progressive quadriceps weakness and elevated creatine kinase level mimicking inclusion body myositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66:328-33. [PMID: 24022920 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris G Leung
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Joshi PR, Gläser D, Dreßel C, Kress W, Weis J, Deschauer M. Anoctamin 5 muscular dystrophy associated with a silent p.Leu115Leu mutation resulting in exon skipping. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 24:43-7. [PMID: 24239059 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a 45year-old patient with an asymmetrical proximal muscle weakness affecting the quadriceps muscle of the right leg starting at the age of 32years. CK was 25-fold increased. MRI of the legs showed signs of fatty degeneration more pronounced in the right side. Biopsy of a thigh muscle showed dystrophic pattern and amyloid deposition in blood vessel walls. The coding region and exon/intron boundaries of the ANO5 gene were amplified and sequenced. The common c.191dupA mutation and a silent novel p.Leu115Leu (c.345G>A) variant were identified. This silent variant was listed neither in the LOVD database nor in the SNP database. To evaluate the pathogenicity of the novel silent mutation in ANO5, cDNA analysis was performed that demonstrated skipping of exon 6. So far, no case with a silent mutation leading to abnormal splicing has been identified in Anoctamin 5 muscular dystrophy. Present findings emphasize that cDNA analysis should be done if a silent variant is not annotated in the databases. In Anoctamin 5 muscular dystrophy a molecular diagnosis is even more important as protein investigation through Western blotting or immunohistochemistry is not yet established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Raj Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | | | | | - Wolfram Kress
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, University Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Deschauer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Abstract
The distal myopathies are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders defined by a predominant distal weakness at onset or throughout the evolution of the disease and by pathological data supporting a myopathic process. The number of genes associated with distal myopathies continues to increase. Fourteen distinct distal myopathies are currently defined by their gene and causative mutations, compared to just five entities delineated on clinical grounds two decades ago. The known proteins affected in the distal myopathies are of many types and include a significant number of sarcomeric proteins. The useful indicators for clinicians to direct towards a correct molecular diagnosis are the mode of inheritance, the age at onset, the pattern of muscle involvement, the serum creatine kinase level and the muscle pathology findings. This review gives an overview of the clinical and genetic characteristics of the currently identified distal myopathies with emphasis on some recent findings.
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Monjaret F, Suel-Petat L, Bourg-Alibert N, Vihola A, Marchand S, Roudaut C, Gicquel E, Udd B, Richard I, Charton K. The phenotype of dysferlin-deficient mice is not rescued by adeno-associated virus-mediated transfer of anoctamin 5. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:65-76. [PMID: 23721401 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2012.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in dysferlin and anoctamin 5 are the cause of muscular disorders, with the main presentations as limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or Miyoshi type of distal myopathy. Both these proteins have been implicated in sarcolemmal resealing. On the basis of similarities in associated phenotypes and protein functions, we tested the hypothesis that ANO5 protein could compensate for dysferlin absence. We first defined that the main transcript of ANO5 expressed in skeletal muscle is the 22-exon full-length isoform, and we demonstrated that dysferlin-deficient (Dysf (prmd)) mice have lower Ano5 expression levels, an observation that further enhanced the rational of the tested hypothesis. We then showed that AAV-mediated transfer of human ANO5 (hANO5) did not lead to apparent toxicity in wild-type mice. Finally, we demonstrated that AAV-hANO5 injection was not able to compensate for dysferlin deficiency in the Dysf (prmd) mouse model or improve the membrane repair defect seen in the absence of dysferlin. Consequently, overexpressing hANO5 does not seem to provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for dysferlin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Monjaret
- Généthon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8587, 91000 Evry, France
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Liewluck T, Winder TL, Dimberg EL, Crum BA, Heppelmann CJ, Wang Y, Bergen HR, Milone M. ANO5-muscular dystrophy: clinical, pathological and molecular findings. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20:1383-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. L. Dimberg
- Department of Neurology; Mayo Clinic; Jacksonville; FL; USA
| | - B. A. Crum
- Department of Neurology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester; MN; USA
| | | | - Y. Wang
- Prevention Genetics; Marshfield; WI; USA
| | - H. R. Bergen
- Proteomics Core; Mayo Clinic; Rochester; MN; USA
| | - M. Milone
- Department of Neurology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester; MN; USA
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Selective pattern of muscle involvement seen in distal muscular dystrophy associated with anoctamin 5 mutations: a follow-up muscle MRI study. Neuromuscul Disord 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S130-6. [PMID: 22980764 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anoctaminopathy is a new muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the ANO5 gene. ANO5 mutations cause distal and proximal phenotypes. We report here a follow-up muscle MRI study on five patients affected by distal form of anoctaminopathy. T1 weighted scans showed subsequent involvement of gastrocnemius medialis and soleus, hip adductors, hamstrings, gastrocnemius lateralis and quadriceps muscles, and later on tensor fascia lata, gluteus minimus and biceps brachii muscles, respectively. The STIR weighted images showed in the early stages widely distributed hyperintense signals, myoedema, in the adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps muscles, which at that time have normal T1 signals. All patients showed asymmetry of muscle involvement both clinically and on muscle imaging. The progression of muscle involvement was relatively slow. We conclude that the pattern of muscle involvement seen in patients with distal myopathy with anoctamin 5 mutations (MMD3) is typical and can thus be useful during the differential diagnosis process allowing for a more targeted molecular approach.
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36
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Little AA, Mckeever PE, Gruis KL. Novel mutations in the anoctamin 5 gene (ANO5
) associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2L. Muscle Nerve 2012; 47:287-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Marconi C, Brunamonti Binello P, Badiali G, Caci E, Cusano R, Garibaldi J, Pippucci T, Merlini A, Marchetti C, Rhoden KJ, Galietta LJV, Lalatta F, Balbi P, Seri M. A novel missense mutation in ANO5/TMEM16E is causative for gnathodiaphyseal dyplasia in a large Italian pedigree. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:613-9. [PMID: 23047743 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD) is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by frequent bone fractures at a young age, bowing of tubular bones and cemento-osseus lesions of the jawbones. Anoctamin 5 (ANO5) belongs to the anoctamin protein family that includes calcium-activated chloride channels. However, recent data together with our own experiments reported here add weight to the hypothesis that ANO5 may not function as calcium-activated chloride channel. By sequencing the entire ANO5 gene coding region and untranslated regions in a large Italian GDD family, we found a novel missense mutation causing the p.Thr513Ile substitution. The mutation segregates with the disease in the family and has never been described in any database as a polymorphism. To date, only two mutations on the same cysteine residue at position 356 of ANO5 amino-acid sequence have been described in GDD families. As ANO5 has also been found to be mutated in two different forms of muscular dystrophy, the finding of this third mutation in GDD adds clues to the role of ANO5 in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Marconi
- Unità di Genetica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Ostetriche e Pediatriche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Wahbi K, Béhin A, Bécane HM, Leturcq F, Cossée M, Laforêt P, Stojkovic T, Carlier P, Toussaint M, Gaxotte V, Cluzel P, Eymard B, Duboc D. Dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with mutations in anoctamin 5. Int J Cardiol 2012; 168:76-9. [PMID: 23041008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous mutations in ANO5, a gene encoding anoctamin 5, a putative calcium-activated chloride channel, have recently been reported in patients with adult-onset myopathies or isolated high-CK levels. Cardiomyopathy has not previously been reported in these populations despite a proven expression of anoctamin 5 in the cardiac muscle. METHODS Patients presenting for the management of high-CK levels or overt myopathy with proven ANO5 mutations were prospectively investigated between June 2010 and March 2012 in Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, according to a standardised protocol. Neurological and cardiological clinical examinations, CK assessment, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiography were performed, as well as cardiac MRI and coronary CT angiography in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. RESULTS Our study included 19 consecutive patients (male=15, age=46.2 ± 12.7 years) from 16 families. Five had asymptomatic high-CK levels and 14 had overt myopathy. One patient had a personal history of stable coronary artery disease with normal ventricular function. ECG showed ventricular premature beats in one patient. Echocardiography displayed LV dilatation in two patients, LV dysfunction in one, and both abnormalities in two who fulfilled criteria for dilated cardiomyopathy which was confirmed by cardiac MRI and normal CT angiography. CONCLUSIONS Dilated cardiomyopathy is a potential complication in patients with myopathies due to mutations in the ANO5 gene whose screening requires specific procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wahbi
- AP-HP, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, Centre de Référence de Pathologie neuromusculaire Paris Est, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.
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Magri F, Bo RD, D’Angelo MG, Sciacco M, Gandossini S, Govoni A, Napoli L, Ciscato P, Fortunato F, Brighina E, Bonato S, Bordoni A, Lucchini V, Corti S, Moggio M, Bresolin N, Comi GP. Frequency and characterisation of anoctamin 5 mutations in a cohort of Italian limb-girdle muscular dystrophy patients. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:934-43. [PMID: 22742934 PMCID: PMC3500692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2L, caused by mutations in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene, is the third most common LGMD in Northern and Central Europe, where the c.191dupA mutation causes the majority of cases. We evaluated data from 228 Italian LGMD patients to determine the prevalence of LGMD2L and the c.191dupA mutation, and to describe the clinical, muscle biopsy, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in these patients. Forty-three patients who lacked molecular diagnosis were studied for ANO5 mutations, and four novel mutations were found in three probands. Only one proband carried the c.191dupA mutation, which was compound heterozygous with c.2516T>G. Two probands were homozygous for the c.1627dupA and c.397A>T mutations, respectively, while a fourth proband had a compound heterozygous status (c.220C>T and c.1609T>C). Therefore occurrence and molecular epidemiology of LGMD2L in this Italian cohort differed from those observed in other European countries. ANO5 mutations accounted for ∼2% of our sample. Affected patients exhibited benign progression with variable onset and an absence of cardiac and respiratory impairment; muscle biopsy generally showed mild signs, except when performed on the quadriceps muscles; MRI showed predominant involvement of the posterior thigh. Overall these common clinical, morphological and imaging findings could be useful in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Del Bo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Monica Sciacco
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences – Neuromuscular Unit University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Govoni
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Napoli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences – Neuromuscular Unit University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ciscato
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences – Neuromuscular Unit University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Brighina
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Sara Bonato
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Andreina Bordoni
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchini
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences – Neuromuscular Unit University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences – Neuromuscular Unit University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. Adderess: Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Milano, Padiglione Ponti, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy. Tel.: +39 02 55033817; fax: +39 02 50320430.
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Myopathy caused by anoctamin 5 mutations and necrotizing vasculitis. J Neurol 2012; 259:1988-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schessl J, Kress W, Schoser B. Novel ANO5
mutations causing hyper-CK-emia, limb girdle muscular weakness and miyoshi type of muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:740-2. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bouquet F, Cossée M, Béhin A, Deburgrave N, Romero N, Leturcq F, Eymard B. Miyoshi-like distal myopathy with mutations in anoctamin 5 gene. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Duran C, Qu Z, Osunkoya AO, Cui Y, Hartzell HC. ANOs 3-7 in the anoctamin/Tmem16 Cl- channel family are intracellular proteins. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C482-93. [PMID: 22075693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00140.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (CaCCs) participate in numerous physiological functions such as neuronal excitability, sensory transduction, and transepithelial fluid transport. Recently, it was shown that heterologously expressed anoctamins ANO1 and ANO2 generate currents that resemble native CaCCs. The anoctamin family (also called Tmem16) consists of 10 members, but it is not known whether all members of the family are CaCCs. Expression of ANOs 3-7 in HEK293 cells did not generate Cl(-) currents activated by intracellular Ca(2+), as determined by whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology. With the use of confocal imaging, only ANO1 and ANO2 traffic to the plasma membrane when expressed heterologously. Furthermore, endogenously expressed ANO7 in the human prostate is predominantly intracellular. We took a chimeric approach to identify regions critical for channel trafficking and function. However, none of the chimeras of ANO1 and ANO5/7 that we made trafficked to the plasma membrane. Our results suggest that intracellular anoctamins may be endoplasmic reticulum proteins, although it remains unknown whether these family members are CaCCs. Determining the role of anoctamin family members in ion transport will be critical to understanding their functions in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Duran
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-3030, USA
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Milone M, Liewluck T, Winder TL, Pianosi PT. Amyloidosis and exercise intolerance in ANO5 muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2011; 22:13-5. [PMID: 21820307 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anoctamin 5 and dysferlin mutations can result in myopathies with similar clinical phenotype. Amyloid deposits can occur in the muscle of patients with dysferlinopathy. We describe a 53-year-old woman with exercise intolerance since childhood, recurrent rhabdomyolysis and late-onset weakness. Muscle biopsy showed amyloid deposits within the blood vessel walls and around muscle fibers. Mutation analysis identified two pathogenic heterozygous mutations in anoctamin 5 and no mutations in dysferlin. To our knowledge this is the first report of muscle amyloidosis in anoctamin 5 muscular dystrophy. This finding suggests that patients with amyloid in muscle should be screened for anoctamin 5 muscular dystrophy.
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Deschauer M, Joshi P, Gläser D, Hanisch F, Stoltenburg G, Zierz S. Muskeldystrophie infolge Anoctamin-5-Mutationen. DER NERVENARZT 2011; 82:1596-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-011-3325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Physiological roles and diseases of Tmem16/Anoctamin proteins: are they all chloride channels? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:685-92. [PMID: 21642943 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tmem16 gene family was first identified by bioinformatic analysis in 2004. In 2008, it was shown independently by 3 laboratories that the first two members (Tmem16A and Tmem16B) of this 10-gene family are Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels. Because these proteins are thought to have 8 transmembrane domains and be anion-selective channels, the alternative name, Anoctamin (anion and octa=8), has been proposed. However, it remains unclear whether all members of this family are, in fact, anion channels or have the same 8-transmembrane domain topology. Since 2008, there have been nearly 100 papers published on this gene family. The excitement about Tmem16 proteins has been enhanced by the finding that Ano1 has been linked to cancer, mutations in Ano5 are linked to several forms of muscular dystrophy (LGMDL2 and MMD-3), mutations in Ano10 are linked to autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia, and mutations in Ano6 are linked to Scott syndrome, a rare bleeding disorder. Here we review some of the recent developments in understanding the physiology and structure-function of the Tmem16 gene family.
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Anoctamins. Pflugers Arch 2011; 462:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-0975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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