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Cheng M, Liu Q, Liu W, Yuan F, Feng J, Jin Y, Tu L. Engineering micelles for the treatment and diagnosis of atherosclerosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Targeting Nanostrategies for Imaging of Atherosclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2021; 2021:6664471. [PMID: 33880112 PMCID: PMC8032543 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progress in cardiovascular research, atherosclerosis still represents the main cause of death worldwide. Clinically, the diagnosis of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) relies on imaging methodologies including X-ray angiography and computed tomography (CT), which however still fails in the identification of patients at high risk of plaque rupture, the main cause of severe clinical events as stroke and heart attack. Magnetic resonance imaging, which is characterized by very high spatial resolution, could provide a better characterization of atherosclerotic plaque (AP) anatomy and composition, aiding in the identification of “vulnerable” plaques. In this context, hydrogel matrices, which have been demonstrated able to boost relaxometric properties of Gd-based contrast agents (CAs) by the effect of Hydrodenticity, represent a valuable tool towards the precision imaging of ASCVD improving the performance of this class of CAs while reducing systemic toxicity. In particular, hydrogel nanoparticles encapsulating Gd-DTPA can further contribute to providing CA-specific accumulation in the AP by nanoparticle surface decoration triggering an active targeting of the AP with the overall effect of allowing an earlier and more accurate diagnosis. In this work, we tested crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles (cHANPs) in the complex environment of human atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, the surface of cHANPs was decorated with the antibody anti-CD36 (Ab36-cHANPs) for the active targeting of AP-associated macrophages. Results demonstrate that the Hydrodenticity of cHANPs and Ab36-cHANPs is preserved in this complex system and, preliminarily, that interaction of these probes with the AP is present.
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Anti-angiogenic drug loaded liposomes: Nanotherapy for early atherosclerotic lesions in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190540. [PMID: 29338009 PMCID: PMC5770017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumagillin-loaded liposomes were injected into ApoE-KO mice. The animals were divided into several groups to test the efficacy of this anti-angiogenic drug for early treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. Statistical analysis of the lesions revealed a decrease in the lesion size after 5 weeks of treatment.
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Skjøt-Arkil H, Barascuk N, Larsen L, Dziegiel M, Henriksen K, Karsdal MA. Tumor necrosis factor-α and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand augment human macrophage foam-cell destruction of extracellular matrix through protease-mediated processes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 10:69-77. [PMID: 22053710 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2010.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By secreting proteases such as cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), macrophage foam cells may be a major cause of ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The aims of the present study were to investigate in vitro role of human macrophage foam cells in degrading type I collagen, a major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in plaques, and to establish whether the pro-inflammatory molecules, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANK-L) increase this degradation. CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood were differentiated into macrophage foam cells and cultured on a type I collagen matrix in the presence of TNF-alpha and RANK-L. Matrix degradation was measured by the cathepsin K-generated C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) and the MMP-generated carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) in supernatants showing that macrophage foam cells secrete MMPs and cathepsin K, resulting in release of ICTP and CTX-I. Stimulation with TNF-alpha increased CTX-I and ICTP dose dependently, with ICTP levels increasing by 59% and CTX-I levels increasing by 43%. RANK-L enhanced the release of CTX-I and ICTP by 56% and 72%, respectively. This is, to our knowledge, the first data describing a simple in vitro system in which macrophage foam cells degradation of matrix proteins can be monitored. This degradation can be enhanced by cytokines since TNF-alpha and RANK-L significantly increased the matrix degradation. This in vitro system in part is a model system for the macrophage-mediated proteolytic degradation of the ECM, which is found in many diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Skjøt-Arkil H, Barascuk N, Register T, Karsdal MA. Macrophage-Mediated Proteolytic Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix in Atherosclerosis Results in Neoepitopes: A Potential New Class of Biochemical Markers. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:542-52. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Skjøt-Arkil
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
- Southern University of Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natasha Barascuk
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
- Southern University of Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Register
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Eijgelaar WJ, Horrevoets AJG, Bijnens APJJ, Daemen MJAP, Verhaegh WFJ. Equivalence testing in microarray analysis: similarities in the transcriptome of human atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic macrophages. Physiol Genomics 2010; 41:212-23. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00193.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We focus on similarities in the transcriptome of human Kupffer cells and alveolar, splenic, and atherosclerotic plaque-residing macrophages. We hypothesized that these macrophages share a common expression signature. We performed microarray analysis on mRNA from these subsets (4 patients) and developed a novel statistical method to identify genes with significantly similar expression levels. Phenotypic and functional diversity between macrophage subpopulations reflects their plasticity to respond to microenvironmental signals. Apart from detecting differences in expression profiles, the comparison of the transcriptomes of different macrophage populations may also allow the definition of molecular similarities between these subsets. This new method calculates the maximum difference in gene expression level, based on the estimated confidence interval on that gene's expression variance. We listed the genes by equivalence ranking relative to expression level. FDR estimation was used to determine significance. We identified 500 genes with significantly equivalent expression levels in the macrophage subsets at 5.5% FDR using a confidence level of α = 0.05 for equivalence. Among these are the established macrophage marker CD68, IL1 receptor antagonist, and MHC-related CD1C. These 500 genes were submitted to IPA and GO clustering using DAVID. Additionally, hierarchical clustering of these genes in the Novartis human gene expression atlas revealed a subset of 200 genes specifically expressed in macrophages. Equivalently expressed genes, identified by this new method, may not only help to dissect common molecular mechanisms, but also to identify cell- or condition-specific sets of marker genes that can be used for drug targeting and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J. Eijgelaar
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Anton J. G. Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam; and
| | - Ann-Pascale J. J. Bijnens
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Mat J. A. P. Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Wim F. J. Verhaegh
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Lim RS, Kratzer A, Barry NP, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Miyazaki M, Mantulin WW, Levi M, Potma EO, Tromberg BJ. Multimodal CARS microscopy determination of the impact of diet on macrophage infiltration and lipid accumulation on plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1729-37. [PMID: 20208058 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized several cellular and structural features of early stage Type II/III atherosclerotic plaques in an established model of atherosclerosis-the ApoE-deficient mouse-by using a multimodal, coregistered imaging system that integrates three nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) contrast mechanisms: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), second harmonic generation (SHG), and two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF). Specifically, the infiltration of lipid-rich macrophages and the structural organization of collagen and elastin fibers were visualized by CARS, SHG, and TPEF, respectively, in thick tissue specimens without the use of exogenous labels or dyes. Label-free CARS imaging of macrophage accumulation was confirmed by histopathology using CD68 staining. A high-fat, high-cholesterol Western diet resulted in an approximate 2-fold increase in intimal plaque area, defined by CARS signals of lipid-rich macrophages. Additionally, analysis of collagen distribution within lipid-rich plaque regions revealed nearly a 4-fold decrease in the Western diet-fed mice, suggesting NLOM sensitivity to increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and decreased smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation. These imaging results provide significant insight into the structure and composition of early stage Type II/III plaque during formation and allow for quantitative measurements of the impact of diet and other factors on critical plaque and arterial wall features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lim
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
This article provides a systematic approach to vulnerable plaques. It is divided into 4 sections. The first section is devoted to definition, incidence, anatomic distribution, and clinical presentation. The second section is devoted to plaque composition, setting up the foundations to understand plaque vulnerability. The third section relates to invasive plaque imaging. The fourth section is devoted to therapy, from conservative pharmacologic options to aggressive percutaneous coronary intervention alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Moreno
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and The Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Lipinski MJ, Frias JC, Amirbekian V, Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Samber D, Abbate A, Aguinaldo JGS, Massey D, Fuster V, Vetrovec GW, Fayad ZA. Macrophage-specific lipid-based nanoparticles improve cardiac magnetic resonance detection and characterization of human atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:637-47. [PMID: 19442953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether gadolinium (Gd)-containing lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) targeting the macrophage scavenger receptor-B (CD36) improve cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) detection and characterization of human atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Gd-containing lipid-based NPs targeting macrophages have improved MR detection of murine atherosclerosis. METHODS Gadolinium-containing untargeted NPs, anti-CD36 NPs, and nonspecific Fc-NPs were created. Macrophages were incubated with fluorescent targeted and nontargeted NPs to determine uptake via confocal microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) quantified Gd uptake. Human aortic specimens were harvested at autopsy. With a 1.5-T scanner, T1, T2, and PDW 3-dimensional scans were performed along with post-contrast scans after 24 h incubation. The T1 and cluster analyses were performed and compared with immunohistopathology. RESULTS The NPs had a mean diameter of 125 nm and 14,900 Gd-ions, and relaxivity was 37 mmol/l(-1)s(-1) at 1.5-T and 37 degrees C. Confocal microscopy and ICP-MS demonstrated significant in vitro macrophage uptake of targeted NPs, whereas non-targeted NPs had minimal uptake. On T1 imaging, targeted NPs increased contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) by 52.5%, which was significantly greater than Fc-NPs (CNR increased 17.2%) and nontargeted NPs (CNR increased 18.7%) (p = 0.001). Confocal fluorescent microscopy showed that NPs target resident macrophages, whereas the untargeted NPs and Fc-NPs are found diffusely throughout the plaque. Targeted NPs had a greater signal intensity increase in the fibrous cap compared with non-targeted NPs. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage-specific (CD36) NPs bind human macrophages and improve CMR detection and characterization of human aortic atherosclerosis. Thus, macrophage-specific NPs could help identify high-risk human plaque before the development of an atherothrombotic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lipinski
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Lipinski MJ, Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Fayad ZA. "Positive contrast" inversion-recovery with ON[corrected]-resonant water suppression magnetic resonance imaging: a change for the better? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52:492-4. [PMID: 18672171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Frías JC, Lipinski MJ, Albelda MT, Ibáñez B, Soriano C, García-España E, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Badimon JJ. Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for MRI of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Frías
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Joseph Lipinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Borja Ibáñez
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Conxa Soriano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan José Badimon
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Kips JG, Segers P, Van Bortel LM. Identifying the vulnerable plaque: A review of invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities. Artery Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Torry DS, Leavenworth J, Chang M, Maheshwari V, Groesch K, Ball ER, Torry RJ. Angiogenesis in implantation. J Assist Reprod Genet 2007; 24:303-15. [PMID: 17616801 PMCID: PMC3455012 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-007-9152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Implantation failure and early pregnancy loss are common following natural conceptions and they are particularly important clinical hurdles to overcome following assisted reproduction attempts. The importance of adequate vascular development and maintenance during implantation has recently become a major focus of investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of current published literature was undertaken to summerize the cells and cell products that regulate tissue vascularity during implantation. RESULTS Vascular development at the maternal fetal interface can be regulated by a number of different cell types; two principal candidates are trophoblast and natural killer cells. A wide range of soluble factors, some with well established angiogenic functions as well as other more novel factors, can contribute to vascular development and maintenance at the maternal-fetal interface. CONCLUSIONS Robust vascular development occurs during implantation and early placentation of normal pregnancies. Studies to define the extent and mechanisms by which defects in vascularity contribute to human implantation failure and early miscarriage need to be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Torry
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19626, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA.
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Gottlieb I, Xavier SS, Lima JAC. Atherosclerosis monitoring in the elderly using magnetic resonance imaging: is the extra step needed? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2007; 16:363-8. [PMID: 17975336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1076-7460.2007.07638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic disease represents an enormous burden in the elderly population, yet elderly patients are underrepresented in clinical trials and receive lower standard-of-care treatment compared with similar-risk younger individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful noninvasive imaging technique that can target atherosclerotic lesions and help better understand the pathophysiologic process of this disease in the elderly. Cholesterol-targeted interventions have improved the outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic disease, but clearly additional efforts are needed. Whether medical therapy can be effectively adjusted based on atherosclerosis progression revealed by MRI is still to be proven, but the technique certainly looks promising.
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Laurberg JM, Bottcher M, Falk E, Olsen AK, Hansen SB, Morrison M, Ricketts SA. Imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with FDG-PET. Atherosclerosis 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Frias JC, Lipinski MJ, Lipinski SE, Albelda MT. Modified lipoproteins as contrast agents for imaging of atherosclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2007; 2:16-23. [PMID: 17318917 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and characterize atherosclerosis with targeted contrast agents may enable initiation of therapy for atherosclerotic lesions prior to becoming symptomatic. Since lipoproteins such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) play a critical role in the regulation of plaque biology through the transport of lipids into and out of atherosclerotic lesions, modifying HDL and LDL with radioisotopes for nuclear imaging, chelates for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other possible contrast agents for computed tomography imaging techniques may aid in the detection and characterization of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the literature employing lipoproteins as contrast agents for imaging atherosclerosis and the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Frias
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMOL), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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