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Hébert L, Froger D, Madeline A, Lecouturier F, Lemans C, Zientara S. European Inter-Laboratory Proficiency Test for Dourine Antibody Detection Using the Complement Fixation Test. Vet Sci 2023; 10:592. [PMID: 37888544 PMCID: PMC10610798 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dourine is a sexually transmitted parasitic disease affecting equids. Its causative agent is referred to as Trypanosoma equiperdum and the prescribed serodiagnosis method is the complement fixation test (CFT). In the context of our European Reference Laboratory mandate for equine diseases (excluding African horse sickness), we organised dourine CFT inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) in 2015, 2018 and 2022 to evaluate the performance of the European Union network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for dourine. ILPT panels were composed of horse sera with or without antibodies against Trypanosoma spp. originating from non-infected, immunised or experimentally infected horses. Twenty-two NRLs participated in at least one of the three sessions. In 2015, 2018 and 2022, the percentage of laboratories obtaining 100% of the expected results was 57, 90 and 80, respectively. These dourine CFT ILPTs showed the benefits of standardising the method's detection limit and underlined the constant need to evaluate NRLs to improve the network's performance. These results also argue in favour of the need for a representative bio-bank to improve the representativeness of ILPT samples and to allow the adoption of alternative serological methods for international surveillance of dourine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hébert
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Delphine Froger
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Anthony Madeline
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Charlène Lemans
- Unité Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie des Maladies Equines (PhEED), Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), RD675, 14430 Goustranville, France; (D.F.); (A.M.); (F.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Maisons-Alfort, ANSES, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (ENVA), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
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Tanaka Y, Suganuma K, Watanabe K, Kobayashi Y. Epididymitis in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:1-9. [PMID: 36642054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma equiperdum is a causative agent of dourine in equids and is transmitted from stallions to mares by coitus. Dourine-affected stallions develop orchitis and epididymitis, and these lesions are considered to be responsible for the sexual transmission of T. equiperdum during coitus. However, the parasitic site of trypanosomes in the reproductive organs and the mechanisms underlying transmission have not yet been elucidated histopathologically. We examined the reproductive organs of male mice infected with T. equiperdum histopathologically and identified severe epididymitis with sperm granulomas. Many trypanosomes were detected in the epididymal interstitium and a few were seen within tubular lumen. Interstitial inflammatory cells mainly consisted of Iba1-, iNOS- and CD204-positive cells with a few CD3-, FOXP3- or PAX5-positive cells. There was diffuse immunolabelling of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) within these inflammatory foci. While caspase-3-positive epithelial cells in the epididymis were not observed in control mice, they were detected multifocally in infected mice and were frequently associated with loss of immunolabelling of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a major protein that forms tight junctions between epididymal epithelial cells. Anti-laminin immunofluorescence revealed an indistinct basement membrane of the epididymal duct. These results suggest that trypanosomes in the epididymal interstitium induce the infiltration of TNF-α-secreting macrophages. Secreted TNF-α may impair the tight junctions of the epididymal duct by inducing apoptosis and downregulating ZO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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TANAKA Y, SUGANUMA K, WATANABE K, KOBAYASHI Y. Pathology of female mice experimentally infected with an in vitro cultured strain of Trypanosoma equiperdum. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1212-1218. [PMID: 34135196 PMCID: PMC8437734 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dourine, caused by infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum, is one of the trypanosomiasis in equids. The clinical course of dourine is long-term, ranging from 1-2 months to several years. Since the pathogenesis of dourine has not yet been elucidated, experimental studies using mouse infection models are needed. Although mice are not susceptible to most T. equiperdum strains, some strains can infect mice. Even in such strains, infected mice develop rapidly transient parasitemia and die within 2-8 days. Therefore, mice experimentally infected with these T. equiperdum strains are not suitable for mouse infection models to analysis the pathogenesis of dourine. A sequential method of isolating parasites from dourine-affected horses and adapting them to in vitro cultures using soft agarose media was recently developed. Various T. equiperdum strains adapted to in vitro conditions have been established using this technique. We used one of these strains, the T. equiperdum IVM-t2 strain. In the present study, T. equiperdum IVM-t2 strain inoculated mice developed periodic parasitemia during the experimental period of 60 days. Histopathologically, vaginitis and dermatitis were observed. These findings were comparable to those of dourine-affected horses. Therefore, mice infected with T. equiperdum IVM-t2 strain may be a valuable tool for pathological, immunological, and parasitological in vivo research, and will contribute to investigations on the mechanisms underlying the disease process and the host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke TANAKA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro
University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro,
Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
| | - Kenichi WATANABE
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu KOBAYASHI
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of
Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555,
Japan
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Lanigan LG, Russell DS, Woolard KD, Pardo ID, Godfrey V, Jortner BS, Butt MT, Bolon B. Comparative Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:10-33. [PMID: 33016246 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
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Tanaka Y, Adilbish A, Koyama K, Bayasgalan MO, Horiuchi N, Uranbileg N, Watanabe K, Purevdorj B, Gurdorj S, Banzragch B, Badgar B, Suganuma K, Yokoyama N, Inoue N, Kobayashi Y. Immunohistochemical phenotyping of macrophages and T lymphocytes infiltrating in peripheral nerve lesions of dourine-affected horses. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1502-1505. [PMID: 32788501 PMCID: PMC7653314 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dourine is a deadly protozoan disease in equids caused by infection with
Trypanosoma equiperdum. Neurological signs in the later stage of
infection may be caused by peripheral polyneuritis and related axonal degeneration. This
neuritis involves T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, and is observed in cases
without obvious neurological signs. However, the pathogenesis of neuritis remains unclear.
We identified M2 macrophages and CD8 T cells as the predominant phenotypes in neuritis of
dourine-affected horses with or without neurological signs. In contrast, the populations
of M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells were small. This result indicates that inflammation was
chronic and suggests that dourine-associated neuritis occurs at the early stage of
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Altanchimeg Adilbish
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Kenji Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mungun-Ochir Bayasgalan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Nyamdolgor Uranbileg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Soyolmaa Gurdorj
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Battur Banzragch
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Battsetseg Badgar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Mizushima D, Amgalanbaatar T, Davaasuren B, Kayano M, Naransatsral S, Myagmarsuren P, Otgonsuren D, Enkhtaivan B, Davkharbayar B, Mungun-Ochir B, Baatarjargal P, Nyamdolgor U, Soyolmaa G, Altanchimeg A, Zoljargal M, Nguyen TT, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Inoue N, Yokoyama N, Suganuma K. Nationwide serological surveillance of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses in Mongolia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00158. [PMID: 32642568 PMCID: PMC7334808 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mongolia, horses play important roles, not only in livestock production, but also in terms of culture, tradition, and Mongolian beliefs. Although the presence of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses, which are caused by infections with Trypanosoma evansi (surra) and T. equiperdum (dourine), has been reported in the country, whether there is a nationwide epidemic of these infectious diseases is unknown. In the present study, a nationwide surveillance of horse trypanosomoses was performed. The sample sizes for each province, the whole country, and male and female horses were, respectively, 96, 2,400, and 316 and 306. In total, 3,641 samples of horse sera were collected by simple random sampling. The rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA, which was applied for surra against cattle and water buffalo and dourine against horse, revealed that the overall sero-prevalence of the diseases in Mongolia was 4.8%. Among them, high sero-prevalences were observed in the central provinces (5.2–11.0%, p < 0.05) of the country. The sero-prevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (6.0% and 4.0%, p < 0.05, respectively) and in non-castrated males (8.4%, p < 0.01) compared with castrated males (3.0%). These results suggested that currently, horse trypanosomoses are a nationwide endemic problem in Mongolia. Knowledge of the nationwide endemic status of non-tsetse-transmitted horse trypanosomoses in Mongolia will be useful to prevent these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tovuu Amgalanbaatar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mitsunori Kayano
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Sandagdorj Naransatsral
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Davkharbayar
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Purevdorj Baatarjargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uranbileg Nyamdolgor
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gurdorj Soyolmaa
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Adilbish Altanchimeg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Myagmar Zoljargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thu-Thuy Nguyen
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Research Center for Global Agromedicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Treatment Efficiency of Combination Therapy With Diminazene Aceturate and Quinapyramine Sulfate in a Horse With Dourine. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 87:102905. [PMID: 32172907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dourine is a lethal protozoan disease of equids, and it is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum infection via coitus. To date, treatment strategies against the dourine are not recommended because of the frequent relapses; therefore, the World Organisation for Animal Health recommends the stamping-out policy for the control of dourine. Our previous studies have revealed a number of horses with dourine in Mongolia that is the fifth largest horse-breeding country. It is difficult to apply the stamping-out policy for cases of dourine in Mongolia because of an inadequate livestock guarantee system. Therefore, the development of effective treatment measures is an urgent need. In this study, an 8-year-old stallion was definitely diagnosed with dourine based on clinical signs, molecular analysis, and microscopic examination of trypanosomes. Combination therapy with diminazene aceturate and quinapyramine sulfate was applied. Before the treatment, the characteristic clinical signs of dourine were observed, and trypanosomes were detected in the urogenital tract mucosal swab samples by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, positive serological results were obtained. After the treatment, we observed an improvement in the health of the treated horse and no trypanosome infection in its urogenital tract by microscopic examination and PCR. Moreover, serological tests showed seronegative results. The horse has showed no relapse for at least 2.5 years after the treatment, and its reproductive ability has improved. Our result suggests that trypanosomes did not invade cerebrospinal fluid when we started the therapy. In conclusion, the combination therapy has therapeutic potential against dourine at an early phase.
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Yasine A, Ashenafi H, Geldhof P, Van Brantegem L, Vercauteren G, Bekana M, Tola A, Van Soom A, Duchateau L, Goddeeris B, Govaere J. Histopathological lesions in reproductive organs, distal spinal cord and peripheral nerves of horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:175. [PMID: 31138270 PMCID: PMC6537221 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dourine, a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, has different clinical signs related to the reproductive and nervous system. Pathologic tissue changes associated with the disease are poorly described. The present study describes the histopathological lesions in naturally T. equiperdum-infected horses in the chronical stage of dourine. Results Four chronically dourine diseased horses underwent a post-mortem examination. They were Woo test negative, but CATT/T. evansi positive, had a low packed cell volume (PCV) and exhibited obvious clinical signs of dourine. Post-mortem examination did not reveal gross lesions in the organs assumed to be responsible for the symptomatology. On histopathology, genital organs were affected, with mononuclear cell infiltration and erosions and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffing in the uterus. In the nervous system, mononuclear cell infiltration was located in peripheral nerves, ganglia and in the spinal cord, leading to axonal degeneration. Real-time PCR using ITS primer revealed the presence of trypanosomes in these organs and conventional PCRs using maxicircle and RoTat1.2 primers further confirmed the involvement of T. equiperdum since the DNAs from the vagina, testicle, distal spinal cord, sciatic and obturator nerves found to be positive for maxicircle and negative for RoTat 1.2. Conclusions The histopathological lesions in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves explain the incoordination of the hind legs in T. equiperdum-infected horses, whilst its presence in the genital tract exemplifies the venereal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yasine
- Wollo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia. .,Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. .,Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Brantegem
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Merga Bekana
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Tola
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Goddeeris
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Govaere
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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