1
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Kaur T, Wright JS, Henderson BD, Godinez J, Shao X, Scott PJH. Automated production of 11C-labeled carboxylic acids and esters via "in-loop" 11C-carbonylation using GE FX synthesis modules. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:217-226. [PMID: 37608567 PMCID: PMC10881891 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
An in-loop 11C-carbonylation process for the radiosynthesis of 11C-carboxylic acids and esters from halide precursors has been developed. The reaction proceeds at room temperature under mild conditions and enables 11C-carbonylation of both electron deficient and electron rich (hetero)aromatic halides to provide 11C-carboxylic acids and esters in good to excellent radiochemical yields, high radiochemical purity, and excellent molar activity. The process has been fully automated using commercial radiochemistry synthesis modules, and application to clinical production is demonstrated via validated cGMP radiosyntheses of [11C]bexarotene and [11C]acetoacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jay S. Wright
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan Godinez
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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2
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Lu S, Telu S, Siméon FG, Cai L, Pike VW. Gas Phase Transformations in Carbon-11 Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1167. [PMID: 38256240 PMCID: PMC10816134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The short-lived positron-emitter carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min; β+, 99.8%) is prominent for labeling tracers for use in biomedical research with positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 is produced for this purpose with a cyclotron, nowadays almost exclusively by the 14N(p,α)11C nuclear reaction, either on nitrogen containing a low concentration of oxygen (0.1-0.5%) or hydrogen (~5%) to produce [11C]carbon dioxide or [11C]methane, respectively. These primary radioactive products can be produced in high yields and with high molar activities. However, only [11C]carbon dioxide has some utility for directly labeling PET tracers. Primary products are required to be converted rapidly and efficiently into secondary labeling synthons to provide versatile radiochemistry for labeling diverse tracer chemotypes at molecular positions of choice. This review surveys known gas phase transformations of carbon-11 and summarizes the important roles that many of these transformations now play for producing a broad range of labeling synthons in carbon-11 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm B3C346, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1003, USA; (S.L.); (S.T.); (F.G.S.); (L.C.)
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3
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Murrell E, Lindberg A, Garcia A, Vasdev N. 11C-Fixation Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:3-13. [PMID: 38006487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
This protocol describes the application of cyclotron-generated [11C]CO2 fixation reactions for direct 11C-carboxylation reactions and [11C]CO for 11C-carbonylations. Herein we describe one-pot methods wherein the radioactive gas is first trapped in a reaction mixture at room temperature and atmospheric pressure prior to the radiolabeling reactions. Such procedures are widely applicable to numerous small molecules to form 11C-labeled carboxylic acids, amides, esters, ketones, oxazolidinones, carbamates, and ureas. The steps for 11C-fixation techniques described herein are tailored for a commercial automated synthesis unit and are readily adapted for routine radiopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Murrell
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armando Garcia
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Monticelli S, Talbot A, Gotico P, Caillé F, Loreau O, Del Vecchio A, Malandain A, Sallustrau A, Leibl W, Aukauloo A, Taran F, Halime Z, Audisio D. Unlocking full and fast conversion in photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction for applications in radio-carbonylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4451. [PMID: 37488106 PMCID: PMC10366225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting sunlight to drive carbon dioxide (CO2) valorisation represents an ideal concept to support a sustainable and carbon-neutral economy. While the photochemical reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) has emerged as a hot research topic, the full CO2-to-CO conversion remains an often-overlooked criterion that prevents a productive and direct valorisation of CO into high-value-added chemicals. Herein, we report a photocatalytic process that unlocks full and fast CO2-to-CO conversion (<10 min) and its straightforward valorisation into human health related field of radiochemistry with carbon isotopes. Guided by reaction-model-based kinetic simulations to rationalize reaction optimisations, this manifold opens new opportunities for the direct access to 11C- and 14C-labeled pharmaceuticals from their primary isotopic sources [11C]CO2 and [14C]CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monticelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alex Talbot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philipp Gotico
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), F-91401, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Augustin Malandain
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Winfried Leibl
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ally Aukauloo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, F-91400,, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Zakaria Halime
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, F-91400,, Orsay, France.
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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5
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Dahl K, Lindberg A, Vasdev N, Schou M. Reactive Palladium-Ligand Complexes for 11C-Carbonylation at Ambient Pressure: A Breakthrough in Carbon-11 Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:955. [PMID: 37513867 PMCID: PMC10386706 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pd-Xantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation protocol (also known as the "Xantphos- method"), due to its simplistic and convenient nature, has facilitated researchers in meeting a longstanding need for preparing 11C-carbonyl-labeled radiopharmaceuticals at ambient pressure for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and drug discovery. This development could be viewed as a breakthrough in carbon-11 chemistry, as evidenced by the rapid global adoption of the method by the pharmaceutical industry and academic laboratories worldwide. The method has been fully automated for the good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant production of novel radiopharmaceuticals for human use, and it has been adapted for "in-loop" reactions and microwave technology; an impressive number of 11C-labeled compounds (>100) have been synthesized. Given the simplicity and efficiency of the method, as well as the abundance of carbonyl groups in bioactive drug molecules, we expect that this methodology will be even more widely adopted in future PET radiopharmaceutical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dahl
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Rong J, Haider A, Jeppesen TE, Josephson L, Liang SH. Radiochemistry for positron emission tomography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3257. [PMID: 37277339 PMCID: PMC10241151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) constitutes a functional imaging technique that is harnessed to probe biological processes in vivo. PET imaging has been used to diagnose and monitor the progression of diseases, as well as to facilitate drug development efforts at both preclinical and clinical stages. The wide applications and rapid development of PET have ultimately led to an increasing demand for new methods in radiochemistry, with the aim to expand the scope of synthons amenable for radiolabeling. In this work, we provide an overview of commonly used chemical transformations for the syntheses of PET tracers in all aspects of radiochemistry, thereby highlighting recent breakthrough discoveries and contemporary challenges in the field. We discuss the use of biologicals for PET imaging and highlight general examples of successful probe discoveries for molecular imaging with PET - with a particular focus on translational and scalable radiochemistry concepts that have been entered to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Troels E Jeppesen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Steven H Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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7
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Kaur T, Shao X, Horikawa M, Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Brooks AF, Henderson BD, Koeppe RA, DaSilva AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Strategies for the Production of [ 11C]LY2795050 for Clinical Use. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:373-381. [PMID: 36874204 PMCID: PMC9983641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a comparison of four different routes for the clinical-scale radiosynthesis of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist [11C]LY2795050. Palladium-mediated radiocyanation and radiocarbonylation of an aryl iodide precursor as well as copper-mediated radiocyanation of an aryl iodide and an aryl boronate ester have been investigated. Full automation of all four methods is reported, each of which provides [11C]LY2795050 in sufficient radiochemical yield, molar activity, and radiochemical purity for clinical use. The advantages and disadvantages of each radiosynthesis method are compared and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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8
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Pees A, Chassé M, Lindberg A, Vasdev N. Recent Developments in Carbon-11 Chemistry and Applications for First-In-Human PET Studies. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030931. [PMID: 36770596 PMCID: PMC9920299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging technique that makes use of radiolabelled molecules for in vivo evaluation. Carbon-11 is a frequently used radionuclide for the labelling of small molecule PET tracers and can be incorporated into organic molecules without changing their physicochemical properties. While the short half-life of carbon-11 (11C; t½ = 20.4 min) offers other advantages for imaging including multiple PET scans in the same subject on the same day, its use is limited to facilities that have an on-site cyclotron, and the radiochemical transformations are consequently more restrictive. Many researchers have embraced this challenge by discovering novel carbon-11 radiolabelling methodologies to broaden the synthetic versatility of this radionuclide. This review presents new carbon-11 building blocks and radiochemical transformations as well as PET tracers that have advanced to first-in-human studies over the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pees
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Melissa Chassé
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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9
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Rydfjord J, Al-Bazaz S, Roslin S. Palladium-Mediated Synthesis of [Carbonyl- 11C]acyl Amidines from Aryl Iodides and Aryl Bromides and Their One-Pot Cyclization to 11C-Labeled Oxadiazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5118-5126. [PMID: 36512765 PMCID: PMC10127284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly valuable imaging technique with many clinical applications. The possibility to study physiological and biochemical processes in vivo also makes PET an important tool in drug discovery. Of importance is the possibility of labelling the compound of interest with a positron-emitting radionuclide, such as carbon-11. Carbonylation reactions with [11C]carbon monoxide ([11C]CO) has been used to label a number of molecules containing a carbonyl derivative, such as amides and esters, with carbon-11. Presented herein is the palladium-mediated carbonylative synthesis of [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines and their subsequent cyclization to 11C-labeled 1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Starting from amidines, [11C]CO, and either aryl iodides or aryl bromides, [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines were synthesized and isolated in good to very good radiochemical yields (RCY). The 11C-labeled 1,2,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized without the isolation of the intermediate [carbonyl-11C]acyl amidines and isolated in useful RCYs, including the NF-E2-related factor 2 activator DDO-7263. 3-Phenyl-5-(4-tolyl)-1,2,4-(5-11C)oxadiazole was synthesized and isolated with a clinically relevant molar activity. The broadened substrate scope, together with the good RCY and high Am, demonstrates the utility of this method for the incorporation of carbon-11 into acyl amidines and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, structural motifs of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rydfjord
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silav Al-Bazaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Roslin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Shegani A, Kealey S, Luzi F, Basagni F, Machado JDM, Ekici SD, Ferocino A, Gee AD, Bongarzone S. Radiosynthesis, Preclinical, and Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Carbon-11 Labeled Endogenous and Natural Exogenous Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 123:105-229. [PMID: 36399832 PMCID: PMC9837829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of positron emission tomography (PET) centers at most major hospitals worldwide, along with the improvement of PET scanner sensitivity and the introduction of total body PET systems, has increased the interest in the PET tracer development using the short-lived radionuclides carbon-11. In the last few decades, methodological improvements and fully automated modules have allowed the development of carbon-11 tracers for clinical use. Radiolabeling natural compounds with carbon-11 by substituting one of the backbone carbons with the radionuclide has provided important information on the biochemistry of the authentic compounds and increased the understanding of their in vivo behavior in healthy and diseased states. The number of endogenous and natural compounds essential for human life is staggering, ranging from simple alcohols to vitamins and peptides. This review collates all the carbon-11 radiolabeled endogenous and natural exogenous compounds synthesised to date, including essential information on their radiochemistry methodologies and preclinical and clinical studies in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Shegani
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kealey
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Luzi
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum−University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joana do Mar Machado
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sevban Doğan Ekici
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ferocino
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antony D. Gee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,A.G.: email,
| | - Salvatore Bongarzone
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,S.B.:
email,
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11
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Nerella SG, Singh P, Tulja S. Carbon-11 patents (2012-2022): synthetic methodologies and novel radiotracers for PET imaging. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:817-831. [PMID: 35451896 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2070003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbon-11 is a short-lived radionuclide with versatile applications in synthetic methodologies to develop a variety of novel PET radiotracers. Different primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors are generated from cyclotron produced [11C]CO2 and used to insert carbon-11 radionuclide into the target specific bioactive molecules. AREAS COVERED In this review, the patents as well as specific research articles on carbon-11 radiotracer synthesis and PET imaging applications in various diseases are mentioned since 2012 to 2022 through SciFinder database. EXPERT OPINION Carbon-11 is generally easier to insert into more organic scaffolds as a greater variety of functional groups. Despite the short half-life of carbon-11 radionuclide (t1/2 = 20.4 min), it is widely used in PET radiotracer development due to its direct insertion into bioactive compounds and less isotopic dilution unlike other positron emitters like fluorine-18. Various synthons can be easily generated using the primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors like [11C]CO2, [11C]CH4, 11CH3I, 11CO, 11COCl2, 11CN, 11CS2, and 11CH3OTf etc. that would be useful to develop any PET radiotracers by adapting various organic methods. The carbon-11 radiotracers provide target-oriented information associated with the pharmacology, and physiological conditions of the disease status. Various protocols and automated methods were adapted for easy and convenient synthesis of carbon-11 radiotracers. The PET advances drug development and clinical trials by revealing biological target engagement, proof of mechanism, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of new drug candidates using selective radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NI & IR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru-560 029, India.,Current address; Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda-20892, USA
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad-500 037, India
| | - Sanam Tulja
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore-560 065, India
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12
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Cesarec S, Edgar F, Lai T, Plisson C, White AJP, Miller PW. Synthesis of carbon-11 radiolabelled transition metal complexes using 11C-dithiocarbamates. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5004-5008. [PMID: 35293415 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel radiolabelling method exploiting 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands has been used to generate 11C-labelled Au(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes in high radiochemical yields (71-99%). Labelled complexes were prepared in a rapid one-pot procedure via the substitution reaction of 11C-dithiocarbamate ligands with appropriate transition metal chloride precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cesarec
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Fraser Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK. .,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Titan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Christophe Plisson
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 OBZ, UK.
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13
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Hansen SB, Bender D. Advancement in production of radiotracers. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:266-275. [PMID: 34836618 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After introduction of the first commercial combined PET and/or CT technology in 2001, this diagnostic tool quickly became a clinical success and was considered the fastest growing diagnostic imaging technology ever. However, this technique is very dependent on the availability of positron emitting isotopes and radiochemistry to incorporate the radioactive isotopes into larger molecules of physiological interest. Within this review article a historical overview starting with the first applications of positron emitting isotopes in the 1930's is presented. Afterwards a more detailed presentation summarizing the physical basis and advancements in cyclotron technology is given. Radiochemical and/or pharmaceutical advancements are presented systematically for the most significant isotopes like 15O, 13N, 11C, 18F and 68Ga Besides these major PET isotopes, advancements of other radio-metals and future perspectives regarding application of new radionuclides will be discussed. Finally, very interesting new and compact accelerator technology and microfluidic chemical reaction approaches will be discussed. Especially, new compact accelerator technology might be new quantum leap within this radiodiagnostic technology and might result in even further prevalence, ultimately envisioned by the dose-on-demand concept that will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Baarsgaard Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Zhou YP, Makaravage KJ, Brugarolas P. Radiolabeling with [ 11C]HCN for Positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 102-103:56-86. [PMID: 34624831 PMCID: PMC8978408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a versatile synthon for generating carbon‑carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Unlike other one-carbon synthons (i.e., CO, CO2), HCN can function as a nucleophile (as in potassium cyanide, KCN) and an electrophile (as in cyanogen bromide, (CN)Br). The incorporation of the CN motif into organic molecules generates nitriles, hydantoins and (thio)cyanates, which can be converted to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides and amines. Such versatile chemistry is particularly attractive in PET radiochemistry where diverse bioactive small molecules incorporating carbon-11 in different positions need to be produced. The first examples of making [11C]HCN for radiolabeling date back to the 1960s. During the ensuing decades, [11C]cyanide labeling was popular for producing biologically important molecules including 11C-labeled α-amino acids, sugars and neurotransmitters. [11C]cyanation is now reemerging in many PET centers due to its versatility for making novel tracers. Here, we summarize the chemistry of [11C]HCN, review the methods to make [11C]HCN past and present, describe methods for labeling different types of molecules with [11C]HCN, and provide an overview of the reactions available to convert nitriles into other functional groups. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges and opportunities in [11C]HCN labeling such as developing more robust methods to produce [11C]HCN and developing rapid and selective methods to convert nitriles into other functional groups in complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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15
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Cormier M, Tabey A, Christine T, Audrain H, Fouquet E, Hermange P. Synthesis and [*C]CO-labelling of (C,N) gem-dimethylbenzylamine-palladium complexes for potential applications in positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10608-10614. [PMID: 34282814 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01633d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various aryl-palladium complexes were synthesised from gem-dimethylbenzylamine derivatives by C-H activation under extremely mild conditions. Interestingly, these highly stable structures reacted with [13C]carbon monoxide to produce the desired labelled lactams in 29% to 51% yields over the C-H activation/carbonylation steps. As representative examples, a non-natural amino acid and an estradiol-based conjugate were prepared and labelled in model experiments with [13C]CO in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Especially, the latter was radiolabelled with [11C]CO using a convenient procedure from the resin-supported palladium complex precursor. Thus, these results strongly suggest that cyclometallated palladium complexes obtained from gem-dimethylbenzylamine moieties are promising precursors for the practical synthesis of new [11C]tracers for Positron Emission Tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Cormier
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Alexis Tabey
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Thifanie Christine
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Hélène Audrain
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Eric Fouquet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Hermange
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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16
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Jakobsson JE, Telu S, Lu S, Jana S, Pike VW. Broad Scope and High-Yield Access to Unsymmetrical Acyclic [ 11 C]Ureas for Biomedical Imaging from [ 11 C]Carbonyl Difluoride. Chemistry 2021; 27:10369-10376. [PMID: 33890705 PMCID: PMC10134011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective methods are needed for labelling acyclic ureas with carbon-11 (t1/2 =20.4 min) as potential radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Herein, we describe the rapid and high-yield syntheses of unsymmetrical acyclic [11 C]ureas under mild conditions (room temperature and within 7 min) using no-carrier-added [11 C]carbonyl difluoride with aliphatic and aryl amines. This methodology is compatible with diverse functionality (e. g., hydroxy, carboxyl, amino, amido, or pyridyl) in the substrate amines. The labelling process proceeds through putative [11 C]carbamoyl fluorides and for primary amines through isolable [11 C]isocyanate intermediates. Unsymmetrical [11 C]ureas are produced with negligible amounts of unwanted symmetrical [11 C]urea byproducts. Moreover, the overall labelling method tolerates trace water and the generally moderate to excellent yields show good reproducibility. [11 C]Carbonyl difluoride shows exceptional promise for application to the synthesis of acyclic [11 C]ureas as new radiotracers for biomedical imaging with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy E Jakobsson
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Susovan Jana
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
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17
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Babin V, Sallustrau A, Loreau O, Caillé F, Goudet A, Cahuzac H, Del Vecchio A, Taran F, Audisio D. A general procedure for carbon isotope labeling of linear urea derivatives with carbon dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6680-6683. [PMID: 34132265 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope labeling is a traceless technology, which allows tracking the fate of organic compounds either in the environment or in living organisms. This article reports on a general approach to label urea derivatives with all carbon isotopes, including 14C and 11C, based on a Staudinger aza-Wittig sequence. It provides access to all aliphatic/aromatic urea combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Babin
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay, 91401, Orsay, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Héloïse Cahuzac
- Université Paris-Saclay, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France.
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18
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Al-Qahtani M, Behe M, Bormans G, Carlucci G, Dasilva J, Decristoforo C, Elsinga PH, Kopka K, Li XG, Mach R, Middel O, Passchier J, Patt M, Penuelas I, Rey A, Scott PJH, Todde S, Toyohara J, Vugts D. Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board (January-June 2020). EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:5. [PMID: 33507426 PMCID: PMC7843736 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biyearly highlight commentary to describe trends in the field. RESULTS This commentary of highlights has resulted in 19 different topics selected by each member of the Editorial Board addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first in man application of novel radiopharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted demonstrating the progress in the research field being the scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Behe
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Guy Bormans
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Carlucci
- UCLA Molecular and Medical Pharmacology Department, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert Mach
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Oskar Middel
- St Olavs Hospital and Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Ana Rey
- Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Sergio Todde
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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20
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Helbert H, Antunes IF, Luurtsema G, Szymanski W, Feringa BL, Elsinga PH. Cross-coupling of [ 11C]methyllithium for 11C-labelled PET tracer synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:203-206. [PMID: 33300515 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cross-coupling of aryl bromides with [11C]CH3Li for the labelling of a variety of tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) is presented. The radiolabelled products were obtained in excellent yields, at rt and after short reaction times (3-5 min) compatible with the half-life of 11C (20.4 min). The automation of the protocol on a synthesis module is investigated, representing an important step towards a fast method for the synthesis of 11C-labelled compounds for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Helbert
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Fukumura T, Mori W, Ogawa M, Fujinaga M, Zhang MR. [ 11C]phosgene: Synthesis and application for development of PET radiotracers. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:138-148. [PMID: 32546396 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-11-labeled phosgene ([11C]phosgene, [11C]COCl2) is a useful labeling agent that connects two heteroatoms by inserting [11C]carbonyl (11C=O) function in carbamates, ureas, and carbonates, which are components of biologically important heterocyclic compounds and functional groups in drugs as a linker of fragments with in vivo stability. Development of 11C-labeled PET tracers has been performed using [11C]phosgene as a labeling agent. However, [11C]phosgene has not been frequently used for 11C-labeling because preparation of [11C]phosgene required dedicated synthesis apparatus (not commercially available) and had problems in reproducibility and reliability. In our laboratory, an improved method for synthesizing [11C]phosgene using a carbon tetrachloride detection tube kit in environmental air analysis and the automated synthesis system for preparing [11C]phosgene have been developed in 2009. This apparatus has been used for routine synthesis of 11C-labeled tracers 1-4 times/week. Using [11C]phosgene we have developed and produced many PET radiotracers containing [11C]urea and [11C]carbamate moieties. In this review, we report the performance of our method for preparing [11C]phosgene, including automated synthesis apparatus developed in house, and the application of [11C]phosgene for development and production of 11C-labeled PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Fukumura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., Tokyo 141-8686, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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22
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Ferrat M, El Khoury Y, Larsen P, Dahl K, Halldin C, Schou M. Development of a fully automated low-pressure [ 11 C]CO carbonylation apparatus. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:517-522. [PMID: 32588452 PMCID: PMC7590049 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
[11 C]carbon monoxide ([11 C]CO) is a versatile synthon for radiolabeling of drug-like molecules for imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET). We here report the development of a novel, user-friendly, fully automated, and good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant low-pressure synthesis module for 11 C-carbonylation reactions using [11 C]CO. In this synthesis module, [11 C]CO was reliably prepared from cyclotron-produced [11 C]carbon dioxide ([11 C]CO2 ) by reduction over heated molybdenum and delivered to the reaction vessel within 7 min after end of bombardment, with an overall radiochemical yield (RCY) of 71%. [11 C]AZ13198083, a histamine type-3 receptor ligand, was used as a model compound to assess the functionality of the radiochemistry module. At full batch production conditions (55 μA, 30 min), our newly developed low-pressure 11 C-carbonylation apparatus enabled us to prepare [11 C]AZ13198083 in an isolated radioactivity of 8540 ± 1400 MBq (n = 3). The radiochemical purity of each of the final formulated batches exceeded 99%, and all other quality control tests results conformed with specifications typically set for carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, this novel radiochemistry system offers a convenient GMP compliant production drugs and radioligands for imaging studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ferrat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | - Youssef El Khoury
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | | | - Kenneth Dahl
- RadiopharmacyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry ResearchKarolinska Institutet and Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
- AstraZeneca PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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23
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Dahl K, Turner T, Vasdev N. Radiosynthesis of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, [ 11 C]Tolebrutinib, via palladium-NiXantphos-mediated carbonylation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:482-487. [PMID: 32726870 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component in the B-cell receptor signaling pathway and is consequently a target for in vivo imaging of B-cell malignancies as well as in multiple sclerosis (MS) with positron emission tomography (PET). A recent Phase 2b study with Sanofi's BTK inhibitor, Tolebrutinib (also known as [a.k.a.] SAR442168, PRN2246, or BTK'168) showed significantly reduced disease activity associated with MS. Herein, we report the radiosynthesis of [11 C]Tolebrutinib ([11 C]5) as a potential PET imaging agent for BTK. The N-[11 C]acrylamide moiety of [11 C]5 was labeled by 11 C-carbonylation starting from [11 C]CO, iodoethylene, and the secondary amine precursor via a novel palladium-NiXantphos-mediated carbonylation protocol, and the synthesis was fully automated using a commercial carbon-11 synthesis platform (TracerMaker™, Scansys Laboratorieteknik). [11 C]5 was obtained in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 37 ± 2% (n = 5, relative to starting [11 C]CO activity) in >99% radiochemical purity, with an average molar activity of 45 GBq/μmol (1200 mCi/μmol). We envision that this methodology will be generally applicable for the syntheses of labeled N-acrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dahl
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Turner
- Sanofi MS/Neurology, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Gaudeau M, Zhang M, Tatoulian M, Lescot C, Ognier S. Fast carbonylation reaction from CO 2 using plasma gas/liquid microreactors for radiolabeling applications. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The major challenge for 11C-radiolabelling is the short half-life time of 11C (t1/2 = 20.4 min) – in this study, a novel efficient process combining microfluidics and plasma is proposed for fast carbonylation reactions from CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gaudeau
- Chimie ParisTech-PSL
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Chimie ParisTech-PSL
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Michaël Tatoulian
- Chimie ParisTech-PSL
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
| | - Camille Lescot
- Chimie ParisTech-PSL
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Stéphanie Ognier
- Chimie ParisTech-PSL
- PSL Université Paris
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris
- 75005 Paris
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