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Sáenz-Medina J, Gómez Dos Santos V, Rodríguez-Monsalve M, Muriel-García A, Durán-Poveda M, Gómez del Val A, Burgos Revilla J, Prieto D. Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Morbidity in Patients with Urolithiasis: An Epidemiological Approach Based on Hospitalization Burden Data from 1997 to 2021. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3564. [PMID: 38930093 PMCID: PMC11204873 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with kidney stones (KSFs) are known to have a heightened risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke. The objective of the present study was to describe the natural history of these complications through the longitudinal analysis of the hospitalizations due to kidney stones in Spain from 1997 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was developed based on nationwide hospitalization data (minimum basic data base). Three different analyses were carried out. In the first step, the prevalence of coronary or cerebrovascular events in kidney stone hospitalizations was compared with the hospitalization burden of CHD or strokes related to the general population. In the second step, a survival analysis of the kidney stones-hospitalized patients using the Kaplan-Meier method was conducted. In the third step, a Cox regression was used to assess the influence of the classical comorbidities in the development of the lithiasic patients-cardiovascular disease. Results: Kidney stone-hospitalized patients exhibit a significantly higher risk of CHD (OR = 14.8 CI95%: 14.7-14.9) and stroke (OR = 6.7 CI95%: 6.6-6.8) compared to the general population across in all age groups, although they had less cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 9352 KSFs (1.5%) developed a coronary event within an average time of 78.8 months. A total of 2120 KSFs (0.33%) suffered a stroke in an average time of 71.1 months. Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and being overweight were identified as risk factors for developing CHD and stroke using a univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study confirms previous studies in which kidney stones must be considered as a risk factor for developing CHD or cerebrovascular disease. Preventive strategies should target patients with kidney stones and classical risk cardiovascular factors to mitigate modifiable conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sáenz-Medina
- Department of Urology, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Calle Manuel de Falla, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.-P.); (D.P.)
| | | | - María Rodríguez-Monsalve
- Department of Urology, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Calle Manuel de Falla, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - Alfonso Muriel-García
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Durán-Poveda
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - Alfonso Gómez del Val
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Burgos Revilla
- Department of Urology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (V.G.D.S.); (J.B.R.)
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain; (M.D.-P.); (D.P.)
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He SK, Wang JH, Li T, Yin S, Cui JW, Xiao YF, Tang Y, Wang J, Bai YJ. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in kidney stone disease: a narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1293685. [PMID: 38089624 PMCID: PMC10711275 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1293685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm generated by circadian clock genes functions as an internal timing system. Since the circadian rhythm controls abundant physiological processes, the circadian rhythm evolved in organisms is salient for adaptation to environmental change. A disturbed circadian rhythm is a trigger for numerous pathological events. Recently, accumulated data have indicated that kidney stone disease (KSD) is related to circadian rhythm disturbance. However, the mechanism between them has not been fully elucidated. In this narrative review, we summarized existing evidence to illustrate the possible association between circadian rhythm disturbance and KSD based on the epidemiological studies and risk factors that are linked to circadian rhythm disturbance and discuss some chronotherapies for KSD. In summary, KSD is associated with systemic disorders. Metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and microbiome dysbiosis are the major risk factors supported by sufficient data to cause KSD in patients with circadian rhythm disturbance, while others including hypertension, vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid gland dysfunction, and renal tubular damage/dysfunction need further investigation. Then, some chronotherapies for KSD were confirmed to be effective, but the molecular mechanism is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ke He
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Hao Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shan Yin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jian-Wei Cui
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xiao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Jin Bai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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