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Ghrelin/GHS-R1A antagonism in memory test and its effects on central molecular signaling involved in addiction in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 224:173528. [PMID: 36870422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Central ghrelin signaling seems to play important role in addiction as well as memory processing. Antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a promising tool for the unsatisfactory drug addiction therapy. However, molecular aspects of GHS-R1A involvement in specific brain regions remain unclear. The present study demonstrated for the first time that acute as well as subchronic (4 days) administration of the experimental GHS-R1A antagonist JMV2959 in usual intraperitoneal doses including 3 mg/kg, had no influence on memory functions tested in the Morris Water Maze in rats as well as no significant effects on the molecular markers linked with memory processing in selected brain areas in rats, specifically on the β-actin, c-Fos, two forms of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII, p-CaMKII) and the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB, p-CREB), within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum, and hippocampus (HIPP). Furthermore, following the methamphetamine intravenous self-administration in rats, the 3 mg/kg JMV2959 pretreatment significantly reduced or prevented the methamphetamine-induced significant decrease of hippocampal β-actin and c-Fos as well as it prevented the significant decrease of CREB in the NAC and mPFC. These results imply, that the GHS-R1A antagonist/JMV2959 might reduce/prevent some of the memory-linked molecular changes elicited by methamphetamine addiction within brain structures associated with memory (HIPP), reward (NAc), and motivation (mPFC), which may contribute to the previously observed significant JMV2959-induced reduction of the methamphetamine self-administration and drug-seeking behavior in the same animals. Further research is necessary to corroborate these results.
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Beyond Appetite: Acylated Ghrelin As A Learning, Memory and Fear Behavior-modulating Hormone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen X, Dong J, Jiao Q, Du X, Bi M, Jiang H. "Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:169. [PMID: 35239020 PMCID: PMC11072372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Farzin M, Babaei P, Rostampour M. Intrahippocampal Injections of Ghrelin and Aerobic Physical Exercise: Effects on Learning and Passive Avoidance Memory in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beheshti S, Dehestani H. Differential expression levels of the hippocampal ghrelin and its receptor mRNA during memory consolidation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113270. [PMID: 33811951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide, secreted mainly from the stomach. But, it is also produced in the brain. Studies have confirmed the positive impact of ghrelin on memory formation. However, the expression levels of ghrelin or its receptors were not measured in the brain during the process of memory formation. The probable alteration in the expression levels of ghrelin or its receptors in the brain during memory formation can be a reason for the contribution of its signaling in this process. We quantified the gene expression levels of ghrelin and its receptors in the hippocampus during fear and spatial memory consolidation. Thirty- nine adult male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were utilized. Memory consolidation was evaluated using the inhibitory avoidance task and Morris water maze. Rats were euthanized at different times (1, 3, and 24 h) post-training and their hippocampi were removed and freezed directly in liquid nitrogen. Quantitative real-time polymerize chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of the hippocampal ghrelin and its receptors. The mRNA levels of ghrelin exhibited a significant increase, 24 h post-training in the inhibitory avoidance task, while its receptor levels were down-regulated. Also, the mRNA expression levels of the hippocampal ghrelin were not changed significantly during memory consolidation in the Morris water maze, while its receptor showed a significant increase, 24 h post-training. The results show a differential profile of the expression levels of the hippocampal ghrelin or its receptor mRNA during fear or spatial memory consolidation. This proposes that a local increase in the hippocampal ghrelin or its receptor levels might be crucial for fear, and spatial memory consolidation. However, due to the small sample sizes, it is worth noting the preliminary nature of the conclusions in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Beheshti
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hadi Dehestani
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Beheshti S, Sami M, Mirzabeh A, Yazdi A. D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 impairs memory consolidation and downregulates the hippocampal serotonin HT1A, HT7 receptors and glutamate GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yadegary A, Nazari-Serenjeh F, Darbandi N. Synergistic improvement effect of nicotine-ghrelin co-injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area on morphine-induced amnesia. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102025. [PMID: 32029269 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the effect of ghrelin or ghrelin/nicotine injection into the anterior ventral tegmental area (aVTA) on morphine-induced amnesia in passive avoidance learning have been evaluated. Also, the role of the aVTA nicotinic receptors in possible ghrelin-induced effects has been investigated. All animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulas in the aVTA. A step-through type passive avoidance task was used for measurement of memory. We found that post-training subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of morphine (0.5-7.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, indicating morphine-induced amnesia. Post-training bilateral infusion of ghrelin (0.3, 1.5 and 3 nmol/μl) in a dose-dependent manner reversed amnesia induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Furthermore, reversal effect of ghrelin (3 nmol/μl) was blocked by pre-treatment of intra-aVTA administration of mecamylamine (1-3 μg/rat), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Intra-aVTA administration of the higher dose of mecamylamine (3 μg/rat) into the aVTA by itself decreased the step-through latency and induced amnesia. In addition, post-training intra-aVTA administration of nicotine (0.25, 0.5, 1 μg/rat) which alone cannot affect memory consolidation, decreased significantly the amnesia induced by morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Co-treatment of an ineffective dose of ghrelin (0.3 nmol/μl) with an ineffective dose of nicotine (0.25 μg/rat) significantly increased step-through latency of morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) treated animals, indicating the synergistic effect of the drugs. Taken together, our results suggest that intra-aVTA administration of ghrelin reversed morphine-induced amnesia and that ghrelin interacts synergistically with nicotine to mitigate morphine-induced amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Yadegary
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Darbandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Nazari-Serenjeh F, Darbandi N, Majidpour S, Moradi P. Ghrelin modulates morphine-nicotine interaction in avoidance memory: Involvement of CA1 nicotinic receptors. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zahiri H, Rostampour M, Khakpour B, Rohampour K. The effect of ghrelin and adenosine mono phosphate kinase (AMPK) on the passive avoidance memory in male wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:66-70. [PMID: 30553544 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Zahiri
- Student Research Committee, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostampour
- Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Khakpour
- Department of Physiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Kambiz Rohampour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Hamilton J, Swenson S, Hajnal A, Thanos PK. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery normalizes dopamine D1, D2, and DAT levels. Synapse 2018; 72. [PMID: 29992624 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) is one of the most effective treatments for morbid obesity. However, increased substance abuse following RYGB has been observed clinically. This study examined the effects of RYGB on the dopamine system to elucidate these observed changes in reward-related behavior. Rats were assigned to four groups: normal diet with sham surgery, ad libitum high fat (HF) diet with sham surgery, restricted HF diet with sham surgery, and HF diet with RYGB surgery. Following surgeries, rats were kept on their respective diets for 9 weeks before they were sacrificed. [3 H]SCH 23390, [3 H]Spiperone, and [3 H]WIN35 428 autoradiography was performed to quantify the effects of diet and RYGB surgery on dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. Rats on a chronic HF diet became obese with reduced D1R-like binding within the ventrolateral striatum and the nucleus accumbens core, reduced D2R-like binding in all areas of the striatum and nucleus accumbens core and shell, and reduced DAT binding in the dorsomedial striatum. Restricted HF diet rats showed similar reductions in D1R-like and D2-R-like binding as the obese rats, and reduced DAT binding within all areas of the striatum. Both RYGB and restricted HF diet rats showed similar weight reductions, with RYGB rats showing no difference in binding compared to controls. The observed changes in binding between non-treated obese rats and RYGB rats demonstrates that HF dietary effects on the dopamine system were reversed by RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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11
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Sang YM, Wang LJ, Mao HX, Lou XY, Zhu YJ. The association of short-term memory and cognitive impairment with ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol levels in non-diabetic and diabetic elderly individuals. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:531-539. [PMID: 29492658 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study assessed short-term memory and biochemical indicators with the levels of ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol between cognitive impairment and normal older adults with or without diabetes. METHODS We enrolled 286 older adults (aged 65-85 years) with or without diabetes from the local community. Short-term memory was assessed using pictures of common objects; cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The physiological indexes assessed were plasma levels of fasting ghrelin and leptin, ghrelin level at 2_h after breakfast, 24-h urinary cortisol value, body mass index, and plasma cortisol levels at 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m., and 12:00 p.m. RESULTS In both non-diabetic and diabetic subjects, short-term memory was significantly lower in the impaired cognition group (5.99 ± 2.90 in non-diabetic subjects and 4.71 ± 2.14 in diabetic subjects) than in the normal cognition group (8.14 ± 2.23 in non-diabetic subjects and 7.82 ± 3.37 in diabetic subjects). Baseline ghrelin level was significantly lower in the impaired cognition group (9.07 ± 1.13 ng/mL in non-diabetic subjects and 7.76 ± 1.34 ng/mL in diabetic subjects) than in the normal cognition group (10.94 ± 1.53 ng/mL in non-diabetic subjects and 9.93 ± 1.76 ng/mL in diabetic subjects); plasma cortisol levels at 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m., and 12:00 p.m. were significantly higher in the impaired cognition group than in the normal cognition group, while no significant difference was observed in plasma levels of fasting leptin between different groups. CONCLUSIONS Fasting plasma ghrelin and cortisol levels may be markers of cognitive decline and memory loss. It is possible that adjusting their levels may have a therapeutic effect, and this should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ming Sang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang province, China.
| | - Li Jun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hong Xian Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Xue Yong Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Yi Jun Zhu
- The Central Laboratory, Jinhua Central Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang province, China
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12
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Li N, Song G, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Han F, Zhang C, Zhou Y. Blocking constitutive activity of GHSR1a in the lateral amygdala facilitates acquisition of conditioned taste aversion. Neuropeptides 2018; 68:22-27. [PMID: 29254662 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a circulating peptide hormone promoting feeding and regulating energy metabolism in human and rodents. Ghrelin functions by binding to its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), which are widely distributed throughout the brain including the amygdala, a brain region important for regulating valenced behavior, such as aversion. Interestingly, GHSR1a was once characterized by highly constitutive, ligand-independent activity. However, the physiological importance of such ligand-independent signaling on aversive memory processing has not been tested yet. Here, we applied [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]-Substance P (D-SP), a full inverse agonist for GHSR1a, into the lateral amygdala (LA) and investigated the effect of blocking GHSR1a constitutive activity on conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats. We found that intra-LA infusion of a single low dose of D-SP (8ng/0.5μl/side) facilitates CTA acquisition. Moreover, pre-administration of a high dose of D-SP into the LA abolishes the suppressive effect of exogenous ghrelin on CTA acquisition. In contrast, pre-administration of the same dose of D-SP does not affect the suppression of substance P, a potent neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor ligand, on CTA. Therefore, our data indicated that the spontaneous or basal activity of GHSR1a signaling in the LA might interfere with CTA memory formation. D-SP decreases the constitutive activity of GHSR1a and thus facilitates CTA. Altogether, our present findings along with previous results support the idea that ghrelin/GHSR1a signaling in the LA circuit blocks conditioned taste aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Fubing Han
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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13
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Beheshti S, Aslani N. Local injection of d-lys-3-GHRP-6 in the rat amygdala, dentate gyrus or ventral tegmental area impairs memory consolidation. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:20-26. [PMID: 29137815 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the hormone ghrelin affects learning and memory in different experimental models of learning. Though, the effect of antagonism of ghrelin receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) in various regions of the brain and on different stages of learning has not been examined. In this study the effect of injection of a GHS-R1a selective antagonist (d-Lys-3-GHRP-6) into the basolateral amygdala, dentate gyrus or ventral tegmental area was examined on memory consolidation in the passive avoidance task. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 230-280g were used. Animals underwent stereotaxic surgery and cannulated in their amygdala, dentate gyrus or ventral tegmental area. One week after surgery, the rats received different doses of d-Lys-3-GHRP-6 (0.08, 0.8, and 8nM), immediately after training. The control groups received solvent of the drug. Twenty four hours later in the test day, memory retrieval was assessed. In all groups, post-training injection of d-Lys-3-GHRP-6 decreased step-through latency and increased entries into the dark compartment and time spent in the dark compartment, significantly and in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that antagonism of the GHS-R1a in the rat amygdala, dentate gyrus or ventral tegmental area impairs memory consolidation and show that the ghrelin signaling has a widespread influence on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Beheshti
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Neda Aslani
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Santos VV, Stark R, Rial D, Silva HB, Bayliss JA, Lemus MB, Davies JS, Cunha RA, Prediger RD, Andrews ZB. Acyl ghrelin improves cognition, synaptic plasticity deficits and neuroinflammation following amyloid β (Aβ1-40) administration in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28380673 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a metabolic hormone that has neuroprotective actions in a number of neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke and traumatic brain injury. Acyl ghrelin treatment in vivo and in vitro also shows protective capacity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we used ghrelin knockout (KO) and their wild-type littermates to test whether or not endogenous ghrelin is protective in a mouse model of AD, in which human amyloid β peptide 1-40 (Aβ1-40 ) was injected into the lateral ventricles i.c.v. Recognition memory, using the novel object recognition task, was significantly impaired in ghrelin KO mice and after i.c.v. Aβ1-40 treatment. These deficits could be prevented by acyl ghrelin injections for 7 days. Spatial orientation, as assessed by the Y-maze task, was also significantly impaired in ghrelin KO mice and after i.c.v. Aβ1-40 treatment. These deficits could be prevented by acyl ghrelin injections for 7 days. Ghrelin KO mice had deficits in olfactory discrimination; however, neither i.c.v. Aβ1-40 treatment, nor acyl ghrelin injections affected olfactory discrimination. We used stereology to show that ghrelin KO and Aβ1-40 increased the total number of glial fibrillary acidic protein expressing astrocytes and ionised calcium-binding adapter expressing microglial in the rostral hippocampus. Finally, Aβ1-40 blocked long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and this effect could be acutely blocked with co-administration of acyl ghrelin. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that ghrelin deletion affects memory performance and also that acyl ghrelin treatment may delay the onset of early events of AD. This supports the idea that acyl ghrelin treatment may be therapeutically beneficial with respect to restricting disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Santos
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - R Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - D Rial
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H B Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J A Bayliss
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - M B Lemus
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - J S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R D Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Z B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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15
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Kim C, Kim S, Park S. Neurogenic Effects of Ghrelin on the Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030588. [PMID: 28282857 PMCID: PMC5372604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. It is well known that hippocampal neurogenesis is essential in mediating hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Ghrelin, a peptide hormone mainly synthesized in the stomach, has been shown to play a major role in the regulation of energy metabolism. A plethora of evidence indicates that ghrelin can also exert important effects on neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the current role of ghrelin on the in vivo and in vitro regulation of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. We will also discuss the possible role of ghrelin in dietary restriction-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and the link between ghrelin-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Sehee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Seungjoon Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Jiao Q, Du X, Li Y, Gong B, Shi L, Tang T, Jiang H. The neurological effects of ghrelin in brain diseases: Beyond metabolic functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:98-111. [PMID: 27993602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide released by the stomach that plays a major role in regulating energy metabolism, has recently been shown to have effects on neurobiological behaviors. Ghrelin enhances neuronal survival by reducing apoptosis, alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, and accordingly improving mitochondrial function. Ghrelin also stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and migration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs). Additionally, the ghrelin is benefit for the recovery of memory, mood and cognitive dysfunction after stroke or traumatic brain injury. Because of its neuroprotective and neurogenic roles, ghrelin may be used as a therapeutic agent in the brain to combat neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we highlight the pre-clinical evidence and the proposed mechanisms underlying the role of ghrelin in physiological and pathological brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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