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Cao J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Du F, Ci Y, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Yao X, Shi S, Zhu L, Kung HF, Qiao J. Synthesis of novel PEG-modified nitroimidazole derivatives via “hot-click” reaction and their biological evaluation as potential PET imaging agent for tumors. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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3
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor, stromal, and immune cells, as well as extracellular milieu. Changes in numbers of these cell types and their environments have an impact on cancer growth and metastasis. Non-invasive imaging of aspects of the tumor microenvironment can provide important information on the aggressiveness of the cancer, whether or not it is metastatic, and can also help to determine early response to treatment. This chapter provides an overview on non-invasive in vivo imaging in humans and mouse models of various cell types and physiological parameters that are unique to the tumor microenvironment. Current clinical imaging and research investigation are in the areas of nuclear imaging (positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical (near infrared (NIR) fluorescence) imaging. Aspects of the tumor microenvironment that have been imaged by PET, MRI and/or optical imaging are tumor associated inflammation (primarily macrophages and T cells), hypoxia, pH changes, as well as enzymes and integrins that are highly prevalent in tumors, stroma and immune cells. Many imaging agents and strategies are currently available for cancer patients; however, the investigation of novel avenues for targeting aspects of the tumor microenvironment in pre-clinical models of cancer provides the cancer researcher with a means to monitor changes and evaluate novel treatments that can be translated into the clinic.
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4
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Laurens E, Yeoh SD, Rigopoulos A, O'Keefe GJ, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Chong LW, White JM, Scott AM, Ackermann U. Fluorine-18 radiolabeling of a nitrophenyl sulfoxide and its evaluation in an SK-RC-52 model of tumor hypoxia. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:416-23. [PMID: 27435268 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The significance of imaging hypoxia with the positron emission tomography ligand [(18) F]FMISO has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. However, the slow kinetics of [(18) F]FMISO require a 2-h delay between tracer administration and patient scanning. Labeled chloroethyl sulfoxides have shown faster kinetics and higher contrast than [(18) F]FMISO in a rat model of ischemic stroke. However, these nitrogen mustard analogues are unsuitable for routine production and use in humans. Here, we report on the synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel sulfoxide, which contains an ester moiety for hydrolysis and subsequent trapping in hypoxic cells. Non-decay corrected yields of radioactivity were 1.18 ± 0.24% (n = 27, 2.5 ± 0.5% decay corrected radiochemical yield) based on K[(18) F]F. The radiotracer did not show any defluorination and did not undergo metabolism in an in vitro assay using S9 liver fractions. Imaging studies using an SK-RC-52 tumor model in BALB/c nude mice have revealed that [(18) F]1 is retained in hypoxic tumors and has similar hypoxia selectivity to [(18) F]FMISO. Because of a three times faster clearance rate than [(18) F]FMISO from normoxic tissue, [(18) F]1 has emerged as a promising new radiotracer for hypoxia imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Laurens
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shinn Dee Yeoh
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henri J Tochon-Danguy
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lee Wenn Chong
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Choi JY, Lee BC. Click Reaction: An Applicable Radiolabeling Method for Molecular Imaging. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 49:258-67. [PMID: 26550044 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-015-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the click reaction has found rapidly growing applications in the field of radiochemistry, ranging from a practical labeling method to molecular imaging of biomacromolecules. This present review details the development of highly reliable, powerful and selective click chemistry reactions for the rapid synthesis of new radiotracers for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundanggu, Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea ; Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundanggu, Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Suwon, 16229 Republic of Korea
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Wuest M, Wuest F. Positron emission tomography radiotracers for imaging hypoxia. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:244-50. [PMID: 24285331 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Localized hypoxia, the physiological hallmark of many clinical pathologies, is the consequence of acute or chronic ischemia in the affected region or tissue. The versatility, sensitivity, quantitative nature, and increasing availability of positron emission tomography (PET) make it the preclinical and clinical method of choice for functional imaging of tissue hypoxia at the molecular level. The progress and current status of radiotracers for hypoxia-specific PET imaging are reviewed in this article including references mainly focused on radiochemistry and also relevant to molecular imaging of hypoxia in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
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18F-labeling using click cycloadditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:361329. [PMID: 25003110 PMCID: PMC4070495 DOI: 10.1155/2014/361329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to expanding applications of positron emission tomography (PET) there is a demand for developing new techniques to introduce fluorine-18 (t1/2 = 109.8 min). Considering that most novel PET tracers are sensitive biomolecules and that direct introduction of fluorine-18 often needs harsh conditions, the insertion of 18F in those molecules poses an exceeding challenge. Two major challenges during 18F-labeling are a regioselective introduction and a fast and high yielding way under mild conditions. Furthermore, attention has to be paid to functionalities, which are usually present in complex structures of the target molecule. The Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and several copper-free click reactions represent such methods for radiolabeling of sensitive molecules under the above-mentioned criteria. This minireview will provide a quick overview about the development of novel 18F-labeled prosthetic groups for click cycloadditions and will summarize recent trends in copper-catalyzed and copper-free click 18F-cycloadditions.
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Laurens E, Yeoh SD, Rigopoulos A, Cao D, Cartwright GA, O'Keefe GJ, Tochon-Danguy HJ, White JM, Scott AM, Ackermann U. Radiolabelling and evaluation of a novel sulfoxide as a PET imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:419-25. [PMID: 24767600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[¹⁸F]FMISO is the most widely validated PET radiotracer for imaging hypoxic tissue. However, as a result of the pharmacokinetics of [¹⁸F]FMISO a 2h wait between tracer administration and patient scanning is required for optimal image acquisition. In order to develop hypoxia imaging agents with faster kinetics, we have synthesised and evaluated several F-18 labelled anilino sulfoxides. In this manuscript we report on the synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel fluoroethyltriazolyl propargyl anilino sulfoxide. The radiolabelling of the novel tracer was achieved via 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide click chemistry. Radiochemical yields were 23 ± 4% based on 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide and 7 ± 2% based on K[¹⁸F]F. The radiotracer did not undergo metabolism or defluorination in an in vitro assay using S9 liver fractions. Imaging studies using SK-RC-52 tumors in BALB/c nude mice have indicated that the tracer may have a higher pO₂ threshold than [¹⁸F]FMISO for uptake in hypoxic tumors. Although clearance from muscle was faster than [¹⁸F]FMISO, uptake in hypoxic tumors was slower. The average tumor to muscle ratio at 2h post injection in large, hypoxic tumors with a volume greater than 686 mm³ was 1.7, which was similar to the observed ratio of 1.75 for [¹⁸F]FMISO. Although the new tracer showed improved pharmacokinetics when compared with the previously synthesised sulfoxides, further modifications to the chemical structure need to be made in order to offer significant in vivo imaging advantages over [¹⁸F]FMISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Laurens
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shinn Dee Yeoh
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Diana Cao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Glenn A Cartwright
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Henri J Tochon-Danguy
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- Centre for PET, Austin Health, Level 1 HSB, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne - Austin Branch, Heidelberg VIC 3084, Australia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia.
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Recent trends in bioorthogonal click-radiolabeling reactions using fluorine-18. Molecules 2013; 18:8618-65. [PMID: 23881051 PMCID: PMC6270032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine has stimulated the extensive development of a multitude of novel and versatile bioorthogonal conjugation techniques especially for the radiolabeling of biologically active high molecular weight compounds like peptides, proteins or antibodies. Taking into consideration that the introduction of fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.8 min) proceeds under harsh conditions, radiolabeling of these biologically active molecules represents an outstanding challenge and is of enormous interest. Special attention has to be paid to the method of 18F-introduction. It should proceed in a regioselective manner under mild physiological conditions, in an acceptable time span, with high yields and high specific activities. For these reasons and due to the high number of functional groups found in these compounds, a specific labeling procedure has to be developed for every bioactive macromolecule. Bioorthogonal strategies including the Cu-assisted Huisgen cycloaddition and its copper-free click variant, both Staudinger Ligations or the tetrazine-click reaction have been successfully applied and represent valuable alternatives for the selective introduction of fluorine-18 to overcome the afore mentioned obstacles. This comprehensive review deals with the progress and illustrates the latest developments in the field of bioorthogonal labeling with the focus on the preparation of radiofluorinated building blocks and tracers for molecular imaging.
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Chelator-accelerated one-pot 'click' labeling of small molecule tracers with 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide. Molecules 2013; 18:5335-47. [PMID: 23666002 PMCID: PMC6270487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-[18F]Fluoroethyl azide ([18F]FEA) can readily be obtained by nucleophilic substitution of 2-azidoethyl-4-toluenesulfonate with [18F]fluoride (half-life 110 min), and has become widely used as a reagent for ‘click’ labeling of PET tracers. However, distillation of [18F]FEA is typically required, which is time-consuming and unpractical for routine applications. In addition, copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of [18F]FEA with non-activated alkynes, and with substrates containing labile functional groups, can be challenging. Herein, we report a highly efficient and practical ligand-accelerated one-pot/two-step method for ‘click’ labeling of small molecule tracers with [18F]FEA. The method exploits the ability of the copper(I) ligand bathophenanthrolinedisulfonate to accelerate the rate of the cycloaddition reaction. As a result, alkynes can be added directly to the crude reaction mixture containing [18F]FEA, and as cyclisation occurs almost immediately at room temperature, the reaction is tolerant to labile functional groups. The method was demonstrated by reacting [18F]FEA with a series of alkyne-functionalized 6-halopurines to give the corresponding triazoles in 55–76% analytical radiochemical yield.
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