1
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Hu X, Sun X, Liu X, Xu HD, Yang L, Liu S, Wang R, Liang G. Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Activity in Tumors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14511-14515. [PMID: 37721425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activity in vivo holds high promise for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Molecular probes with resisted fluorescence (FL) emission for enhanced PA signals of uPA activity have not been reported. Herein, we proposed a molecular probe Cbz-Gly-Gly-Arg-Phe-Phe-IR775 (Z-GGRFF-IR775) which, upon uPA cleavage, assembled into nanoparticles FF-IR775-NP with quenched fluorescence but enhanced PA signals. Experimental results validated that, upon uPA activation, Z-GGRFF-IR775 exhibited 4.7-fold, 4.1-fold, and 2.9-fold higher PA signals over those in uPA inhibitor-treated control groups in vitro, in MDA-MB-231 cells, and in a tumor-bearing mouse model, respectively. We anticipate that this probe could be applied for highly sensitive PA imaging of uPA activity in early stage malignant tumors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xianbao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hai-Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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2
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Lee I, Tantisirivat P, Edgington-Mitchell LE. Chemical Tools to Image the Activity of PAR-Cleaving Proteases. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:295-304. [PMID: 37599791 PMCID: PMC10436261 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) comprise a family of four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have broad functions in health and disease. Unlike most GPCRs, PARs are uniquely activated by proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular N termini. To fully understand PAR activation and function in vivo, it is critical to also study the proteases that activate them. As proteases are heavily regulated at the post-translational level, measures of total protease abundance have limited utility. Measures of protease activity are instead required to inform their function. This review will introduce several classes of chemical probes that have been developed to measure the activation of PAR-cleaving proteases. Their strengths, weaknesses, and applications will be discussed, especially as applied to image protease activity at the whole organism, tissue, and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene
Y. Lee
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Piyapa Tantisirivat
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Laura E. Edgington-Mitchell
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
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3
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Ramos-Llorca A, Decraecker L, Cacheux VMY, Zeiburlina I, De bruyn M, Battut L, Moreno-Cinos C, Ceradini D, Espinosa E, Dietrich G, Berg M, De Meester I, Van Der Veken P, Boeckxstaens G, Lambeir AM, Denadai-Souza A, Augustyns K. Chemically diverse activity-based probes with unexpected inhibitory mechanisms targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. Front Chem 2023; 10:1089959. [PMID: 36688031 PMCID: PMC9849758 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1089959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-based probes (ABP) are molecules that bind covalently to the active form of an enzyme family, making them an attractive tool for target and biomarker identification and drug discovery. The present study describes the synthesis and biochemical characterization of novel activity-based probes targeting trypsin-like serine proteases. We developed an extensive library of activity-based probes with "clickable" affinity tags and a diaryl phosphonate warhead. A wide diversity was achieved by including natural amino acid analogs as well as basic polar residues as side chains. A detailed enzymatic characterization was performed in a panel of trypsin-like serine proteases. Their inhibitory potencies and kinetic profile were examined, and their IC50 values, mechanism of inhibition, and kinetic constants were determined. The activity-based probes with a benzyl guanidine side chain showed the highest inhibitory effects in the panel. Surprisingly, some of the high-affinity probes presented a reversible inhibitory mechanism. On the other hand, probes with different side chains exhibited the expected irreversible mechanism. For the first time, we demonstrate that not only irreversible probes but also reversible probes can tightly label recombinant proteases and proteases released from human mast cells. Even under denaturing SDS-PAGE conditions, reversible slow-tight-binding probes can label proteases due to the formation of high-affinity complexes and slow dissociation rates. This unexpected finding will transform the view on the required irreversible nature of activity-based probes. The diversity of this library of activity-based probes combined with a detailed enzyme kinetic characterization will advance their applications in proteomic studies and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ramos-Llorca
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisse Decraecker
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valérie M. Y. Cacheux
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irena Zeiburlina
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle De bruyn
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louise Battut
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Moreno-Cinos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Espinosa
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Maya Berg
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Denadai-Souza
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuroimmune Interactions, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Ćwilichowska N, Świderska KW, Dobrzyń A, Drąg M, Poręba M. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of protease inhibition. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101144. [PMID: 36174281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and peptides; thus, they control virtually all biological processes. Our understanding of protease function has advanced considerably from nonselective digestive enzymes to highly specialized molecular scissors that orchestrate complex signaling networks through a limited proteolysis. The catalytic activity of proteases is tightly regulated at several levels, ranging from gene expression through trafficking and maturation to posttranslational modifications. However, when this delicate balance is disturbed, many diseases develop, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This new understanding of the role of proteases in pathologic physiology indicates that these enzymes represent excellent molecular targets for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, as well as for the design of chemical probes to visualize their redundant activity. Recently, numerous platform technologies have been developed to identify and optimize protease substrates and inhibitors, which were further used as lead structures for the development of chemical probes and therapeutic drugs. Due to this considerable success, the clinical potential of proteases in therapeutics and diagnostics is rapidly growing and is still not completely explored. Therefore, small molecules that can selectively target aberrant protease activity are emerging in diseases cells. In this review, we describe modern trends in the design of protease drugs as well as small molecule activity-based probes to visualize selected proteases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ćwilichowska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina W Świderska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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5
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Chen Y, Wu C, Wang C, Zhang T, Hua Y, Shen Y, Liang G. Bioluminescence Imaging of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Activity in Vitro and in Tumors. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9970-9973. [PMID: 34264075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a cell-secreted serine protease and plays a significant role in numerous biological processes. Overexpression of uPA has been proved to be relevant to some malignant tumors as well as poor prognosis. However, bioluminescence (BL) probes for selectively sensing uPA activity have not been reported up to now. Herein, we designed a BL probe, GGR-AmLuc, to detect uPA in vitro and sense uPA both inside cells and in tumors. In vitro studies demonstrated that GGR-AmLuc was able to selectively detect uPA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.37 μg/L. Moreover, GGR-AmLuc was successfully applied to image uPA in living subjects with excellent sensitivity. We anticipate that probe GGR-AmLuc could be applied for highly sensitive diagnosis of cancers overexpressing uPA and provide guidance for cancer treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chengfan Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yue Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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6
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Kasperkiewicz P. Peptidyl Activity-Based Probes for Imaging Serine Proteases. Front Chem 2021; 9:639410. [PMID: 33996745 PMCID: PMC8117214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.639410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Products of this breakdown mediate signaling in an enormous number of biological processes. Serine proteases constitute the most numerous group of proteases, accounting for 40%, and they are prevalent in many physiological functions, both normal and disease-related functions, making them one of the most important enzymes in humans. The activity of proteases is controlled at the expression level by posttranslational modifications and/or endogenous inhibitors. The study of serine proteases requires specific reagents not only for detecting their activity but also for their imaging. Such tools include inhibitors or substrate-related chemical molecules that allow the detection of proteolysis and visual observation of active enzymes, thus facilitating the characterization of the activity of proteases in the complex proteome. Peptidyl activity-based probes (ABPs) have been extensively studied recently, and this review describes the basic principles in the design of peptide-based imaging agents for serine proteases, provides examples of activity-based probe applications and critically discusses their strengths, weaknesses, challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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Lu W, Cong Y, Yang D, Chen D, Yang G, Wang Y, Van Dort ME, Ross BD, Mazar AP, Chu BB, Hong H. Engineered Antibody Fragment against the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator for Fast Delineation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1690-1698. [PMID: 33734721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cofactors are important regulators of tumor initiation and progression (including metastasis), and its overexpression is associated with unfavorable situations in cancer patients. We have previously used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody against the uPA (named ATN-291) to detect the uPA signaling activity in various cancer types; however, good tumor contrast can only be observed 24 h postinjection. To shorten the antibody circulation time and decrease interactions of ATN-291 with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), our goal in this study is to develop an engineered antibody fragment (F(ab')2) from the parent antibody. By pepsin digestion and chromatography purification, ATN-291 F(ab')2 was obtained and characterized. Subsequently, it was conjugated with NOTA-Bn-NCS or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for PET imaging and fluorescence-mediated cellular analysis (i.e., flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy). We confirmed that ATN-291 F(ab')2 still maintained a good targeting efficacy for the uPA in MDA-MB-231 cells (uPA+) and it had a faster blood clearance speed compared with ATN-291, while its interaction with MPS has been significantly decreased. In rodent tumor xenografts, radiolabeled ATN-291 F(ab')2 had a selective and persistent uptake in MDA-MB-231 tumors, with an early tumor-to-blood ratio of 1.3 ± 0.8 (n = 4) at 2 h postinjection from PET imaging. During our observation, radiolabeled ATN-291 F(ab')2 was excreted from both renal and hepatobiliary pathways. Radiolabeled ATN-291 F(ab')2 was also used for detecting uPA fluctuation during the tumor treatment in test animals. We concluded that radiolabeled ATN-291 F(ab')2 could be used as fast as PET cancer diagnostics with versatile applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Lu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States
| | - Yiyang Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Daiqin Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.,School of Pharmacy, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Marcian E Van Dort
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States
| | - Brian D Ross
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States
| | - Andrew P Mazar
- Monopar Therapeutics, Wilmette, Illinois 60091, United States
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Hao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and School of Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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8
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Yang C, Wang Q, Ding W. Recent progress in the imaging detection of enzyme activities in vivo. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25285-25302. [PMID: 35530057 PMCID: PMC9070033 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic activities are important for normal physiological processes and are also critical regulatory mechanisms for many pathologies. Identifying the enzyme activities in vivo has considerable importance in disease diagnoses and monitoring of the physiological metabolism. In the past few years, great strides have been made towards the imaging detection of enzyme activity in vivo based on optical modality, MRI modality, nuclear modality, photoacoustic modality and multifunctional modality. This review summarizes the latest advances in the imaging detection of enzyme activities in vivo reported within the past years, mainly concentrating on the probe design, imaging strategies and demonstration of enzyme activities in vivo. This review also highlights the potential challenges and the further directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Yang
- College of Health Science, Yuncheng Polytechnic College Yuncheng Shanxi 044000 PR China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 PR China
| | - Wu Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 PR China
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9
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Recent Developments in Peptidyl Diaryl Phoshonates as Inhibitors and Activity-Based Probes for Serine Proteases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020086. [PMID: 31185654 PMCID: PMC6631691 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents current achievements in peptidyl diaryl phosphonates as covalent, specific mechanism-based inhibitors of serine proteases. Along three decades diaryl phosphonates have emerged as invaluable tools in fundamental and applicative studies involving these hydrolases. Such an impact has been promoted by advantageous features that characterize the phosphonate compounds and their use. First, the synthesis is versatile and allows comprehensive structural modification and diversification. Accordingly, reactivity and specificity of these bioactive molecules can be easily controlled by appropriate adjustments of the side chains and the leaving groups. Secondly, the phosphonates target exclusively serine proteases and leave other oxygen and sulfur nucleophiles intact. Synthetic accessibility, lack of toxicity, and promising pharmacokinetic properties make them good drug candidates. In consequence, the utility of peptidyl diaryl phosphonates continuously increases and involves novel enzymatic targets and innovative aspects of application. For example, conjugation of the structures of specific inhibitors with reporter groups has become a convenient approach to construct activity-based molecular probes capable of monitoring location and distribution of serine proteases.
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10
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Antibody-based PET of uPA/uPAR signaling with broad applicability for cancer imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:73912-73924. [PMID: 27729618 PMCID: PMC5342023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) play a central role in tumor progression. The goal of this study was to develop an 89Zr-labeled, antibody-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for quantitative imaging of the uPA/uPAR system. An anti-uPA monoclonal antibody (ATN-291) was conjugated with a deferoxamine (Df) derivative and subsequently labeled with 89Zr. Flow cytometry, microscopy studies, and competitive binding assays were conducted to validate the binding specificity of Df-ATN-291 against uPA. PET imaging with 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was carried out in different tumors with distinct expression levels of uPA. Biodistribution, histology examination, and Western blotting were performed to correlate tumor uptake with uPA or uPAR expression. ATN-291 retained uPA binding affinity and specificity after Df conjugation. 89Zr-labeling of ATN-291 was achieved in good radiochemical yield and high specific activity. Serial PET imaging demonstrated that, in most tumors studied (except uPA- LNCaP), the uptake of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was higher compared to major organs at 120 h post-injection, providing excellent tumor contrast. The tumor-to-muscle ratio of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 in U87MG was as high as 45.2 ± 9.0 at 120 h p.i. In vivo uPA specificity of 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 was confirmed by successful pharmacological blocking of tumor uptake with ATN-291 in U87MG tumors. Although the detailed mechanisms behind in vivo 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 tumor uptake remained to be further elucidated, quantitative PET imaging with 89Zr-Df-ATN-291 in tumors can facilitate oncologists to adopt more relevant cancer treatment planning.
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11
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Abstract
The activity of proteases is tightly regulated, and dysregulation is linked to a variety of human diseases. For this reason, ABPP is a well-suited method to study protease biology and the design of protease probes has pushed the boundaries of ABPP. The development of highly selective protease probes is still a challenging task. After an introduction, the first section of this chapter discusses several strategies to enable detection of a single active protease species. These range from the usage of non-natural amino acids, combination of probes with antibodies, and engineering of the target proteases. A next section describes the different types of detection tags that facilitate the read-out possibilities including various types of imaging methods and mass spectrometry-based target identification. The power of protease ABPP is illustrated by examples for a selected number of proteases. It is expected that some protease probes that have been evaluated in animal models of human disease will find translation into clinical application in the near future.
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12
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Skovgaard D, Persson M, Kjaer A. Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor PET. PET Clin 2017; 12:243-255. [PMID: 28267457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) overexpression is an important biomarker for aggressiveness in cancer including prostate cancer (PC) and provides independent clinical information in addition to prostate-specific antigen and Gleason score. This article focuses on uPAR PET as a new diagnostic and prognostic imaging biomarker in PC. Many preclinical uPAR-targeted PET imaging studies using AE105 in cancer models have been undertaken with promising results. A major breakthrough was obtained with the recent human translation of uPAR PET in using 64Cu- and 68Ga-labelled versions of AE105, respectively. Clinical results from patients with PC included in these studies are encouraging and support continuation with large-scale clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Skovgaard
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 4011, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Morten Persson
- Curasight Aps, Ole Maaloesvej 3, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 4011, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
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13
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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14
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Vangestel C, Thomae D, Van Soom J, Ides J, wyffels L, Pauwels P, Stroobants S, Van der Veken P, Magdolen V, Joossens J, Augustyns K, Staelens S. Preclinical evaluation of [111In]MICA-401, an activity-based probe for SPECT imaging ofin vivouPA activity. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:448-458. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christel Vangestel
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital; Wilrijkstraat 10 B-2650 Edegem Belgium
| | - David Thomae
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Soom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Johan Ides
- Center for Oncological Research; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Leonie wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital; Wilrijkstraat 10 B-2650 Edegem Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Pathology; Antwerp University Hospital; Wilrijkstraat 10 B-2650 Edegem Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Antwerp University Hospital; Wilrijkstraat 10 B-2650 Edegem Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik; Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München; 81675 Munich Germany
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerp Belgium
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15
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Adams BT, Niccoli S, Chowdhury MA, Esarik ANK, Lees SJ, Rempel BP, Phenix CP. N-Alkylated aziridines are easily-prepared, potent, specific and cell-permeable covalent inhibitors of human β-glucocerebrosidase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11390-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Octyl conduritol aziridine is a potent and specific covalent inactivator of β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) inside live human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. T. Adams
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute
- Ontario
- Canada
| | - S. Niccoli
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine
- Thunder Bay Campus
- Thunder Bay Ontario
- Canada P7B 5E1
| | | | | | - S. J. Lees
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine
- Thunder Bay Campus
- Thunder Bay Ontario
- Canada P7B 5E1
| | - B. P. Rempel
- Department of Science
- Augustana Faculty
- University of Alberta
- Alberta
- Canada
| | - C. P. Phenix
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute
- Ontario
- Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine
- Thunder Bay Campus
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