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Bhatt Mitra J, Chatterjee S, Kumar A, Khatoon E, Chandak A, Rakshit S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mukherjee A. Expanding a peptide-covalent probe hybrid for PET imaging of S. aureus driven focal infections. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:25. [PMID: 38530487 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urgent demand for innovative theranostic strategies to combat bacterial resistance to antibiotics is evident, with substantial implications for global health. Rapid diagnosis of life-threatening infections can expedite treatment, improving patient outcomes. Leveraging diagnostic modalities i.e., positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for detecting focal infections has yielded promising results. Augmenting the sensitivity of current PET and SPECT tracers could enable effective imaging of pathogenic bacteria, including drug-resistant strains.UBI (29-41), an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) fragment recognizes the S. aureus membrane through electrostatic binding. Radiolabeled UBI (29-41) is a promising SPECT and PET-based tracer for detecting focal infections. 2-APBA (2-acetyl-phenyl-boronic acid), a non-natural amino acid, specifically targets lysyl-phosphatidyl-glycerol (lysyl-PG) on the S. aureus membranes, particularly in AMP-resistant strains. We propose that combining UBI with 2-APBA could enhance the diagnostic potential of radiolabeled UBI. RESULTS Present work aimed to compare the diagnostic potential of two radiolabeled peptides, namely UBI (29-41) and 2-APBA modified UBI (29-41), referred to as UBI and UBI-APBA. APBA modification imparted antibacterial activity to the initially non-bactericidal UBI against S. aureus by inducing a loss of membrane potential. The antibacterial activity demonstrated by UBI-APBA can be ascribed to the synergistic interaction of both UBI and UBI-APBA on the bacterial membrane. To enable PET imaging, we attached the chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane 1-glutaric acid 4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA) to the peptides for complexation with the positron emitter Gallium-68 (68Ga). Both NODAGA conjugates were radiolabeled with 68Ga with high radiochemical purity. The resultant 68Ga complexes were stable in phosphate-buffered saline and human serum. Uptake of these complexes was observed in S. aureus but not in mice splenocytes, indicating the selective nature of their interaction. Additionally, the APBA conjugate exhibited superior uptake in S. aureus while preserving the selectivity of the parent peptide. Furthermore, [68Ga]Ga-UBI-APBA demonstrated accumulation at the site of infection in rats, with an improved target-to-non-target ratio, as evidenced by ex-vivo biodistribution and PET imaging. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that linking UBI, as well as AMPs in general, with APBA shows promise as a strategy to augment the theranostic potential of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Bhatt Mitra
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Saurav Chatterjee
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Ropar, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Elina Khatoon
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Ashok Chandak
- Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Biomimetic Peptide Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Ropar, Punjab, India.
| | - Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India.
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Kumar A, Mitra JB, Khatoon E, Pramanik A, Sharma RK, Chandak A, Rakshit S, Mukherjee A. Exploring the potential of radiolabeled duramycin as an infection imaging probe. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22138. [PMID: 38078492 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The continuous pursuit of designing an ideal infection imaging agent is a crucial and ongoing endeavor in the field of biomedical research. Duramycin, an antimicrobial peptide exerts its antimicrobial action on bacteria by specific recognition of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) moiety present on most bacterial membranes, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli membranes contain more than 60% PE. Therefore, duramycin is an attractive candidate for the formulation of probes for in situ visualization of E. coli driven focal infections. The aim of the present study is to develop 99m Tc labeled duramycin as a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-based agent to image such infections. Duramycin was successfully conjugated with a bifunctional chelator, hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC). PE specificity of HYNIC-duramycin was confirmed by a dye release assay on PE-containing model membranes. Radiolabeling of HYNIC-duramycin with 99m Tc was performed with consistently high radiochemical yield (>90%) and radiochemical purity (>90%). [99m Tc]Tc-HYNIC-duramycin retained its specificity for E. coli, in vitro. SPECT and biodistribution studies showed that the tracer could specifically identify E. coli driven infection at 3 h post injection. While 99m Tc-labeled duramycin is employed for monitoring early response to cancer therapy and cardiotoxicity, the current studies have confirmed, for the first time, the potential of utilizing 99m Tc labeled duramycin as an imaging agent for detecting bacteria. Its application in imaging PE-positive bacteria represents a novel and promising advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotsna Bhatt Mitra
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Elina Khatoon
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rohit K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Chandak
- Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceutical Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Life Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Miranda ACC, Fuscaldi LL, Mejia J, da Silva FFA, Turato WM, Mendonça FF, Nogueira SA, Osawa A, Yamaga LYI, Malavolta L, de Barboza MF. Radiosynthesis Standardization and Preclinical Assessment of the [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ubiquicidin 29-41: A Translational Study Targeting Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Processes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:48. [PMID: 38256881 PMCID: PMC10821498 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Human bacterial infections significantly contribute to the increase in healthcare-related burdens. This scenario drives the study of novel techniques for the early and precise diagnosis of infectious processes. Some alternatives include Nuclear Medicine- and Molecular Imaging-based strategies. However, radiopharmaceuticals that are available for routine assessments are not specific to differentiating infectious from aseptic inflammatory processes. In this context, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ubiquicidin29-41 was synthesized using an automated module and radiochemical; in vivo and in vitro studies were performed. The radiopharmaceutical remained stable in saline (up to 180 min) and in rodent serum (up to 120 min) with radiochemical purities > 99 and 95%, respectively. Partition coefficient and serum protein binding at 60 min were determined (-3.63 ± 0.17 and 44.06 ± 1.88%, respectively). Ex vivo biodistribution, as well as in vivo microPET/CT images in mice, showed rapid blood clearance with renal excretion and reduced uptake in other organs in Staphylococcus aureus-infected animals. Higher uptake was observed in the target as compared to the non-target tissue (p < 0.0001) at 60 min post administration. The presented in-human clinical case demonstrates uptake of the radiopharmaceutical by Staphyloccocus aureus bacteria. These results indicate the potential of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ubiquicidin29-41 as a radiopharmaceutical that can be obtained in a hospital radiopharmacy for the diagnosis of infectious processes using PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (L.L.F.); (F.F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Jorge Mejia
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (S.A.N.); (L.Y.I.Y.); (M.F.d.B.)
| | | | - Walter Miguel Turato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Mendonça
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (L.L.F.); (F.F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Solange Amorim Nogueira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (S.A.N.); (L.Y.I.Y.); (M.F.d.B.)
| | - Akemi Osawa
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (S.A.N.); (L.Y.I.Y.); (M.F.d.B.)
| | - Lilian Yuri Itaya Yamaga
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (S.A.N.); (L.Y.I.Y.); (M.F.d.B.)
| | - Luciana Malavolta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo 01224-001, Brazil; (L.L.F.); (F.F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Marycel Figols de Barboza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (S.A.N.); (L.Y.I.Y.); (M.F.d.B.)
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van Leer B, van Rijsewijk ND, Nijsten MWN, Slart RHJA, Pillay J, Glaudemans AWJM. Practice of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in ICU Patients: A Systematic Review. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:809-819. [PMID: 37258380 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging has become a key tool to evaluate infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, application of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is limited, which is remarkable since the development of critical illness is closely linked to infection and inflammation. This limited use is caused by perceived complexity and risk of planning and executing 18F-FDG-PET/CT in such patients. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the feasibility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in ICU patients with special emphasis on patient preparation, transport logistics and safety. Therefore, a systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science using the search terms: intensive care, critically ill, positron emission tomography and 18F-FDG or derivates. A total of 1183 articles were found of which 10 were included. Three studies evaluated the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury and acute chest syndrome. Three other studies applied 18F-FDG-PET/CT to increase understanding of pathophysiology after traumatic brain injury. The remaining four studies evaluated infection of unknown origin. These four studies showed a sensitivity and specificity between 85%-100% and 57%-88%, respectively. A remarkable low adverse event rate of 2% was found during the entire 18F-FDG-PET/CT procedure, including desaturation and hypotension. In all studies, a team consisting of an intensive care physician and nurse was present during transport to ensure continuation of necessary critical care. Full monitoring during transport was used in patients requiring mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support. None of the studies used specific patient preparation for ICU patients. However, one article described specific recommendations in their discussion. In conclusion, 18F-FDG-PET/CT has been shown to be feasible and safe in ICU patients, even when ventilated or requiring vasopressors. Specific recommendations regarding patient preparation, logistics and scanning are needed. Including 18F-FDG-PET/CT in routine workup of infection of unknown origin in ICU patients showed potential to identify source of infection and might improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram van Leer
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nick D van Rijsewijk
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W N Nijsten
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer H J A Slart
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Janesh Pillay
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mitra JB, Mukherjee A, Kumar A, Chandak A, Rakshit S, Yadav HD, Pandey BN, Sarma HD. Imaging of bacterial infection: Harnessing positron emission tomography and Cherenkov luminescence imaging with UBI-derived octapeptide. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1513-1521. [PMID: 37571805 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging techniques for the early detection of infections are in high demand. In this study, we present the development of an infection imaging agent consisting of the antimicrobial peptide fragment UBI (31-38) conjugated to the chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA), which allows for labeling with the positron emitter Ga-68. The preclinical evaluation of [68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-UBI (31-38) was conducted to investigate its potential for imaging bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The octapeptide derived from ubiquicidin, UBI (31-38), was synthesized and conjugated with the chelator NODAGA. The conjugate was then radiolabeled with Ga-68. The radiolabeling process and the stability of the radio formulation were confirmed through chromatography. The study included both in vitro evaluations using S. aureus and in vivo evaluations in an animal model of infection and inflammation. Positron emission tomography (PET) and Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) were performed to visualize the targeted localization of the radio formulation at the site of infection. Ex vivo biodistribution studies were carried out to quantify the uptake of the radio formulation in different organs and tissues. Additionally, the uptake of [18 F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18 F] FDG) in the animal model was also studied for comparison. The [68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-UBI (31-38) complex consistently exhibited high radiochemical purity (>90%) after formulation. The complex demonstrated stability in saline, phosphate-buffered saline, and human serum for up to 3 h. Notably, the complex displayed significantly higher uptake in S. aureus, which was inhibited in the presence of unconjugated UBI (29-41) peptide, confirming the specificity of the formulation for bacterial membranes. Bacterial imaging capability was also observed in PET and CLI images. Biodistribution results indicated a substantial target-to-nontarget ratio of approximately 4 at 1 h postinjection of the radio formulation. Conversely, the uptake of [18 F]FDG in the animal model did not allow for the discrimination of infected and inflamed sites. Our studies have demonstrated that [68 Ga]Ga-NODAGA-UBI (31-38) holds promise as a radiotracer for imaging bacterial infections caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Bhatt Mitra
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Ashok Chandak
- Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sutapa Rakshit
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Hansa D Yadav
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Badri Narain Pandey
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India
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Marjanovic-Painter B, Kleynhans J, Zeevaart JR, Rohwer E, Ebenhan T. A decade of ubiquicidin development for PET imaging of infection: A systematic review. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 116-117:108307. [PMID: 36435145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquicidin is a peptide fragment with selective binding to negatively charged bacterial cell membranes. Besides its earlier labelling with gamma emitting radionuclides, it has been labelled with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radionuclides in the last decade for imaging infection and distinguishing infectious disease from sterile inflammation. This systematic review aims to evaluate the technology readiness level of PET based ubiquicidin radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS Two independent researchers reviewed all articles and abstracts pertaining ubiquicidin and PET imaging that are currently available. Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed/Medline were used in the search. Upon completion of the literature search all articles and abstracts were evaluated and duplicates were excluded. All non-PET articles as well as review articles without new data were deemed ineligible. RESULTS From a total of 17 papers and 10 abstracts the studies were grouped into development, preclinical and clinical studies. Development was published in 15/17 (88%) publications and 6/10 (60%) abstracts, preclinical applications in 9/17 (53%) publications and 1/10 (10%) of abstracts. Finally, clinical studies made up 6/17 (35%) of full publications and 4/10 (40%) of the available abstracts. Development results were the most abundant. All the findings in the different areas of development of ubiquicidin as PET radiopharmaceutical are summarized in this paper. CONCLUSION Labelling procedures are generally uncomplicated and relatively fast and there are indications of adequate product stability. The production of PET radiopharmaceuticals based on UBI will therefore not be a barrier for clinical introduction of this technology. Systematization and unification of criteria for preclinical imaging and larger clinical trials are needed to ensure the translation of this radiopharmaceutical into the clinic. Therefore a conclusion with regards to the clinical relevance of ubiquicidin based PET is not yet possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Radiochemistry, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Egmont Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Radiochemistry, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Erba PA, Bartoli F, Sollini M, Raffaella B, Zanca R, Enrica E, Lazzeri E. Alternative Nuclear Imaging Tools for Infection Imaging. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:879-891. [PMID: 35696046 PMCID: PMC9288362 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cardiovascular infections are serious disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Their diagnosis is challenging, requiring a proper management for a prompt recognition of the clinical manifestations, and a multidisciplinary approach involving cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, infectious diseases specialist, imagers, and microbiologists. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnostic workout, including molecular imaging techniques. In this setting, two different strategies might be used to image infections: the first is based on the use of agents targeting the microorganism responsible for the infection. Alternatively, we can target the components of the pathophysiological changes of the inflammatory process and/or the host response to the infectious pathogen can be considered. Understanding the strength and limitations of each strategy is crucial to select the most appropriate imaging tool. Recent Findings Currently, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) and nuclear imaging (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and leucocyte scintigraphy) are part of the diagnostic strategies. The main role of nuclear medicine imaging (PET/CT and SPECT/CT) is the confirmation of valve/CIED involvement and/or associated perivalvular infection and the detection of distant septic embolism. Proper patients’ preparation, imaging acquisition, and reconstruction as well as imaging reading are crucial to maximize the diagnostic information. Summary In this manuscript, we described the use of molecular imaging techniques, in particular WBC imaging, in patients with infective endocarditis, cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections, and infections of composite aortic graft, underlying the strength and limitations of such approached as compared to the other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Anna Erba
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Bartoli
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Sollini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Berchiolli Raffaella
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Zanca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Esposito Enrica
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Translational Research and Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Crișan G, Moldovean-Cioroianu NS, Timaru DG, Andrieș G, Căinap C, Chiș V. Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095023. [PMID: 35563414 PMCID: PMC9103893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses radioactive tracers and enables the functional imaging of several metabolic processes, blood flow measurements, regional chemical composition, and/or chemical absorption. Depending on the targeted processes within the living organism, different tracers are used for various medical conditions, such as cancer, particular brain pathologies, cardiac events, and bone lesions, where the most commonly used tracers are radiolabeled with 18F (e.g., [18F]-FDG and NA [18F]). Oxygen-15 isotope is mostly involved in blood flow measurements, whereas a wide array of 11C-based compounds have also been developed for neuronal disorders according to the affected neuroreceptors, prostate cancer, and lung carcinomas. In contrast, the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique uses gamma-emitting radioisotopes and can be used to diagnose strokes, seizures, bone illnesses, and infections by gauging the blood flow and radio distribution within tissues and organs. The radioisotopes typically used in SPECT imaging are iodine-123, technetium-99m, xenon-133, thallium-201, and indium-111. This systematic review article aims to clarify and disseminate the available scientific literature focused on PET/SPECT radiotracers and to provide an overview of the conducted research within the past decade, with an additional focus on the novel radiopharmaceuticals developed for medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Crișan
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | | | - Diana-Gabriela Timaru
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
| | - Gabriel Andrieș
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Călin Căinap
- The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă”, Republicii 34-36, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Vasile Chiș
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. M. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.C.); (N.S.M.-C.); (D.-G.T.)
- Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Str. Fântânele 30, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Pandey A, Nikam AN, Mutalik SP, Fernandes G, Shreya AB, Padya BS, Raychaudhuri R, Kulkarni S, Prassl R, Subramanian S, Korde A, Mutalik S. Architectured Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nanoplatforms for Combating SARS-CoV-2: Role of Inorganic, Organic, and Radioactive Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:31-54. [PMID: 33371667 PMCID: PMC7783900 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive research is being done to combat SARS-CoV-2, we are yet far away from a robust conclusion or strategy. With an increased amount of vaccine research, nanotechnology has found its way into vaccine technology. Researchers have explored the use of various nanostructures for delivering the vaccines for enhanced efficacy. Apart from acting as delivery platforms, multiple studies have shown the application of inorganic nanoparticles in suppressing the growth as well as transmission of the virus. The present review gives a detailed description of various inorganic nanomaterials which are being explored for combating SARS-CoV-2 along with their role in suppressing the transmission of the virus either through air or by contact with inanimate surfaces. The review further discusses the use of nanoparticles for development of an antiviral coating that may decrease adhesion of SARS-CoV-2. A separate section has been included describing the role of nanostructures in biosensing and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The role of nanotechnology in providing an alternative therapeutic platform along with the role of radionuclides in SARS-CoV-2 has been described briefly. Based on ongoing research and commercialization of this nanoplatform for a viral disease, the nanomaterials show the potential in therapy, biosensing, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Pandey
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajinkya N. Nikam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadhana P. Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gasper Fernandes
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Singh Padya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Suresh Subramanian
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna Korde
- Radioisotope
Products and Radiation Technology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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10
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le Roux J, Rubow S, Ebenhan T. A comparison of labelling characteristics of manual and automated synthesis methods for gallium-68 labelled ubiquicidin. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 168:109452. [PMID: 33127245 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gallium-68 labelled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid ubiquicidin (NOTA-UBI) is currently investigated as a PET radiopharmaceutical for the imaging of infections. The aim of this study was to compare the labelling characteristics of an optimized manual radiosynthesis method with those of optimized automated synthesis methods. Data from this study suggest that automated radiosynthesis of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-UBI provides a higher degree of robustness and repeatability than the manual method. Our results also suggest that for our full-scale automated synthesis, radical scavengers should be considered to reduce radiolysis. Automated synthesis methods have the advantage of markedly reducing radiation exposure to operators. Standardised automation also makes the synthesis more reliably compliant with Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannie le Roux
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Node for Infection Imaging, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Division, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Sietske Rubow
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, cnr Malherbe and Steve Biko Rd, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Preclinical Imaging Facility, cnr Malherbe and Steve Biko Rd, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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11
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Signore A, Artiko V, Conserva M, Ferro-Flores G, Welling MM, Jain SK, Hess S, Sathekge M. Imaging Bacteria with Radiolabelled Probes: Is It Feasible? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082372. [PMID: 32722355 PMCID: PMC7464306 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the main cause of patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis can be difficult and delayed as well as the identification of the etiological pathogen, necessary for a tailored antibiotic therapy. Several non-invasive diagnostic procedures are available, all with pros and cons. Molecular nuclear medicine has highly contributed in this field by proposing several different radiopharmaceuticals (antimicrobial peptides, leukocytes, cytokines, antibiotics, sugars, etc.) but none proved to be highly specific for bacteria, although many agents in development look promising. Indeed, factors including the number and strain of bacteria, the infection site, and the host condition, may affect the specificity of the tested radiopharmaceuticals. At the Third European Congress on Infection/Inflammation Imaging, a round table discussion was dedicated to debate the pros and cons of different radiopharmaceuticals for imaging bacteria with the final goal to find a consensus on the most relevant research steps that should be fulfilled when testing a new probe, based on experience and cumulative published evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-33775471; Fax: +39-06-33776614
| | - Vera Artiko
- Center for Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 101801 Beograd, Serbia;
| | - Martina Conserva
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera Mexico-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Mick M. Welling
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Søren Hess
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark;
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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12
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de Carvalho L, Vieira D. Evaluation of genotoxic potential of peptides used in nuclear medicine (PSMA -617 and -11, and ubiquicidine 29-41) using a flow-cytometric, semi-automated analysis of micronuclei frequency in cell cultures. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:304-316. [PMID: 32071884 PMCID: PMC7016341 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assays that rely on the assessment of frequency of micronuclei are important standard techniques currently used to quantify potential genotoxic damage after exposure to chemical or physical agents, such as ionizing radiation, or in pre-clinical studies, to assessment of the genotoxic potential of drugs or its components. The experiments are usually performed using conventional microscopy, but currently the protocols are being upgraded to automated approaches based on flow cytometry protocols based on the elimination of the plasma membrane by chemical agents, allowing quantification by flow cytometry. In this work, the genotoxic potential of peptides used as components of radiopharmaceuticals (PSMA-617 and 11 and Ubiquicidine) was evaluated exposing CHO-KI cells to a wide range of concentration (0.1X and 100X the maximum allowed concentration to human adults). Incubation with PSMA-11 or UBI29-41 did not induce genotoxicity. After 24 h of incubation, PSMA-617 induced genotoxicity only in non-practical concentration (100-fold). Results corroborate the safety of the pre-drugs and the wide detection range of technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D.P. Vieira
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Evaluating the potential of kit-based 68Ga-ubiquicidin formulation in diagnosis of infection. Nucl Med Commun 2019; 40:228-234. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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15
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PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Specific Bacteria Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020197. [PMID: 30736324 PMCID: PMC6406348 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bacterial infections are still one of the main factors associated with mortality worldwide. Many radiopharmaceuticals were developed for bacterial imaging, both with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) isotopes. This review focuses on PET radiopharmaceuticals, performing a systematic literature review of published studies between 2005 and 2018. Methods: A systematic review of published studies between 2005 and 2018 was performed. A team of reviewers independently screened for eligible studies. Because of differences between studies, we pooled the data where possible, otherwise, we described separately. Quality of evidence was assessed by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) approach. Results: Eligible papers included 35 published studies. Because of the heterogeneity of animal models and bacterial strains, we classified studies in relation to the type of bacterium: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Gram-positive and negative, others. Conclusions: Results highlighted the availability of many promising PET radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial imaging, despite some bias related to animal selection and index test, but few have been translated to human subjects. Results showed a lack of standardized infection models and experimental settings.
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16
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Selectivity of Antimicrobial Peptides: A Complex Interplay of Multiple Equilibria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1117:175-214. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3588-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Mukherjee A, Bhatt J, Shinto A, Korde A, Kumar M, Kamaleshwaran K, Joseph J, Sarma HD, Dash A. 68Ga-NOTA-ubiquicidin fragment for PET imaging of infection: From bench to bedside. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:245-251. [PMID: 29990892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of formulation of a cold kit for fast and easy preparation of a PET radiopharmaceutical, 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) for clinical translation. In this study, Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to study conformation of NOTA-UBI (29-41) and its comparison with conformation of UBI (29-41) was done. Pharmaceutical grade cold kits of NOTA-UBI (29-41) were formulated for radiolabeling with 68Ga and necessary quality control tests were carried out. 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) could be prepared in >90% radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity using cold kits of NOTA-UBI (29-41). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) was done to demonstrate specificity of the agent for imaging infection. Kits were utilized for preparation of patient dose of 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41). Simple instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) method for estimating radiolabeling yield of 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) at hospital radiopharmacy was demonstrated. Clinical evaluation was done in patients with suspected infection. 148-185 MBq of 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) was injected intravenously in three patients. 68Ga-NOTA-UBI (29-41) uptake could clearly delineate infection foci from non target normal tissues. This is the first report on formulation of a cold kit of NOTA-UBI (29-41) for preparation of 68Ga labeled NOTA-UBI(29-41) at hospital radiopharmacy for infection imaging. Initial clinical evaluation reveal it to be a prospective agent for imaging infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Mukherjee
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Jyotsna Bhatt
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ajit Shinto
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - Aruna Korde
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - K Kamaleshwaran
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jephy Joseph
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital Limited, Coimbatore, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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